Ameiva Meyer, 1795—AMEIVAS (Introduced)
Taxonomy for Ameiva follows Peters and Donoso-Barros (1970, Bull. United States Natl. Mus. 297: 1–293).
A. ameiva (Linnaeus, 1758)—Giant Ameiva (Introduced)
Ameiva ameiva is established in Dade County, Florida (Wilson and Porras, 1983, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Spec. Publ. 9: 1–89 and references therein). According to Wilson and Porras (op. cit.), the introduced population may represent the descendants of two different subspecies, A. a. ameiva and A. a. petersi; however, Echternacht (1971, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Miscell. Publ. 55: 1–86) did not recognize subspecies for the Central American part of this taxon, and according to Vanzolini (1986, Smithsonian Herpetol. Info. Serv. 70: 1–26+1–25), the subspecies of A. ameiva recognized by Peters and Donoso-Barros (1970, Bull. United States Natl. Mus. 297: 1–293) are not biologically meaningful.

Anniella Gray, 1852—NORTH AMERICAN LEGLESS LIZARDS
Taxonomy for Anniella follows Hunt (1983, Copeia 1983: 79–89), with nomenclatural modifications (ICZN, 1993, Bull. Zool. Nomencl. 50: 186–187).
A. pulchra Gray, 1852—California Legless Lizard
A. p. nigra Fischer, 1885—Black Legless Lizard
A. p. pulchra Gray, 1852—Silvery Legless Lizard

Anolis Daudin, 1802—ANOLES
Taxonomy for Anolis follows Williams (1976, Breviora 440: 1–21) with addition of subspecies from Schwartz and Henderson (1991, Amphibians and Reptiles of the West Indies: Descriptions, Distributions, and Natural History, University of Florida Press) and modifications by Vance (1991, Bull. Maryland Herpetol. Soc. 27: 43–89; description of A. carolinensis seminolus). Some authors (e.g., Guyer and Savage, 1986, Syst. Zool. 35: 509–531; and 1992, Syst. Biol. 41: 89–110; Savage and Guyer, 1989, Amphibia-Reptilia 10: 105–116) divide Anolis into the following five genera (assignments of species covered in this checklist in parentheses): Anolis (carolinensis, chlorocyanus, equestris), Ctenonotus (cristatellus, cybotes, distichus), Dactyloa (none), Norops (garmani, sagrei), and Xiphosurus =Semiurus (none).
A. carolinensis (Voigt, 1832)—Green Anole
In addition to its native occurrence in the southeastern United States, Anolis carolinensis is established in Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii in the Hawaiian Islands (McKeown, 1996, A field guide to reptiles and amphibians in the Hawaiian Islands, Diamond Head Publishing); the subspecific identification of the introduced populations apparently has not been reported.
A. c. carolinensis (Voigt, 1832)—Northern Green Anole
A. c. seminolus Vance, 1991—Southern Green Anole
A. chlorocyanus Duméril and Bibron, 1837—Blue-green Anole
(Introduced)
Anolis chlorocyanus is established in Broward County, Florida (Butterfield et al., 1994, Herpetol. Rev. 25: 77–78).
A. cristatellus Duméril and Bibron, 1837—Crested Anole (Introduced)
A. c. cristatellus Duméril and Bibron, 1837—Puerto Rican Crested
Anole (Introduced)
Anolis cristatellus cristatellus is established in Dade County, Florida (Wilson and Porras, 1983, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Spec. Publ. 9: 1–89 and references therein). The subspecific identification was not reported by Wilson and Porras (op. cit.) but was given by Schwartz and Henderson (1988, Contrib. Biol. Geol. Milwaukee Pub. Mus. 74: 1–264; 1991, Amphibians and Reptiles of the West Indies: Descriptions, Distributions, and Natural History, University of Florida Press).
A. cybotes Cope, 1862—Large-headed Anole (Introduced)
Anolis cybotes is established in Dade and Broward Counties, Florida (Wilson and Porras, 1983, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Spec. Publ. 9: 1–89 and references therein; Butterfield et al., 1994, Herpetol. Rev. 25: 77–78). The Dade County population has been identified as A. c. cybotes (Schwartz and Henderson, 1988, Contrib. Biol. Geol. Milwaukee Pub. Mus. 74: 1–264). The subspecific identification for the Broward County population apparently has not been reported.
A. c. cybotes Cope, 1862—Common Large-headed Anole (Introduced)
See note on A. cybotes.
A. distichus Cope, 1861—Bark Anole
A. d. dominicensis Reinhardt and Lütken, 1863—Green Bark Anole
(Introduced)
Anolis distichus dominicensis is established in Miami, Florida (King and Krakauer, 1966, Quart. J. Florida Acad. Sci. 29: 144–154; Wilson and Porras, 1983, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Spec. Publ. 9: 1–89). Another subspecies, A. d. ignigularis, was introduced to Dade County, Florida (King and Krakauer, op. cit.) and is listed as occurring there by Schwartz and Henderson (1988, Contrib. Biol. Geol. Milwaukee Pub. Mus. 74: 1–264; 1991, Amphibians and Reptiles of the West Indies: Descriptions, Distributions, and Natural History, University of Florida Press); however, according to Wilson and Porras (op. cit.), this population is no longer extant. Hybridization appears to have occurred between A. d. dominicensis and A. d. floridanus (Miyamoto et al., 1986, Copeia 1986: 76–86; see next note).
A. d. floridanus Smith and McCauley, 1948—Florida Bark Anole
Schwartz (1968, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 137: 255–310) reviewed the evidence and discussed alternative hypotheses concerning the occurrence of Anolis distichus floridanus in Florida and concluded that this taxon was most likely introduced from Andros Island in the Bahamas; nevertheless, Wilson and Porras (1983, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Spec. Publ. 9: 1–89) considered it a native component of the Florida herpetofauna. Although the specimens of A. d. floridanus examined by Schwartz (op. cit.) are distinguishable from those of A. d. dominicensis, more recent samples of Bark Anoles from Florida form a continuum, suggesting intergradation between the two subspecies (Miyamoto et al., 1986, Copeia 1986: 76–86).
A. equestris Merrem, 1820—Knight Anole (Introduced)
A. e. equestris Merrem, 1820—Western Knight Anole (Introduced)
Anolis equestris equestris is established in Dade and possibly Broward Counties, Florida (Wilson and Porras, 1983, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Spec. Publ. 9: 1–89) and on Oahu in the Hawaiian Islands (McKeown, 1996, A field guide to reptiles and amphibians in the Hawaiian Islands, Diamond Head Publishing). The subspecific identification for the Florida population was not reported by Wilson and Porras (op. cit.) but was given by Schwartz and Henderson (1988, Contrib. Biol. Geol. Milwaukee Pub. Mus. 74: 1–264; 1991, Amphibians and Reptiles of the West Indies: Descriptions, Distributions, and Natural History, University of Florida Press).
A. garmani Stejneger, 1899—Jamaican Giant Anole (Introduced)
Anolis garmani is established in Miami, Florida (Wilson and Porras, 1983, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Spec. Publ. 9: 1–89).
A. porcatus Gray, 1840—Cuban Green Anole (Introduced)
Anolis porcatus is established in Dade County, Florida (Meshaka et al., 1997, Herpetol. Rev. 28: 101–102).
A. sagrei Duméril and Bibron, 1837—Brown Anole (Introduced)
A. s. sagrei Duméril and Bibron, 1837—Cuban Brown Anole
(Introduced)
Anolis sagrei is established in Florida (Wilson and Porras, 1983, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Spec. Publ. 9: 1–89 and references therein), Texas (King et al., 1987, Texas J. Sci. 39: 289–290), Louisiana (Thomas et al., 1990, Herpetol. Rev. 21: 22), and Hawaii (McKeown, 1996, A field guide to reptiles and amphibians in the Hawaiian Islands, Diamond Head Publishing). The populations introduced to southern Florida have spread northward into Georgia (Campbell, 1996, Herpetol. Rev. 27: 155–157 and references therein). According to Conant and Collins (1991, Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Houghton Mifflin Co.), two subspecies, A. s. sagrei and A. s. ordinatus were introduced to southern Florida, but they can no longer be distinguished from one another and differ from both original races. Lee (1992, Copeia 1992: 942–954), however, presented evidence that the Florida populations bear a much stronger phenotypic resemblance to populations from Cuba (A. s. sagrei) than to those from the Bahamas (A. s. ordinatus). According to McKeown (op. cit.), Hawaiian Brown Anoles were introduced from Florida.

Basiliscus Laurenti, 1768—BASILISKS (Introduced)
Taxonomy for Basiliscus follows Lang (1989, Bonner Zool. Monog. 28: 1–172).
B. vittatus Wiegmann, 1828—Brown Basilisk (Introduced)
Basiliscus vittatus is established in Dade and Broward Counties, Florida (Wilson and Porras, 1983, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Spec. Publ. 9: 1–89).

Callisaurus Blainville, 1835—ZEBRA-TAILED LIZARDS
Taxonomy for Callisaurus follows K. de Queiroz (1989, Ph.D. dissertation, Univ.
California, Berkeley).
C. draconoides Blainville, 1835—Zebra-tailed Lizard
C. d. myurus Richardson, 1915—Northern Zebra-tailed Lizard
C. d. rhodostictus Cope, 1896—Western Zebra-tailed Lizard
C. d. ventralis (Hallowell, 1852)—Eastern Zebra-tailed Lizard

Chamaeleo Laurenti, 1768—CHAMELEONS (Introduced)
Taxonomy for Chamaeleo follows Klaver and Böhme (1997, Das Tierreich 112: 1–85).
C. jacksonii Boulenger, 1896—Jackson’s Chameleon (Introduced)
C. j. xantholophus Eason, Ferguson, and Hebrard, 1988—Yellow-
crested Jackson’s Chameleon (Introduced)
Chamaeleo jacksoni xantholophus is established on Oahu, Hawaii, Maui, Kauai, and Lanai in the Hawaiian Islands (McKeown, 1996, A field guide to reptiles and amphibians in the Hawaiian Islands, Diamond Head Publishing) and in Los Angeles, San Diego, and San Luis Obispo Counties, California (McKeown, 1997, Bull. Chicago Herpetol. Soc. 32: 101).

Cnemidophorus Wagler, 1830—WHIPTAILS
Taxonomy for Cnemidophorus follows Maslin and Secoy (1986, Contrib. Zool. Univ. Colorado Mus. 1: 1–60) and Wright (1993, pp. 27–81 in Biology of Whiptail Lizards [Genus Cnemidophorus], J. W. Wright and L. J. Vitt [eds.], Oklahoma Mus. Nat. Hist.) with modifications by Trauth (1992, Texas J. Sci. 44: 437–443; description of C. sexlineatus stephensae), Wright and Lowe (1993, J. Arizona-Nevada Acad. Sci. 27: 129–157; descriptions of C. inornatus gypsi, C. i. juniperus, C. i. llanurus, and C. i. pai), Walker et al. (1997, Herpetologica 53: 233–259; description of C. neotesselatus), and those described in subsequent notes. Maslin and Secoy (op. cit.) and Wright (op. cit.) are also the sources for information on reproductive mode.
C. arizonae Van Denburgh, 1896—Arizona Striped Whiptail
Cnemidophorus arizonae was treated as a subspecies of C. inornatus by Wright and Lowe (1993, J. Arizona-Nevada Acad. Sci. 27: 129–157; see also Maslin and Secoy, 1986, Contrib. Zool. Univ.Colorado Mus. 1: 1–60; Wright, 1993, pp. 27–81 in Biology of Whiptail Lizards [Genus Cnemidophorus], J. W. Wright and L. J. Vitt [eds.], Oklahoma Mus. Nat. Hist.), but Collins (1997, SSAR Herpetol. Circ. 25) treated it as a separate species, presumably because of its geographic separation and morphological diagnosability relative to the other subspecies of C. inornatus recognized by Wright and Lowe (op. cit.).
C. burti Taylor, 1938—Canyon Spotted Whiptail
C. b. stictogrammus Burger, 1950—Giant Spotted Whiptail
C. dixoni Scudday, 1973—Gray Checkered Whiptail (unisexual)
Cnemidophorus dixoni was treated as a synonym of C. tesselatus by Maslin and Secoy (1986, Contrib. Zool. Univ. Colorado Mus. 1: 1–60), but it was recognized as a species by Wright (1993, pp. 27–81 in Biology of Whiptail Lizards [Genus Cnemidophorus], J. W. Wright and L. J. Vitt [eds.], Oklahoma Mus. Nat. Hist.) and Walker et al. (1994, Texas J. Sci. 46: 27–33) because its origin is thought to have resulted from a separate hybridization event.
C. exsanguis Lowe, 1956—Chihuahuan Spotted Whiptail (unisexual)
C. flagellicaudus Lowe and Wright, 1964—Gila Spotted Whiptail
(unisexual)
C. gularis Baird and Girard, 1852—Eastern Spotted Whiptail
See comment under C. septemvittatus.
C. g. gularis Baird and Girard, 1852—Texas Spotted Whiptail
C. gypsi Wright and Lowe, 1993—Little White Whiptail
Cnemidophorus gypsi was originally described as a subspecies of C. inornatus by Wright and Lowe (1993, J. Arizona-Nevada Acad. Sci. 27: 129–157), but Collins (1997, SSAR Herpetol. Circ. 25) treated it as a separate species, presumably because of its geographic separation and morphological diagnosability relative to the other subspecies of C. inornatus recognized by Wright and Lowe (op. cit.).
C. hyperythrus Cope, 1863—Orange-throated Whiptail
C. h. beldingi (Stejneger, 1894)—Belding’s Orange-throated Whiptail
According to previous taxonomies (e.g., Maslin and Secoy, 1986, Contrib. Zool. Univ. Colorado Mus. 1: 1–60; Wright, 1993, pp. 27–81 in Biology of Whiptail Lizards [Genus Cnemidophorus], J. W. Wright and L. J. Vitt [eds.], Oklahoma Mus. Nat. Hist.), the subspecies Cnemidophorus hyperythrus beldingi occurs in the United States, but Grismer (1999, Herpetologica 55: 28–42) did not recognize subspecies of C. hyperythrus. Grismer’s decision seems to have been based at least partly on a philosophical opposition to the recognition of subspecies, though he also stated that Welsh (1988, Proc. California Acad. Sci. 46: 1–72) had previously synonymized the names C. h. beldingi and C. h. schmidti with C. h. hyperythrus. In reality, Welsh (op. cit.) did not formally synonymize any of the names in question. Instead, he suggested that differentiation was insufficient to warrant the recognition of three distinct races (which he nevertheless recognized) and that central Baja California was an area of intergradation between C. h. beldingi and C. h. hyperythrus. He also referred specimens for the Sierra San Pedro Mártir region to C. h. schmidti. If C. h. schmidti represents the intergrading populations, then this form extends from the northern Sierra San Pedro Mártir region (30o58’N; Welsh, op. cit) to San Ignacio (27o17’N; Linsdale, 1932, Univ. California Pub. Zool. 38: 345–386), which is roughly one–third of the total range of the species (see Grismer, op. cit.). Given such an extensive area of intergradation, it seems reasonable to interpret the previously recognized taxa as morphotypes rather than subspecies. On the other hand, Wright (1994, pp. 255–271 in Herpetology of the North American Deserts, P. R. Brown and J. W. Wright [eds.], Southwestern Herpetologists Society) had previously identified a diagnostic color pattern difference between C. h. hyperythrus and C. h. beldingi (he considered C. h. schmidti a synonym of C. h. beldingi) and placed the zone of intergradation between the two subspecies in southern Baja California (see also Thompson et al., 1998, Cat. Am. Amph. Rept. 655). Grismer (op. cit.) did not address this difference, and we have therefore retained the two subspecies.
C. inornatus Baird, 1859 "1858"—Little Striped Whiptail
Wright and Lowe (1993, J. Arizona-Nevada Acad. Sci. 27: 129–157) recognized six subspecies of Cnemidophorus inornatus in the United States: arizonae, gypsi, heptagrammus, juniperus, llanuras, and pai, four of which were newly described by those authors. Collins (1997, SSAR Herpetol. Circ. 25), recognized arizonae, gypsi, and pai as separate species, presumably because they are geographically separated and morphologically distinguishable both from one another and from the other subspecies of C. inornatus recognized by Wright and Lowe (op. cit.).
C. i. heptagrammus Axtell, 1961—Trans-Pecos Striped Whiptail
Based on a highly variable sample of Cnemidophorus inornatus heptagrammus from Chihuahua, Walker et al. (1996, J. Herpetol. 30: 271–275) questioned the usefulness of this taxon for describing variation within C. inornatus.
C. i. juniperus Wright and Lowe, 1993—Woodland Striped Whiptail
Walker et al. (1996, J. Herpetol. 30: 271–275) called into question some of the characters used by Wright and Lowe (1993, J. Arizona-Nevada Acad. Sci. 27: 129–157) to separate Cnemidophorus inornatus juniperus from C. i. heptagrammus but did not explicitly treat the names as synonyms.
C. i. llanuras Wright and Lowe, 1993—Plains Striped Whiptail
Walker et al. (1996, J. Herpetol. 30: 271–275) called into question some of the characters used by Wright and Lowe (1993, J. Arizona-Nevada Acad. Sci. 27: 129–157) to separate Cnemidophorus inornatus llanuras from C. i. heptagrammus but did not explicitly treat the names as synonyms.
C. laredoensis McKinney, Kay and Anderson, 1973—Laredo Striped
Whiptail (unisexual)
C. lemniscatus complex (Linnaeus, 1758)—Rainbow Whiptail (unisexual, in
part) (Introduced)
Cnemidophorus lemniscatus has been reported as established in Dade County, Florida (Wilson and Porras, 1983, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Spec. Publ. 9: 1–89 and references therein). However, several species, both uni– and bisexual, have been described for different parts of the taxon formerly known as C. lemniscatus (Cole and Dessauer, 1993, Am. Mus. Novit. 3081: 1–30; Markezich et al., 1997, Am. Mus. Novit. 3207: 1–60), and the introduced population has not yet been associated with one or more of those species.
C. marmoratus Baird and Girard, 1852—Marbled Whiptail
Cnemidophorus marmoratus (including C. marmoratus marmoratus and C. m. reticuloriens in the United States) was treated as a species by Hendricks and Dixon (1986, Texas J. Sci. 38: 327–402) but as a subspecies of C. tigris by Maslin and Secoy (1986, Contrib. Zool. Univ. Colorado Mus. 1: 1–60) and Wright (1993, pp. 27–81 in Biology of Whiptail Lizards [Genus Cnemidophorus], J. W. Wright and L. J. Vitt [eds.], Oklahoma Mus. Nat. Hist.). Dessauer and Cole (1991, Copeia 1991: 622–637) presented evidence of both differentiation and interbreeding between marmoratus and tigris along a transect near the southern part of the border between Arizona and New Mexico, including a narrow (3 km) hybrid zone in which hybrid indices based on color patterns and allele frequencies changed abruptly in concordant step clines. Although those authors interpreted their data as reflecting incomplete speciation between the two forms (i.e., a single species), the same data can be interpreted alternatively as reflecting largely separate gene pools (i.e., two species). Following the terminology of de Queiroz (1998, Pp. 57–75 in Endless forms: Species and speciation, D. J. Howard and S. H. Berlocher [eds.], Oxford University Press), they are here considered incompletely separated species.
C. m. marmoratus Baird and Girard, 1852—Western Marbled Whiptail
Maslin and Secoy (1986, Contrib. Zool. Univ. Colorado Mus. 1: 1–60) and Wright (1993, pp. 27–81 in Biology of Whiptail Lizards [Genus Cnemidophorus], J. W. Wright and L. J. Vitt [eds.], Oklahoma Mus. Nat. Hist.) treated Cnemidophorus marmoratus marmoratus and C. m. reticuloriens of Hendricks and Dixon (1986, Texas J. Sci. 38: 327–402) as a single subspecies of C. tigris (C. t. marmoratus); in contrast, Dessauer and Cole (1991, Copeia 1991: 622–637) treated those taxa as separate subspecies of C. tigris (C. t. marmoratus and C. t. reticuloriens). Thus, C. marmoratus marmoratus in this checklist corresponds with C. tigris marmoratus of Dessauer and Cole (op. cit.) but not with C. tigris marmoratus of Maslin and Secoy (op. cit.) and Wright (op. cit.).
C. m. reticuloriens Vance, 1978—Eastern Marbled Whiptail
Cnemidophorus tigris reticuloriens was described as a new taxon by Hendricks (1975, Ph.D. dissertation, Texas A and M Univ.) in an unpublished dissertation, but the name (attributed to Hendricks) and diagnostic features were incorporated into a key published by Vance (1978, Bull. Maryland Herpetol. Soc. 14: 1–9) prior to the published description of the taxon (as C. marmoratus reticuloriens) by Hendricks and Dixon (1986, Texas J. Sci. 38: 327–402). Vance et al. (1991, Bull. Maryland Herpetol. Soc. 27: 95–98; see also Maslin and Secoy, 1986, Contrib. Zool. Univ.Colorado Mus. 1: 1–60) discussed authorship of the name reticuloriens and concluded that it should be attributed to Vance (op. cit.). Maslin and Secoy (op. cit.) and Wright (1993, pp. 27–81 in Biology of Whiptail Lizards [Genus Cnemidophorus], J. W. Wright and L. J. Vitt [eds.], Oklahoma Mus. Nat. Hist.) treated marmoratus as a subspecies of Cnemidophorus tigris and considered the name C. t. reticuloriens a synonym of C. t. marmoratus; however, Dessauer and Cole (1991, Copeia 1991: 622–637), who also treated marmoratus as a subspecies of C. tigris, recognized the subspecies C. t. reticuloriens.
C. neomexicanus Lowe and Zweifel, 1952—New Mexico Whiptail
(unisexual)
Taylor and Walker (1996, Copeia 1996: 945–954) and Walker (1997, J. Herpetol. 31: 103–107) presented evidence that Cnemidophorus neomexicanus is a junior synonym of C. perplexus Baird and Girard 1852. However, because of prevailing use of the name C. neomexicanus (Smith et al., 1997, Bull. Zool. Nomen. 54: 167–171), that name has been granted precedence over C. perplexus (ICZN, 1999, Bull. Zool. Nomen. 56: 162–163).

C. neotesselatus Walker, Cordes and Taylor, 1997—Colorado Checkered
Whiptail (unisexual)
Wright (1993, pp. 27–81 in Biology of Whiptail Lizards [Genus Cnemidophorus], J. W. Wright and L. J. Vitt [eds.], Oklahoma Mus. Nat. Hist.) applied the name Cnemidophorus tesselatus to the taxon here called C. neotesselatus, that is, to triploid members of the C. tesselatus complex representing Zweifel’s (1965, Am. Mus. Novit. 2235: 1–49) pattern classes A and B. Walker et al. (1997, Herpetologica 53: 233–259), following Zweifel (op. cit.), argued that Say’s original description of C. tesselatus was based on lizards of pattern class D. Therefore, they applied the name C. tesselatus to the diploid members of the C. tesselatus complex representing Zweifel’s (op. cit.) pattern classes C, D, and E, and they proposed a new name, C. neotesselatus, for the triploid members of the complex representing pattern classes A and B.
C. pai Wright and Lowe, 1993—Pai Striped Whiptail
Cnemidophorus pai was originally described as a subspecies of C. inornatus by Wright and Lowe (1993, J. Arizona-Nevada Acad. Sci. 27: 129–157), but Collins (1997, SSAR Herpetol. Circ. 25) recognized it as a separate species because of allopatry and morphological diagnosability relative to the other subspecies of C. inornatus recognized by Wright and Lowe (op. cit.).
C. septemvittatus Cope, 1892—Mexican Plateau Spotted Whiptail
Cnemidophorus septemvittatus was treated as a subspecies of C. gularis by Maslin and Secoy (1986, Contrib. Zool. Univ. Colorado Mus. 1: 1–60) but as a species by Wright (1993, pp. 27–81 in Biology of Whiptail Lizards [Genus Cnemidophorus], J. W. Wright and L. J. Vitt [eds.], Oklahoma Mus. Nat. Hist.). The correct name of this species is unclear. The specific epithets septemvittatus, scalaris, and semifasciatus were all published in the same paper (Cope, 1892, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. 17: 27–52), on pages 40, 47, and 49, respectively. Burger (1950, Nat. Hist. Misc. 65: 1–9) considered Cnemidophorus sackii septemvittatus and C. s. semifasciatus (but not C. s. scalaris) consubspecific and selected semifasciatus over septemvittatus, disregarding page precedence because the type locality of septemvittatus was erroneous while that of semifasciatus apparently was not. He applied the name C. s. semifasciatus to a taxon whose distribution did not include the type locality associated with that name. Duellman and Zweifel (1962, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 123: 155–210) considered all three forms conspecific but heterosubspecific and used septemvittatus as the name of the species, following page priority in deliberate contradiction to Burger’s action. Williams and Smith (1963, Herpetologica 19: 68–69) criticized Duellman and Zweifel’s decision to ignore the precedence of semifasciatus over septemvittatus established by Burger, but they selected scalaris over semifasciatus and ignored the precedence of septemvittatus over scalaris established by Duellman and Zweifel, using C. scalaris as the name of the species. Because the precedence of names in pairs established by these three sets of authors (semifasciatus over septemvittatus by Burger, septemvittatus over scalaris by Duellman and Zweifel, scalaris over semifasciatus by Williams and Smith) did not establish a clear order of precedence when all three names are considered synonyms, we have used the name adopted by Wright (op. cit..).
C. s. septemvittatus Cope, 1892—Big Bend Spotted Whiptail
C. sexlineatus (Linnaeus, 1766)—Six-lined Racerunner
C. s. sexlineatus (Linnaeus, 1766)—Eastern Six-lined Racerunner
C. s. stephensae Trauth, 1992—Texas Yellow-headed Racerunner
The subspecific name was spelled "stephensi" in the original description (Trauth, 1992, Texas J. Sci. 44: 437–443) but was later corrected to "stephensae" (Trauth, 1995, Bull. Chicago Herpetol. Soc. 30: 68).
C. s. viridis Lowe, 1966—Prairie Racerunner
C. sonorae Lowe and Wright, 1964—Sonoran Spotted Whiptail (unisexual)
C. tesselatus (Say, 1823)—Common Checkered Whiptail (unisexual)
Wright (1993, pp. 27–81 in Biology of Whiptail Lizards [Genus Cnemidophorus], J. W. Wright and L. J. Vitt [eds.], Oklahoma Mus. Nat. Hist.) applied the name Cnemidophorus grahamii Baird and Girard 1852 to the taxon here called C. tesselatus, that is, to diploid members of the C. tesselatus complex representing Zweifel’s (1965, Am. Mus. Novit. 2235: 1–49) pattern classes C, D, and E; he applied the name C. tesselatus to triploid members of the complex representing pattern classes A and B. Walker et al. (1997, Herpetologica 53: 233–259), following Zweifel (op. cit.), argued that Say’s original description of C. tesselatus was based on lizards of pattern class D. Therefore, they applied the name C. tesselatus to the diploid members of the C. tesselatus complex representing Zweifel’s (op. cit.) pattern classes C, D, and E, and they treated the name C. grahamii, based on cotypes representing pattern classes E (the paralectotype; Zweifel, op. cit.) and C (the lectotype; K. de Queiroz, personal observation), as a junior synonym.
C. tigris Baird and Girard, 1852—Tiger Whiptail
C. t. mundus Camp, 1916—California Whiptail
Wright (1993, Pp. 27–81 in Biology of Whiptail Lizards [Genus Cnemidophorus], J. W. Wright and L. J. Vitt [eds.], Oklahoma Mus. Nat. Hist.) considered the name Cnemidophorus tigris mundus a synonym of C. t. undulatus Hallowell 1854; however, Camp (1916, Univ. California Pub. Zool. 17: 63–74) proposed the name C. t. mundus as a replacement name for C. (t.) undulatus Hallowell, 1854 because the latter name is a junior primary homonym of C. undulatus Wiegmann, 1834 and thus is permanently invalid (see also Maslin and Secoy, 1986, Contrib. Zool. Univ. Colorado Mus. 1: 1–60).
C. t. punctilinealis Dickerson, 1919—Sonoran Tiger Whiptail
This taxon was formerly called Cnemidophorus tigris gracilis. Taylor and Walker (1996, Copeia 1996: 140–148) presented evidence that C. t. gracilis is a junior synonym of C. t. tigris, and they considered C. t. punctilinealis the oldest available name for the taxon formerly called C. t. gracilis.
C. t. septentrionalis Burger, 1950—Plateau Tiger Whiptail
C. t. stejnegeri Van Denburgh, 1894—Coastal Whiptail
Some authors (e.g., Smith and Taylor, 1950, Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus. 199: 1–253) have treated the name Cnemidophorus tigris stejnegeri as a junior synonym of C. t. multiscutatus Cope 1892; others (e.g., Maslin and Secoy, 1986, Contrib. Zool. Univ. Colorado Mus. 1: 1–60; Wright, 1993, Pp. 27–81 in Biology of Whiptail Lizards [Genus Cnemidophorus], J. W. Wright and L. J. Vitt [eds.], Oklahoma Mus. Nat. Hist.) have treated those names as the names of different taxa, both of which were considered to occur in (coastal?) southern California. Following Maslin and Walker (1981, Am. Midl. Nat. 105: 84–92), we have treated C. t. multiscutatus (type locality: Isla Cedros, Baja California) as the name of an insular and C. t. stejnegeri (type locality: Ensenada, Baja California) as the name of the subspecies occurring in coastal southern California.
C. t. tigris Baird and Girard, 1852—Great Basin Whiptail
C. uniparens Wright and Lowe, 1965—Desert Grassland Whiptail
(unisexual)
C. velox Springer, 1928—Plateau Striped Whiptail (unisexual)
Maslin and Secoy (1986, Contrib. Zool. Univ. Colorado Mus. 1: 1–60) treated the name Cnemidophorus (sackii) innotatus as a synonym of C. velox, but Wright (1993, Pp. 27–81 in Biology of Whiptail Lizards [Genus Cnemidophorus], J. W. Wright and L. J. Vitt [eds.], Oklahoma Mus. Nat. Hist.) applied the name C. velox to populations of triploid parthenogens and treated C. innotatus as the name of a separate diploid species. Cuellar (1977, Evolution 31: 24–31) found histoincompatibility (rejection of skin grafts) between C. velox-like lizards from Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah, which Cuellar and Wright (1992, Comp. Rend. Soc. Biogeogr. 68: 157–160) interpreted as potential evidence for different ploidy levels. The type locality of C. velox is in Arizona, while that of C. innotatus is in Utah, and lizards from New Mexico are known to be triploid (Neaves, 1969, J. Exper. Zool. 171: 175–184; Dessauer and Cole, 1989, Pp. 49–71 in Evolution and ecology of unisexual vertebrates, R. M. Dawley and J. P. Bogart [eds.], New York State Museum). If lizards from the type locality of C. innotatus turn out to be diploid, it would be reasonable to recognize a separate diploid species and apply the name C. innotatus (Plateau Spotted Whiptail) to it.
C. xanthonotus Duellman and Lowe 1953—Red-backed Whiptail
Cnemidophorus xanthonotus was treated as a subspecies of C. burti by Maslin and Secoy (1986, Contrib. Zool. Univ. Colorado Mus. 1: 1–60) and Wright (1993, pp. 27–81 in Biology of Whiptail Lizards [Genus Cnemidophorus], J. W. Wright and L. J. Vitt [eds.], Oklahoma Mus. Nat. Hist), but Collins (1991, Herpetol. Rev. 22: 42–43) treated it as a species because it is allopatric and morphologically diagnosable relative to C. burti.

Coleonyx Gray, 1845—BANDED GECKOS
Taxonomy for Coleonyx follows Grismer (1988, Pp. 369–469 in Phylogenetic Relationships of the Lizard Families, R. Estes and G. Pregill [eds.], Stanford Univ. Press).
C. brevis Stejneger, 1893—Texas Banded Gecko
C. reticulatus Davis and Dixon, 1958—Reticulate Banded Gecko
C. switaki (Murphy, 1974)—Switak’s Banded Gecko
C. s. switaki (Murphy, 1974)—Peninsular Banded Gecko
C. variegatus (Baird, 1859 "1858")—Western Banded Gecko
C. v. abbotti Klauber, 1945—San Diego Banded Gecko
C. v. bogerti Klauber, 1945—Tucson Banded Gecko
C. v. utahensis Klauber, 1945—Utah Banded Gecko
C. v. variegatus (Baird, 1859)—Desert Banded Gecko

Cophosaurus Troschel, 1852 "1850"—GREATER EARLESS LIZARDS
Taxonomy for Cophosaurus follows Peters (1951, Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan 537: 1–20) who treated all species and subspecies as members of Holbrookia. Separation of Cophosaurus from Holbrookia follows Clarke (1965, Emporia St. Res. Stud. 13: 1–66), Cox and Tanner (1977, Great Basin Nat. 37: 35–56) and K. de Queiroz (1989, Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. California, Berkeley).
C. texanus Troschel, 1852 "1850"—Greater Earless Lizard
C. t. scitulus (Peters, 1951)—Chihuahuan Greater Earless Lizard
C. t. texanus Troschel, 1852 "1850"—Texas Greater Earless Lizard

Cosymbotus Fitzinger, 1843—ASIAN HOUSE GECKOS (Introduced)
Taxonomy for Cosymbotus follows Kluge (1991, Smithsonian Herpetol. Info. Serv. 85: 1–35) and Bauer (1994, Das Tierreich 109: 1–306).
C. platyurus (Schneider, 1792)—Flat-tailed House Gecko (Introduced)
Cosymbotus platyurus is established in Pinellas County, Florida (Meshaka and Lewis, 1994, Herpetol. Rev. 25: 127).
Crotaphytus Holbrook, 1842—COLLARED LIZARDS
Taxonomy for Crotaphytus follows McGuire (1996, Bull. Carnegie Mus. Nat. Hist. 32: 1-143).
C. bicinctores Smith and Tanner, 1972—Great Basin Collared Lizard
C. collaris (Say, 1823)—Eastern Collared Lizard
C. nebrius Axtell and Montanucci, 1977—Sonoran Collared Lizard
C. reticulatus Baird, 1859 "1858"—Reticulate Collared Lizard
C. vestigium Smith and Tanner, 1972—Baja California Collared Lizard
McGuire (1996, Bull. Carnegie Mus. Nat. Hist. 32: 1–143) noted that the name Crotaphytus vestigum Smith and Tanner is a junior synonym of C. fasciatus Mocquard. Nevertheless, he used the junior synonym as the valid name for the taxon because the senior synonym had not been so used during the last 50 years, while the junior synonym had been used repeatedly. McGuire also noted that C. fasciatus Mocquard is a junior (primary) homonym of C. fasciatus Hallowell (which is itself a junior synonym of Gambelia wislizenii) and that Mocquard, apparently aware of the problem, had provided the new replacement name (nomen novum) C. fasciolatus. Because the junior primary homonym C. fasciatus Mocquard is invalid (ICZN, 1985: Article 57), the correct name for this taxon is C. fasciolatus; however, for the reasons noted above, McGuire (1999, Bull. Zool. Nomencl. submitted) has proposed that C. fasciolatus be suppressed. Until the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature rules on this proposal, we have followed the Zoological Code (ICZN, 1999; Article 82.1) by maintaining the name in most common current use.

Ctenosaura Wiegmann, 1828—SPINY-TAILED IGUANAS (Introduced)
Taxonomy for Ctenosaura follows de Queiroz (1995, Publ. Espec. Mus. Zool. Univ. Nac. Autón. México 9: 1–48).
C. pectinata (Wiegmann, 1834)—Western Spiny-tailed Iguana (Introduced)
Ctenosaura pectinata is established in Brownsville, Texas (Smith and Kohler, 1978, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. 80: 1–2 and references therein) and Miami, Florida (Wilson and Porras, 1983, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Spec. Publ. 9:1–89).

Cryptoblepharus Wiegmann, 1834—SNAKE-EYED SKINKS
Taxonomy for Cryptoblepharus follows Greer (1974, Australian J. Zool. Suppl. Ser. 31: 1–67).
C. poecilopleurus (Wiegmann, 1834)—Mottled Snake-eyed Skink
According to McKeown (1996, A field guide to reptiles and amphibians in the Hawaiian Islands, Diamond Head Publishing), Cryptoblepharus poecilopleurus probably was present in Hawaii before the arrival of Europeans.

Cyrtopodion Fitzinger, 1843—BOWFOOT GECKOS (Introduced)
Taxonomy for Cyrtopodion follows Szczerbak and Golubev (1984, Vestnik Zoologi 2: 50–56) with modifications by Kluge (1985, Zool. Meded. 59: 95–100; priority of Cyrtopodion over Tenuidactylus).
C. scabrum (Heyden, 1827)—Rough-tailed Gecko (Introduced)
Cyrtopodion scabrum is established in Galveston, Texas (Selcer and Bloom, 1984, Southwest. Natur. 29: 499-500). The specific epithet is often spelled scaber, as it was in the original combination Stenodactylus scaber. However, the name scaber is masculine (as is Stenodactylus), while Cyrtopodion is neuter. Therefore, the correct form of the epithet in combination with Cyrtopodion is the neuter form scabrum (see ICZN, 1999, Article 31.2).

Dipsosaurus Hallowell, 1854—DESERT IGUANAS
Taxonomy for Dipsosaurus follows de Queiroz (1995, Publ. Espec. Mus. Zool. Univ. Nac. Autón. México 9: 1–48).
D. dorsalis (Baird and Girard, 1852)—Desert Iguana
D. d. dorsalis (Baird and Girard, 1852)—Northern Desert Iguana

Elgaria Gray, 1838—WESTERN ALLIGATOR LIZARDS
Taxonomy for Elgaria follows Good (1988, Univ. California Pub. Zool. 121: 1–139).
E. coerulea (Wiegmann, 1828)—Northern Alligator Lizard
E. c. coerulea (Wiegmann, 1828)—San Francisco Alligator Lizard
E. c. palmeri (Stejneger, 1893)—Sierra Alligator Lizard
E. c. principis Baird and Girard, 1852—Northwestern Alligator Lizard
E. c. shastensis (Fitch, 1934)—Shasta Alligator Lizard
E. kingii Gray, 1838—Madrean Alligator Lizard
E. k. nobilis Baird and Girard, 1852—Arizona Alligator Lizard
E. multicarinata (Blainville, 1835)—Southern Alligator Lizard
E. m. multicarinata (Blainville, 1835)—California Alligator Lizard
E. m. scincicauda (Skilton, 1849)—Oregon Alligator Lizard
E. m. webbii (Baird, 1859 "1858")—San Diego Alligator Lizard
E. panamintina (Stebbins, 1958)—Panamint Alligator Lizard

Emoia Gray, 1845—EMOIAS
Taxonomy for Emoia cyanura and E. impar follows Ineich and Zug (1991, Copeia 1991: 1132–1136).
E. cyanura (Lesson, 1830)—Copper-tailed Skink (Introduced)
Emoia cyanura occurs on Kauai, Hawaiian Islands, where it may or may not have been introduced prior to the arrival of Europeans (see discussion in McKeown, 1996, A field guide to reptiles and amphibians in the Hawaiian Islands, Diamond Head Publishing).
E. impar (Werner, 1898)—Azure-tailed Skink
According to McKeown (1996, A field guide to reptiles and amphibians in the Hawaiian Islands, Diamond Head Publishing), Emoia impar probably was present in Hawaii before the arrival of Europeans.

Eumeces Wiegmann, 1834—GREAT SKINKS
Taxonomy for Eumeces follows Taylor (1935, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 23: 1–643) with modifications by Rodgers (1944, Copeia 1944: 101–104; description of E. gilberti placerensis), Smith (1946, Univ. Kansas Pub. Mus. Nat. Hist. 1: 85–89; resurrection of E. anthracinus pluvialis), Rodgers and Fitch (1947, Univ. California Pub. Zool. 48: 169–220; description of E. gilberti cancellosus and treatment of E. skiltonianus brevipes as a synonym of E. gilberti gilberti), Smith and Slater (1949, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. 52: 438–448; description of E. septentrionalis pallidus), McConkey (1957, Bull. Florida St. Mus. (Biol. Sci.) 2: 13–23; description of E. egregius similis), Lowe and Shannon (1954, Herpetologica 10: 185–187; description of E. gilberti arizonensis), Lowe (1955b, Herpetologica 11: 233–235; treatment of E. gaigeae as a subspecies of E. multivirgatus), Mecham (1957, Copeia 1957: 111–123; treatment of E. taylori as a synonym of E. m. gaigeae), Tanner (1958, Great Basin Nat. 17: 59–94; descriptions of E. skiltonianus utahensis and E. s. interparietalis), Axtell (1961, Texas J. Sci. 13: 345–351; priority of E. multivirgatus epipleurotus over E. m. gaigeae), Mount (1965, The reptiles and amphibians of Alabama, Auburn Univ. Agric. Exper. Station; descriptions of E. egregius lividus and E. e. insularis), Lieb (1985, Contrib. Sci. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co. 357: 1–19; treatment of E. brevilineatus, E. callicephalus, and E. tetragrammus as subspecies of a single species), and those described in subsequent notes. Griffith (1991, Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. Toronto), presented evidence that Eumeces is paraphyletic and proposed assignment of all North American species to Plestiodon.
E. anthracinus (Baird, 1850)—Coal Skink
E. a. anthracinus (Baird,1850)—Northern Coal Skink
E. a. pluvialis Cope, 1880—Southern Coal Skink
E. callicephalus Bocourt, 1879—Mountain Skink
Eumeces callicephalus was treated as a subspecies of Eumeces tetragrammus by Lieb (1985, Contrib. Sci. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co. 357: 1–19) but is here recognized as a separate species based on allopatry and morphological diagnosability relative to E. t. tetragrammus and E. t. brevilineatus (see Tanner, 1987, Great Basin Nat. 47: 383–421).
E. egregius (Baird, 1859 "1858")—Mole Skink
E. e. egregius (Baird, 1859)—Florida Keys Mole Skink
E. e. insularis Mount, 1965—Cedar Key Mole Skink
Collins (1991, Herpetol. Rev. 22: 42–43) proposed recognizing Eumeces egregius insularis as a species but later (Collins, 1997, SSAR Herpetol. Circ. 25) treated it as a subspecies.
E. e. lividus Mount, 1965—Blue-tailed Mole Skink
E. e. onocrepis (Cope, 1871)—Peninsula Mole Skink
E. e. similis McConkey, 1957—Northern Mole Skink
E. fasciatus (Linnaeus, 1758)—Common Five-lined Skink
E. gilberti Van Denburgh, 1896—Gilbert’s Skink
A study in progress by Richmond (1999, ASIH-HL-SSAR abstract; pers. comm.) indicates that various populations currently referred to Eumeces gilberti are more closely related to geographically proximate populations of E. skiltonianus than to other populations of E. gilberti, suggesting that the taxonomy of both currently recognized species needs to be reassessed.
E. g. arizonensis Lowe and Shannon, 1954—Arizona Skink
Collins (1991, Herpetol. Rev. 22: 42–43) proposed recognizing Eumeces gilberti arizonensis as a species but later (Collins, 1997, SSAR Herpetol. Circ. 25) treated it as a subspecies.
E. g. cancellosus Rodgers and Fitch, 1947—Variegated Skink
E. g. gilberti Van Denburgh, 1896—Greater Brown Skink
E g. placerensis Rodgers, 1944—Northern Brown Skink
E. g. rubricaudatus Taylor, 1935—Western Red-tailed Skink
E. inexpectatus Taylor, 1932—Southeastern Five-lined Skink
E. laticeps (Schneider, 1801)—Broad-headed Skink
E. multivirgatus (Hallowell, 1857)—Many-lined Skink
E. m. epipleurotus Cope, 1880—Variable Skink
E. m. multivirgatus (Hallowell, 1857)—Northern Many-lined Skink
E. obsoletus (Baird and Girard, 1852)—Great Plains Skink
E. septentrionalis (Baird, 1859 "1858")—Prairie Skink
Eumeces septentrionalis septentrionalis and E. s. obtusirostris have sometimes been recognized as species based on allopatry and morphological diagnosability (e.g., Collins, 1991, Herpetol. Rev. 22: 42–43; and 1993, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Public Edu. Ser. No. 13). However, the name E. s. pallidus, absent from the literature of the last 40 years, apparently has never been explicitly treated as a synonym of either E. s. septentrionalis or E. s. obtusirostris. We have retained the older arrangement of a single species with three subspecies until a rearrangement is proposed based on a study of all three taxa.
E. s. obtusirostris Bocourt, 1879—Southern Prairie Skink
E. s. pallidus Smith and Slater, 1949—Pallid Skink
E. s. septentrionalis (Baird, 1859)—Northern Prairie Skink
E. skiltonianus (Baird and Girard, 1852)—Western Skink
See note for Eumeces gilberti.
E. s. interparietalis Tanner, 1958 "1957"—Coronado Skink
E. s. skiltonianus (Baird and Girard, 1852)—Skilton’s Skink
E. s. utahensis Tanner, 1958 "1957"—Great Basin Skink
E. tetragrammus (Baird, 1859 "1858")—Four-lined Skink
Lieb (1985, Contrib. Sci. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co. 357: 1–19) treated E. callicephalus as a subspecies of E. tetragrammus (see note on E. callicephalus).
E. t. brevilineatus Cope, 1880—Short-lined Skink
E. t. tetragrammus (Baird, 1859)—Long-lined Skink

Gambelia Baird 1859 "1858"—LEOPARD LIZARDS
Taxonomy for Gambelia follows McGuire (1996, Bull. Carnegie Mus. Nat. Hist. 32: 1–143).
G. copeii (Yarrow, 1882)—Cope’s Leopard Lizard
G. sila (Stejneger, 1890)—Blunt-nosed Leopard Lizard
McGuire (1996, Bull. Carnegie Mus. Nat. Hist. 32: 1–143) spelled the specific name "silus"; however, given that the name Gambelia is feminine (ICZN, 1999: Article 30.2.4) and that the name silus is a Latin adjective or participle, the spelling should be changed to "sila" when combined with Gambelia (ICZN, 1999: Article 31.2) (Frost and Collins, 1988, Herpetol. Rev. 19: 73–74).
G. wislizenii (Baird and Girard, 1852)—Long-nosed Leopard Lizard

Gehyra Gray, 1834—DTELLAS
Taxonomy for Gehyra follows Kluge (1991, Smithsonian Herpetol. Info. Serv. 85: 1–35) and Bauer (1994, Das Tierreich 109: 1–306).
G. mutilata (Wiegmann, 1834)—Stump-toed Gecko
According to McKeown (1996, A field guide to reptiles and amphibians in the Hawaiian Islands, Diamond Head Publishing), Gehyra mutilata probably was present in Hawaii before the arrival of Europeans. This species is also established in San Diego, California (Smith and Kohler, 1978, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. 80: 1–24 and references therein). The date of publication of the name Hemidactylus mutilatus (=Gehyra mutilata) is sometimes given as 1835 (e.g., Kluge, 1991, Smithsonian Herpetol. Info. Serv. 85: 1–35) presumably based on the idea that the species was first described in a publication by Wiegmann in Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop. Carol. Nat. Cur., the date of which is either 1834 or 1835; however, the first valid use of the name is in Wiegmann (1834, Herpetologia Mexicana; see Bauer and Adler, in press, Arch. Nat. Hist., for a discussion of the dates of the relevant publications).
Gekko Laurenti, 1768—TROPICAL ASIAN GECKOS (Introduced)
Taxonomy for Gekko follows Kluge (1991, Smithsonian Herpetol. Info. Serv. 85: 1–35).
G. gecko (Linnaeus, 1758)—Tokay Gecko (Introduced)
G. g. gecko (Linnaeus, 1758)—Common Tokay Gecko

Gerrhonotus Wiegmann, 1828—EASTERN ALLIGATOR LIZARDS
Taxonomy for Gerrhonotus follows Good (1994, Herpetol. Monog. 8: 180–202).
G. infernalis Baird, 1859 "1858"—Texas Alligator Lizard

Gonatodes Fitzinger, 1843—BENT-TOED GECKOS (Introduced)
Taxonomy for Gonatodes follows Kluge (1995, Am. Mus. Novit. 3139: 1–23).
G. albogularis (Duméril and Bibron, 1836)—Yellow-headed Gecko
(Introduced)
G. a. fuscus (Hallowell, 1855)—Dusky Yellow-headed Gecko
(Introduced)
Gonatodes albogularis fuscus is established in Monroe (Key West) and Dade Counties, Florida (Smith and Kohler, 1978, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. 80: 1–24; Wilson and Porras, 1983, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Spec. Publ. 9: 1–89 and references therein).

Heloderma Wiegmann, 1829—GILA MONSTERS and BEADED LIZARDS
Taxonomy for Heloderma follows Bogert and Martín del Campo (1956, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 109: 1–238).
H. suspectum Cope, 1869—Gila Monster
H. s. cinctum Bogert and Martín del Campo, 1956—Banded Gila Monster
H. s. suspectum Cope, 1869—Reticulate Gila Monster

Hemidactylus Gray, 1825—HOUSE GECKOS
Taxonomy for Hemidactylus follows Kluge (1991, Smithsonian Herpetol. Info. Serv. 85: 1–35) and Bauer (1994, Das Tierreich 109: 1–306).
H. frenatus Duméril and Bibron, 1836—Common House Gecko
(Introduced)
Hemidactylus frenatus is established on all of the larger Hawaiian Islands (Smith and Kohler, 1978, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. 80: 1–24 and references therein; McKeown, 1996, A field guide to reptiles and amphibians in the Hawaiian Islands, Diamond Head Publishing) and in Monroe County, Florida (Meshaka et al., 1994, Herpetol. Rev. 25: 127–128).
H. garnotii Duméril and Bibron, 1836—Indo-Pacific Gecko (unisexual)
According to McKeown (1996, A field guide to reptiles and amphibians in the Hawaiian Islands, Diamond Head Publishing), Hemidactylus garnotii probably was present in Hawaii before the arrival of Europeans. This species is also widespread in southern Florida, where it has been introduced (Wilson and Porras, 1983, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Spec. Publ. 9: 1–89 and references therein). Kluge and Eckardt (1969, Copeia 1969: 651–664) presented evidence that H. garnotii is parthenogenetic.
H. mabouia (Moreau de Jonnès, 1818)—Amerafrican House Gecko (Introduced)
Hemidactylus mabouia occurs in several counties in southern Florida, where it has been introduced (Powell et al., 1998, Cat. Am. Amph. Rept. 674. and references therein).
H. turcicus (Linnaeus, 1758)—Mediterranean House Gecko (Introduced)
H. t. turcicus (Linnaeus, 1758)—Turkish House Gecko (Introduced)
Hemidactylus turcicus is established at numerous localities in the southern part of the United States, including the states of Alabama (Mount, 1975, The reptiles and amphibians of Alabama, Auburn Univ. Agric. Exper. Stat.), Arizona (Robinson and Romack, 1973, J. Herpetol. 7: 311–312), Arkansas (Paulissen and Buchanan, 1990, Herpetol. Rev. 21: 22), California (Porter, 1988, San Diego Herpetol. Soc. Newsl. 10: 5), Florida (Wilson and Porras, 1983, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Spec. Publ. 9: 1–89 and references therein), Georgia (Bechtel, 1983, Herpetol. Rev. 14: 27–28), Louisiana (Etheridge, 1952, Copeia 1952: 47–48), Mississippi (Keiser, 1984, J. Mississippi Acad. Sci. 29: 17–18), Nevada (Saethre and Medica, 1993, Herpetol. Rev. 24: 154–155), New Mexico (Painter et al., 1992, Herpetol. Rev. 23: 62), Oklahoma (Henniger and Black, 1987, Bull. Oklahoma Herpetol. Soc. 12: 20), and Texas (Conant, 1955, Am. Mus. Novit. 1726: 1–6). Subspecific identifications (H. t. turcicus) have been reported in some cases, but not in others.

Hemiphyllodactylus Bleeker, 1860—GYPSY GECKOS
Taxonomy for Hemiphyllodactylus follows Kluge (1991, Smithsonian Herpetol. Info. Serv. 85: 1–35) and Bauer (1994, Das Tierreich 109: 1–306).
H. typus Bleeker, 1860—Indopacific Tree Gecko
H. t. typus Bleeker, 1860—Common Indopacific Tree Gecko
(unisexual)
According to McKeown (1996, A field guide to reptiles and amphibians in the Hawaiian Islands, Diamond Head Publishing), Hemiphyllodactylus typus probably was present in Hawaii before the arrival of Europeans. Zug (1991, Bishop Mus. Bull. Zool. 2: 1–136) and McKeown (op. cit.) reported unisexual reproduction in this taxon.

Holbrookia Girard, 1851—LESSER EARLESS LIZARDS
Taxonomy for Holbrookia follows Smith (1946, Handbook of lizards. Lizards of the United States and Canada, Cornell Univ. Press) with modifications by Axtell (1956, Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci. 10: 163–179; description of H. maculata perspicua and treatment of H. lacerata as a species). Separation of Cophosaurus texanus (Holbrookia texana) from Holbrookia follows Axtell (1958, Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. Texas), Clarke (1965, Emporia St. Res. Stud. 13: 1–66), Cox and Tanner (1977, Great Basin Nat. 37: 35–56) and de Queiroz (1989, Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. California, Berkeley).
H. lacerata Cope, 1880—Spot-tailed Earless Lizard
H. l. lacerata Cope, 1880—Northern Spot-tailed Earless Lizard
H l. subcaudalis Axtell, 1956—Southern Spot-tailed Earless Lizard
H. maculata Girard, 1851—Common Lesser Earless Lizard
H. m. approximans Baird, 1859 "1858"—Speckled Earless Lizard
H. m. bunkeri Smith, 1935—Bunker’s Earless Lizard
Occurrence of Holbrookia maculata bunkeri in the United States (New Mexico) was reported by Axtell (1958, Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. Texas). H. m. maculata Girard, 1851—Great Plains Earless Lizard
H. m. perspicua Axtell, 1956—Prairie Earless Lizard

H. m. pulchra Schmidt, 1921—Huachuca Earless Lizard
Holbrookia maculata pulchra was considered a synonym of H. m. thermophila by Duellman (1955, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan 569: 1–14) and Axtell (1958, Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. Texas); however, this taxon has been recognized as a separate subspecies or species in all previous versions of this list and its precursors that were published subsequent to the original description of H. pulchra (i.e. Stejneger and Barbour 1923, 1933, 1939, 1943, A checklist of North American amphibians and reptiles, Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, editions 1–4; Schmidt, 1953, A check list of North American amphibians and reptiles. Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago; Conant et al., 1956, Copeia 1956: 172–185; Collins et al., 1978, SSAR Herpetol. Circ. 7; 1982, SSAR Herpetol. Circ. 12; Collins 1990, Herpetol. Circ. 19; 1997, Herpetol. Circ. 25).
H. m. ruthveni Smith, 1943—Bleached Earless Lizard
H. m. thermophila Barbour, 1921—Sonoran Earless Lizard
Some authors (e.g., Lowe, 1964, Pp. 153–174 in The vertebrates of Arizona, C. H. Lowe [ed.], Univ. Arizona Press; see also Adest, 1978, Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. California, Los Angeles; Wilgenbusch and de Queiroz, Syst. Biol 49: 592–612) have treated Holbrookia maculata thermophila together with the Mexican endemic H. maculata elegans as a separate species. If so, the species is H. elegans (Elegant Earless Lizard) and the subspecies is H. e. thermophila.
H. propinqua Baird and Girard 1852—Keeled Earless Lizard
H. p. propinqua Baird and Girard 1852—Northern Keeled Earless Lizard

Iguana Laurenti, 1768—GREEN IGUANAS (Introduced)
Taxonomy for Iguana follows Lazell (1973, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 145: 1–28) and Etheridge (1982, pp. 7–37 in Iguanas of the world, G. M. Burghardt and A. S. Rand [eds.], Noyes Publ. Co.).
I. iguana (Linnaeus, 1758)—Common Green Iguana (Introduced)
Iguana iguana is established on Oahu in the Hawaiian Islands (McKeown, 1996, A field guide to reptiles and amphibians in the Hawaiian Islands, Diamond Head Publishing) and in Dade and Collier Counties, Florida (Wilson and Porras, 1983, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Spec. Publ. 9: 1–89 and references therein). Frost and Collins (1988, Herpetol. Rev. 19: 73–74) noted that the original spelling of the specific epithet was "igvana" and not "iguana". However, the new version of the Code (ICZN, 1999) places greater weight on use than original spelling. According to Article 33.3.1, when an incorrect subsequent spelling is in prevailing use and is attributed to the publication of the original spelling, the subsequent spelling and attribution are to be preserved and the spelling is deemed to be a correct original spelling. Therefore, given that the prevailing spelling is "iguana," and given that the epithet is normally attributed to Linnaeus, this spelling should be retained and treated as a correct original spelling.

Lacerta Linnaeus, 1758—LACERTAS (Introduced)
Taxonomy for Lacerta follows Böhme (1984, Handbuch der Reptilien und Amphibien Europas. 2/I. Lacertidae II (Lacerta). AULA-Verlag).
L. viridis (Laurenti, 1768)—European Green Lizard (Introduced)
Lacerta viridis is established in Shawnee County, Kansas (Collins, 1993, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Public Educ. Ser. No. 13; Gubanyi and Gubanyi, 1997, Herpetol. Rev. 28: 96); the subspecific identification apparently has not been reported (see Smith and Kohler, 1978, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. 80: 1–24).
Lampropholis Fitzinger, 1843—METALLIC SKINKS (Introduced)
Taxonomy for Lampropholis follows Cogger et al. (1983, Zoological catalogue of Australia. Volume 1. Amphibia and Reptilia, Australian Government Publ. Serv.).
L. delicata (De Vis, 1888)—Rainbow Skink (Introduced)
Lampropholis delicata was probably introduced to Hawaii (Baker, 1979, Pacific Sci. 33: 207–212; McKeown, 1996, A field guide to reptiles and amphibians in the Hawaiian Islands, Diamond Head Publishing).

Leiocephalus Gray, 1827—CURLY-TAILED LIZARDS (Introduced)
Taxonomy for Leiocephalus follows Pregill (1992, Misc. Publ. Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat.
Hist. 84: 1–69).
L. carinatus Gray, 1827—Northern Curly-tailed Lizard (Introduced)
L. c. armouri Barbour and Shreve, 1935—Little Bahama Curly-tailed
Lizard (Introduced)
Leiocephalus carinatus armouri is established in Palm Beach and Dade Counties, Florida (Wilson and Porras, 1983, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Spec. Publ. 9: 1–89 and references therein).
L. schreibersii (Gravenhorst, 1837)—Red-sided Curly-tailed Lizard
(Introduced)
According to Schreiber et al. (1995, Cat. Am. Amphib. Rept. 613), Leiocephalus schreibersii does not exhibit the tail curling behavior seen in other species of Leiocephalus, in which case the standard English name used here is a misnomer.
L. s. schreibersii (Gravenhorst, 1837)—Schreibers’ Curly-tailed Lizard
(Introduced)
Leiocephalus schreibersii schreibersii is established in Dade County, Florida (Wilson and Porras, 1983, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Spec. Publ. 9: 1–89 and references therein).

Lepidodactylus Fitzinger, 1843—SCALE-TOED GECKOS
Taxonomy for Lepidodactylus follows Kluge (1991, Smithsonian Herpetol. Info. Serv. 85: 1–35) and Bauer (1994, Das Tierreich 109: 1–306).
L. lugubris complex (Duméril and Bibron, 1836)—Mourning Gecko
(unisexual)
According to McKeown (1996, A field guide to reptiles and amphibians in the Hawaiian Islands, Diamond Head Publishing), Lepidodactylus lugubris probably was present in Hawaii before the arrival of Europeans. As currently recognized, L. lugubris consists of both diploid and triploid clones. The diploid clones appear to have originated from at least two separate interspecific hybridizations and the triploid clones from crosses between females of one of the diploid clones and males from perhaps three different bisexual populations (see Radtkey et al., 1995, Proc. Royal Soc. London, Series B 259: 145–152; Boissinot et al., 1997, J. Herpetol. 31: 295–298). Cuellar and Kluge (1972, J. Genet. 61: 14–26) reported unisexual reproduction in this taxon.

Lipinia Gray, 1845—LIPINIAS
Taxonomy for Lipinia follows Greer (1974, Australian J. Zool. Suppl. Ser. 31: 1–67).
L. noctua (Lesson, 1830)—Moth Skink
According to McKeown (1996, A field guide to reptiles and amphibians in the Hawaiian Islands, Diamond Head Publishing), Lipinia noctua probably was present in Hawaii before the arrival of Europeans.
Neoseps Stejneger, 1910—FLORIDA SAND SKINKS
Taxonomy for Neoseps follows Telford (1969, Cat. Am. Amph. Rept. 80).
N. reynoldsi Stejneger, 1910—Florida Sand Skink

Ophisaurus Daudin, 1803—GLASS LIZARDS
Taxonomy for Ophisaurus follows McConkey (1954, Bull. Florida St. Mus. Biol. Sci. 2: 13–23) with modifications by Palmer (1987, Herpetologica 43: 415–423; description of O. mimicus).
O. attenuatus Cope, 1880—Slender Glass Lizard
O. a. attenuatus Cope, 1880—Western Slender Glass Lizard
O. a. longicaudus McConkey, 1952—Eastern Slender Glass Lizard
O. compressus Cope, 1900—Island Glass Lizard
O. mimicus Palmer, 1987—Mimic Glass Lizard
O. ventralis (Linnaeus, 1766)—Eastern Glass Lizard

Petrosaurus Boulenger, 1885—CALIFORNIA ROCK LIZARDS
Taxonomy for Petrosaurus follows Jennings (1990, Cat. Am. Amph. Rept. 494; and Cat. Am. Amph. Rept. 495).
P. mearnsi (Stejneger, 1894)—Banded Rock Lzard
P. m. mearnsi (Stejneger, 1894)—Mearns’ Rock Lizard

Phelsuma Gray, 1825—DAY GECKOS (Introduced)
Taxonomy for Phelsuma follows Wermuth (1965, Das Tierreich 80: 1–246) and Kluge (1991, Smithsonian Herpetol. Info. Serv. 85: 1–35).
P. guimbeaui Mertens, 1963—Orange-spotted Day Gecko (Introduced)
P. g. guimbeaui Mertens, 1963—Guimbeau’s Day Gecko (Introduced)
Phelsuma guimbeaui guimbeaui is established on Oahu in the Hawaiian Islands (McKeown, 1996, A field guide to reptiles and amphibians in the Hawaiian Islands, Diamond Head Publishing).
P. laticauda (Boettger, 1880)—Broad-tailed Day Gecko (Introduced)
P. l. laticauda (Boettger, 1880)—Gold Dust Day Gecko (Introduced)
Phelsuma laticauda laticauda is established on Oahu, Hawaii, and Maui in the Hawaiian Islands (McKeown, 1996, A field guide to reptiles and amphibians in the Hawaiian Islands, Diamond Head Publishing).

Phrynosoma Wiegmann, 1828—HORNED LIZARDS
Taxonomy for Phrynosoma follows Reeve (1952, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 34: 817–960) with modifications by Brattstrom (1997, J. Herpetol. 31: 434–436; treatment of P. coronatum blainvillii and P. c. frontale as synonyms of P. coronatum), Zamudio et al. (1997, Syst. Biol. 46: 284–305; treatment of P. hernandesi as a separate species from P. douglasii and implied treatment of P. d. brevirostre, P. d. ornatissum, and P. d. ornatum as synonyms of P. hernandesi), and those described in subsequent notes.
P. cornutum (Harlan, 1825)—Texas Horned Lizard
P. coronatum (Blainville, 1835)—Coast Horned Lizard
P. douglasii (Bell, 1829)—Pigmy Short-horned Lizard
Hammerson and Smith (1991, Bull. Maryland Herpetol. Soc. 27: 121–127) selected one of two alternative spellings of the specific epithet in Bell’s original description of P. douglasii as correct (i.e., the one with a single "s"). They also argued for the use of a single terminal "i." We have retained the original "ii" in accordance with the Zoological Code (ICZN, 1999: Article 33.4).
P. hernandesi Girard, 1858—Greater Short-horned Lizard
Girard is sometimes cited parenthetically as the author of Phrynosoma hernandesi, presumably because he used the combination Tapaya hernandesi in the heading of his description (Girard, 1858, United States Exploring Expedition, Volume 20. Herpetology. J. B. Lippincott and Co.). However, Girard (op. cit.) explicitly treated Phrynosoma as a genus and Tapaya as a subgenus, and elsewhere in the same publication (p. 392) he used the combination Phrynosoma hernandesi. Therefore, his name is not cited parenthetically here (see ICZN, 1999: Article 51.3). Smith et al. (1999, Herpetol. Rev. 30: 111) concluded that the correct spelling of the specific epithet is "hernandesi" rather than "hernandezi".
P. h. hernandesi Girard, 1858—Hernandez’s Short-horned Lizard
Zamudio et al. (1997, Syst. Biol. 46: 284–305) did not explicitly propose to eliminate the previously recognized subspecies taxa within P. hernandesi (i.e., those subspecies formerly within P. douglasii that now make up P. hernandesi), though they presented evidence that the subspecies brevirostre, hernandesi, and ornatissimum, as previously circumscribed, are artificial assemblages of populations. They also did not sample the Mexican taxon formerly known as P. d. brachycercum, which they noted shares morphological characters with P. hernandesi. The possibilities remain that brachycercum constitutes (1) a lineage that is related to but fully separated from P. hernandesi, (2) a partially separated lineage within P. hernandesi, or (3) an unseparated (artificial) part of the hernandesi lineage. Until the status of this taxon is addressed explicitly, we have treated it as a valid subspecies taxon, and for this reason, we have treated the remaining populations of P. hernandesi, including all those occurring in the United States, as the subspecies P. h. hernandesi.
P. mcallii (Hallowell, 1852)—Flat-tailed Horned Lizard
P. modestum Girard, 1852—Round-tailed Horned Lizard
P. platyrhinos Girard,1852—Desert Horned Lizard
According to Pianka (1991, Cat. Am. Amph. Rept. 517), the putative diagnostic characters for the subspecies of Phrynosoma platyrhinos are not reliable, which calls the taxa themselves into question.
P. p. calidiarum (Cope, 1896)—Southern Desert Horned Lizard
P. p. goodei Stejneger, 1893—Goode’s Desert Horned Lizard
Pianka (1991, Cat. Am. Amph. Rept. 517) indicated the occurrence of Phrynosoma platyrhinos goodei in Arizona; however, he considered the subspecies of Phrynosoma platyrhinos unreliable (see note for P. platyrhinos) and assigned specimens to the various subspecies according to locality. In the case of P. p. goodei, Pianka seems to have followed Reeve’s (1952, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 34: 817–960) distribution map, according to which the occurrence of this taxon in southern Arizona was hypothesized but undocumented.
P. p. platyrhinos Girard, 1852—Northern Desert Horned Lizard
P. solare Gray, 1845—Regal Horned Lizard

Phyllodactylus Gray, 1828—LEAF-TOED GECKOS
Taxonomy for Phyllodactylus follows Dixon (1969, Cat. Am. Amph. Rept. 79; 1973, Cat. Am. Amph. Rept. 141) with modifications by Murphy (1983, Occ. Pap. California Acad. Sci. 137: 1–48; treatment of P. nocticolus as a species separate from P. xanti).
P. nocticolus Dixon, 1964—Peninsular Leaf-toed Gecko

Podarcis Wagler, 1830—WALL LIZARDS (Introduced)
Taxonomy for Podarcis follows Böhme (1986, Handbuch der Reptilien und Amphibien Europas. 2/II. Lacertidae III [Podarcis]. AULA-Verlag).
P. muralis (Laurenti, 1768)—Common Wall Lizard (Introduced)
Podarcis muralis is established in Cincinnati, Ohio (Vigle, 1977, Herpetol. Rev. 8: 19; Hedeen, 1988, Herpetol. Rev. 19: 19).
P. sicula (Rafinesque, 1810)—Italian Wall Lizard (Introduced)
Podarcis sicula is established in Long Island, New York (Smith and Kohler, 1978, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. 80: 1–24 and reference therein) and Topeka, Kansas (Collins, 1993, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Public Edu. Ser. No. 13). According to Smith and Kohler (1978, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. 80: 1–24), the New York population is P. s. sicula; the subspecific identification of the Kansas population apparently has not been reported. A population of P. s. campestris was formerly established in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, but that population is now thought to be extinct (Smith and Kohler, op. cit.).

Rhineura Cope, 1861—WIDE-SNOUTED WORM LIZARDS
Taxonomy for Rhineura follows Gans (1967, Cat. Am. Amph. Reptiles 42; 1967, Cat. Am. Amph. Rept. 43).
R. floridana (Baird, 1859 "1858")—Florida Worm Lizard

Sauromalus Duméril, 1856—CHUCKWALLAS
Taxonomy for Sauromalus follows Hollingsworth (1998, Herpetol. Monog. 12: 38–191).
S. ater Duméril, 1856—Common Chuckwalla
A proposal to grant the name Sauromalus obesus (Baird) 1858 precedence over S. ater Duméril 1856 in the interest of maintaining nomenclatural stability (Montanucci et al., Bull. Zool. Nomen., submitted) is not followed here because both names were in use prior to their treatment as synonyms by Hollingsworth (1998, Herpetol. Monog. 12: 38–191).

Sceloporus Wiegmann, 1828—SPINY LIZARDS
Taxonomy for Sceloporus follows Schmidt (1953, A check list of North American amphibians and reptiles. Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago) with modifications by Bell (1954, Herpetologica 10: 31–36; resurrection of S. occidentalis bocourtii and S. o. longipes), Shannon and Urbano (1954, Herpetologica 10: 189–191; description of S. clarki vallaris), Phelan and Brattstrom (1955, Herpetologica 11: 1–14; description of S. magister uniformis, S. m. bimaculosus, and S. m. transversus), Tanner (1955, Great Basin Nat. 15: 32–34; description of S. magister cephaloflavus), Lowe and Norris (1956, Herpetologica 12: 125–127; description of S. undulatus cowlesi), Maslin (1956, Herpetologica 12: 291–294; description of S. undulatus erythrocheilus), Smith and Chrapliwy (1958, Herpetologica 13: 267–271; description of subspecies of S. poinsettii), Cole (1963, Copeia 1963: 413–425; treatment of S. virgatus as a species separate from S. undulatus), Degenhardt and Jones (1972, Herpetologica 28: 212–217; description of S. graciosus arenicolus), Olson (1973, Herpetologica 29: 116–127; description of S. merriami longipunctatus), Sites and Dixon (1981, J. Herpetol. 15: 59–69; treatment of S. grammicus disparilis as a synonym of S. g. microlepidotus), Smith et al. (1992, Bull. Maryland Herpetol. Soc. 28: 123–149; description of S. undulatus tedbrowni), Smith et al. (1996, Bull. Maryland Herpetol. Soc. 32: 70–74; treatment of S. slevini as a species separate from S. scalaris), and those described in subsequent notes.
S. arenicolus Degenhardt and Jones, 1972—Dunes Sagebrush Lizard
Sceloporus arenicolus was originally described as a subspecies of S. graciosus (Degenhardt and Jones, 1972, Herpetologica 28: 212–217; see also Censky, 1986, Cat. Am. Amph. Rept. 386) but has been treated as a separate species by several recent authors because of allopatry and a distinctive color pattern relative to other S. graciosus (e.g., Collins, 1991, Herpetol. Rev. 22: 42–43; Smith et al., 1992, Bull. Maryland Herpetol. Soc. 28: 123–149, Degenhardt et al., 1996, Amphibians and Reptiles of New Mexico. Univ. New Mexico Press; Wiens and Reeder, 1997, Herpetol. Monog. 11: 1–101). The original spelling "arenicolous" was corrected to "arenicolus" by Smith et al. (1992, Bull. Maryland Herpetol. Soc. 28: 123–149).
S. clarkii Baird and Girard, 1852—Clark’s Spiny Lizard
S. c. clarkii Baird and Girard, 1852—Sonoran Spiny Lizard
S. c. vallaris Shannon and Urbano, 1954—Plateau Spiny Lizard
S. cyanogenys Cope, 1885—Blue Spiny Lizard
Olson (1987, Bull. Maryland Herpetol. Soc. 23: 158–167) treated Sceloporus cyanogenys as a subspecies of S. serrifer based on apparent integrades between the two forms. However, the results of Weins and Reeder (1997, Herpetol. Monog. 11: 1–101) suggest that the two forms are not even closest relatives, though relevant relationships are weakly supported. We have retained S. cyanogenys pending a more detailed study of this problem.
S. graciosus Baird and Girard, 1852—Common Sagebrush Lizard
S. g. gracilis Baird and Girard, 1852—Western Sagebrush Lizard
S. g. graciosus Baird and Girard, 1852—Northern Sagebrush Lizard
S. g. vandenburgianus Cope, 1896—Southern Sagebrush Lizard
Censky (1986, Cat. Am. Amph. Rept. 386) treated Sceloporus graciosus vandenburgianus as a subspecies of S. graciosus, but Collins (1991, Herpetol. Rev. 22: 42–43) proposed recognizing this taxon as a species, S. vandenburgianus. Wiens and Reeder (1997, Herpetol. Monog. 11: 1–101) followed Collins’s proposal but noted the morphological similarity and geographic proximity of this taxon to populations of S. graciosus gracilis.
S. grammicus Wiegmann, 1828—Graphic Spiny Lizard
Lizards formerly referred to Sceloporus grammicus include populations in central Mexico that have been treated as separate species, S. anahuacus and S. palaciosi (Lara–Gongora, 1983, Bull. Maryland Herpetol. Soc. 19: 1–14), and this proposal has been supported by independent evidence (Sites et al., 1988, Herpetologica 44: 297–307; Sites and Davis, 1989, Evolution 43: 296–317). Populations elsewhere in central Mexico and further north, extending into Texas, are part of a complex series of chromosome races that contain additional species (Sites, 1983, Evolution 37: 38–53; Arévalo et al., 1991, Herpetol. Monog. 5: 79–115). Types should be re-examined before these species are named, and it may be that neither the name microlepidotus nor the name grammicus applies to the populations in southern Texas.
S. g. microlepidotus Wiegmann, 1828—Mesquite Lizard
S. jarrovii Cope, 1875—Mountain Spiny Lizard
S. j. jarrovii Cope, 1875—Yarrow’s Spiny Lizard
S. magister Hallowell, 1854—Desert Spiny Lizard
Grismer and McGuire (1996, Herpetologica 52: 416–427) did not recognize subspecies of Sceloporus magister; however, that decision seems to have been based on a philosophical opposition to the recognition of subspecies rather than an analysis indicating that the taxa in question do not represent even partially separated lineages.
S. m. bimaculosus Phelan and Brattstrom, 1955—Twin-spotted Spiny
Lizard
S. m. cephaloflavus Tanner, 1955—Orange-headed Spiny Lizard
S. m. magister Hallowell, 1854—Purple-backed Spiny Lizard
S. m. transversus Phelan and Brattstrom, 1955—Barred Spiny Lizard
S. m. uniformis Phelan and Brattstrom, 1955—Yellow-backed Spiny
Lizard
S. merriami Stejneger, 1904—Canyon Lizard
S. m. annulatus Smith, 1937—Big Bend Canyon Lizard
S. m. longipunctatus Olson, 1973—Presidio Canyon Lizard
S. m. merriami Stejneger, 1904—Merriam’s Canyon Lizard
S. occidentalis Baird and Girard, 1852—Western Fence Lizard
Smith et al. (1992, Bull. Maryland Herpetol. Soc. 28: 123–149) considered Sceloporus occidentalis a superspecies composed of two groups ranked as exerges: I. S. o. (exerge occidentalis) occidentalis and S. o. (occidentalis) bocourti and II. S. o. (exerge biseriatus) biseriatus, S. o. (biseriatus) longipes, S. o. (biseriatus) becki, and S. o. (biseriatus) taylori. A study in progress by Archie (1999, ASIH-HL-SSAR abstract) indicates that at least some of the currently recognized subspecies of Sceloporus occidentalis are artificial groups.
S. o. becki Van Denburgh, 1905—Island Fence Lizard
Wiens and Reeder (1997, Herpetol. Monog. 11: 1–101) suggested that Sceloporus occidentalis becki should probably be recognized as a species on the basis of diagnosability and allopatry relative to other S. occidentalis.
S. o. biseriatus Hallowell, 1854—San Joaquin Fence Lizard
S. o. bocourtii Boulenger, 1885—Coast Range Fence Lizard
S. o. longipes Baird, 1859 "1858"—Great Basin Fence Lizard
S. o. occidentalis Baird and Girard, 1852—Northwestern Fence Lizard
S. o. taylori Camp, 1916—Sierra Fence Lizard
S. olivaceus Smith, 1934—Texas Spiny Lizard
S. orcutti Stejneger, 1893—Granite Spiny Lizard
S. poinsettii Baird and Girard, 1852—Crevice Spiny Lizard
S. p. poinsettii Baird and Girard, 1852—Northern Crevice Spiny Lizard
S. slevini Smith, 1937—Slevin’s Bunchgrass Lizard
S. undulatus (Bosc and Daudin in Sonnini and Latreille, 1801)—Eastern
Fence Lizard
Smith et al. (1992, Bull. Maryland Herpetol. Soc. 28: 123–149) considered Sceloporus undulatus a superspecies composed of three groups ranked as exerges: I. S. u. (exerge undulatus) undulatus and S. u. (undulatus) hyacinthinus; II. S. u. (exerge consobrinus) consobrinus, S. u. (consobrinus) cowlesi, S. u. (consobrinus) garmani, and S. u. (consobrinus) tedbrowni; and III. S. u. (exerge tristichus) tristichus, S. u. (tristichus) elongatus, and S. u. (tristichus) erythrocheilus. The English names Fence Lizard, Prairie Lizard, and Plateau Lizard have been used for the three groups (e.g., Conant, 1958, A field guide to reptiles and amphibians of the United States and Canada east of the 100th meridian, Houghton Mifflin Co.; 1975, A field guide to reptiles and amphibians of eastern and central North America, Houghton Mifflin Co.; Collins, 1990, SSAR Herpetol. Circ. 19; and 1997, SSAR Herpetol. Circ. 25). Wiens and Reeder (1997, Herpetol. Monog. 11: 1–101) presented evidence that some of the subspecies of S. undulatus are more closely related to different species (e.g., S. occidentalis, S. virgatus, S. woodi) than to other S. undulatus. They concluded that the taxonomy of S. undulatus is in desperate need of revision. A study in progress by Leaché (1999, ASIH-HL-SSAR abstract) is likely to have implications for the taxonomy of Sceloporus undulatus and its currently recognized subspecies.
S. u. consobrinus Baird and Girard, 1853—Southern Prairie Lizard
S. u. cowlesi Lowe and Norris, 1956—White Sands Prairie Lizard
S. u. elongatus Stejneger, 1890—Northern Plateau Lizard
S. u. erythrocheilus Maslin, 1956—Red-lipped Plateau Lizard
S. u. garmani Boulenger, 1882—Northern Prairie Lizard
S. u. hyacinthinus (Green, 1818)—Northern Fence Lizard
S. u. speari Smith, Chizar, Lemos–Espinal and Bell, 1995—Cabeza de
Vaca Prairie Lizard
S. u. tedbrowni Smith, Bell, Applegarth and Chiszar, 1992—Mescalero
Prairie Lizard
S. u. tristichus Cope, 1875—Southern Plateau Lizard
S. u. undulatus (Bosc and Daudin in Sonnini and Latreille, 1801)—
Southern Fence Lizard
S. variabilis Wiegmann, 1834—Rose-bellied Lizard
S. v. marmoratus Hallowell, 1852—Texas Rose-bellied Lizard
Based on patterns of electrophoretically detectable genetic variation, Mendoza-Quijano et al. (1998, Copeia 1998: 354–366) treated Sceloporus marmoratus as a species separate from S. variabilis; however, their sample of S. v. marmoratus was from a single locality separated by more than 500 km from the closest sample of S. v. variabilis. More extensive sampling of these taxa from intermediate localities is needed to determine if they constitute separate lineages.
S. virgatus Smith, 1938—Striped Plateau Lizard
S. woodi Stejneger, 1918—Florida Scrub Lizard

Scincella Mittleman, 1950—GROUND SKINKS
Taxonomy for Scincella follows Greer (1974, Australian J. Zool. Suppl. Ser.
31: 1–67).
S. lateralis (Say, 1823)—Little Brown Skink

Sphaerodactylus Wagler, 1830—DWARF GECKOS
Taxonomy for Sphaerodactylus follows Kluge (1995, Am. Mus. Novit. 3139: 1–23) and Schwartz and Henderson (1988, Contrib. Biol. Geol. Milwaukee Pub. Mus. 74: 1–264).
S. argus Gosse, 1850—Ocellated Gecko (Introduced)
S. a. argus Gosse, 1850—Common Ocellated Gecko (Introduced)
Sphaerodactylus argus argus is established in Key West, Florida (Wilson and Porras, 1983, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Spec. Publ. 9: 1–89 and references therein); the subspecific identification was not reported by them but was given by Schwartz and Henderson (1988, Contrib. Biol. Geol. Milwaukee Pub. Mus. 74: 1–264; 1991, Amphibians and Reptiles of the West Indies: Descriptions, Distributions, and Natural History, Univ. Florida Press).
S. elegans MacLeay, 1834—Ashy Gecko (Introduced)
S. e. elegans MacLeay, 1834—Cuban Ashy Gecko (Introduced)
Sphaerodactylus elegans elegans is established in Key West, Boca Chica Key, and Big Coppit Key, Florida (Wilson and Porras, 1983, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Spec. Publ. 9: 1–89 and references therein); the subspecific identification was not reported by Wilson and Porras (op.cit.) but was given by Schwartz and Henderson (1988, Contrib. Biol. Geol. Milwaukee Pub. Mus. 74: 1–264; 1991, Amphibians and Reptiles of the West Indies: Descriptions, Distributions, and Natural History, Univ. Florida Press).
S. notatus Baird, (1859) "1858"—Reef Gecko
S. n. notatus Baird, 1859—Florida Reef Gecko

Tarentola Gray, 1825—WALL GECKOS (Introduced)
Taxonomy for Tarentola follows Kluge (1991, Smithsonian Herpetol. Info. Serv. 85: 1–35).
T. mauritanica (Linnaeus, 1758)—Moorish Wall Gecko (Introduced)
Tarentola mauritanica is established in San Diego County, California (Mahrdt, 1998, Herpetol. Rev. 29: 52); the subspecific identification for this population apparently has not been reported.

Uma Baird, 1859 "1858"—FRINGE-TOED LIZARDS
Taxonomy for Uma follows Pough (1973, Cat. Am. Amph. Rept. 126; 1974, Cat. Am. Amph. Rept. 155; 1977, Cat. Am. Amph. Rept. 197; see also de Queiroz, 1989, Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. California, Berkeley).
U. inornata Cope, 1895—Coachella Valley Fringe-toed Lizard
U. notata Baird, 1859 "1858"—Sonoran Desert Fringe-toed Lizard
Studies in progress by Wilgenbusch and de Queiroz (2000, Syst. Biol. 49: 592-612), Trepanier and Murphy (submitted), and Hollingsworth et al. (submitted) all find that Uma notata is paraphyletic, with U. n. notata more closely related to U. inornata than to U. n. rufopunctata.
U. n. notata Baird, 1859 "1858"—Colorado Desert Fringe-toed Lizard
U. n. rufopunctata Cope, 1895—Yuman Desert Fringe-toed Lizard
U. scoparia Cope, 1894—Mojave Fringe-toed Lizard

Urosaurus Hallowell, 1854—TREE and BRUSH LIZARDS
Taxonomy for Urosaurus follows Mittleman (1942, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 91: 103–181) with modifications by Smith and Taylor (1950, Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus. 199: 1–253; treatment of U. graciosus as a species separate from U. ornatus; see also Lowe, 1955, Herpetologica 11: 96–101), Murray (1953, Herpetologica 9: 110–112; treatment of U. ornatus chiricahuae as a synonym of U. o. linearis), Langebartel and Smith (1954, Herpetologica 10: 125–136; treatment of U. o. linearis as a synonym of U. o. schottii), and Lowe (1955, Herpetologica 11: 96–101; description of S. graciosus shannoni).
U. graciosus Hallowell, 1854—Long-tailed Brush Lizard
Wiens (1993, Herpetologica 49: 399–420) did not recognize subspecies of Urosaurus graciosus; however, that decision seems to have been based on a philosophical opposition to the recognition of subspecies rather than an analysis indicating that the taxa in question do not represent even partially separated lineages. Nevertheless, Vitt and Dickson (1988, Cat. Am. Amph. Rept. 448) called into question the diagnostic characters used to separate these taxa, implying that there is little evidence for the existence of even partially separated lineages.
U. g. graciosus Hallowell, 1854—Western Long-tailed Brush Lizard
U. g. shannoni Lowe, 1955—Arizona Long-tailed Brush Lizard
U. microscutatus (Van Denburgh, 1894)—Small-scaled Lizard
U. ornatus (Baird and Girard, 1852)—Ornate Tree Lizard
Wiens (1993, Herpetologica 49: 399–420) did not recognize subspecies of Urosaurus ornatus; however, that decision seems to have been based on a philosophical opposition to the recognition of subspecies rather than an analysis indicating that the taxa in question do not represent even partially separated lineages.
U. o. levis (Stejneger, 1890)—Smooth Tree Lizard
U. o. ornatus (Baird and Girard, 1852) —Texas Tree Lizard
U. o. schmidti (Mittleman, 1940)—Big Bend Tree Lizard
U. o. schottii (Baird, 1859 "1858")—Schott’s Tree Lizard
U. o. symmetricus (Baird, 1859 "1858")—Colorado River Tree Lizard
U. o. wrighti (Schmidt, 1921)—Cliff Tree Lizard

Uta Baird and Girard, 1852—SIDE-BLOTCHED LIZARDS
Taxonomy for Uta follows Pack and Tanner (1970, Great Basin Nat. 30: 71–90), McKinney (1971, Copeia 1971: 596–613), and Ballinger and Tinkle (1972, Misc. Pub. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan 145: 1–83).
U. stansburiana Baird and Girard, 1852—Common Side-blotched Lizard
U. s. elegans Yarrow, 1882—Western Side-blotched Lizard
U. s. nevadensis Ruthven, 1913—Nevada Side-blotched Lizard
U. s. stansburiana Baird and Girard, 1852—Northern Side-blotched
Lizard
U. s. stejnegeri Schmidt, 1921—Eastern Side-blotched Lizard
Collins (1991, Herpetol. Rev. 22: 42–43) recognized Uta stejnegeri as a separate species from U. stansburiana, but later (Collins, 1997, SSAR Herpetol. Circ. 25.) reversed his decision.
U. s. uniformis Pack and Tanner, 1970—Plateau Side-blotched Lizard

Xantusia Baird, 1859 "1858"—NIGHT LIZARDS
Taxonomy for Xantusia follows Savage (1963, Contrib. Sci. Los Angeles Co. Mus. 71: 1–38) as modified by Bezy (1967, J. Arizona Acad. Sci. 4: 163–167; description of X. vigilis sierrae; 1967, Copeia 1967: 653–661; treatment of X. arizonae as a subspecies of X. vigilis; 1972, Contrib. Sci. Los Angeles Co. Mus. 227: 1–29; inclusion of Klauberina riversiana in Xantusia), and Grismer and Galvan (1983, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 21: 155–165; description of X. henshawi gracilis).
X. henshawi Stejneger, 1893—Henshaw’s Night Lizard
X. h. gracilis Grismer and Galvan, 1986—Sandstone Night Lizard
X. h. henshawi Stejneger, 1893—Granite Night Lizard
X. riversiana Cope, 1883—Island Night Lizard
X. r. reticulata Smith, 1946—San Clemente Night Lizard
X. r. riversiana Cope, 1883—San Nicolas Night Lizard
X. vigilis Baird, 1859 "1858"—Desert Night Lizard
X. v. arizonae Klauber, 1931—Arizona Night Lizard
X. v. sierrae Bezy, 1967—Sierra Night Lizard
X. v. utahensis Tanner, 1957—Utah Night Lizard
X. v. vigilis Baird, 1859 "1858"—Yucca Night Lizard