Ambystoma Tschudi, 1838—MOLE SALAMANDERS
A. annulatum Cope, 1886—Ringed Salamander
A. barbouri Kraus and Petranka, 1989—Streamside Salamander
A. californiense Gray, 1853—California Tiger Salamander
Treated as a subspecies of Ambystoma tigrinum by Gehlbach (1967, Cat. Am. Amph. Rept. 52). Collins (1997, SSAR Herpetol. Circ. 25), Irschick and Shaffer (1997, Herpetologica 53: 30–49), and Petranka (1998, Salamanders of the United States and Canada, Smithsonian Institution Press) treat the taxon as a species, following Shaffer and McKnight (1996, Evolution 50: 417–433).
A. cingulatum Cope, 1867—Flatwoods Salamander
A. gracile (Baird, 1859)—Northwestern Salamander
Titus (1990, J. Herpetol. 24: 107–108), on the basis of allozymic evidence, recommended against recognizing subspecies. Petranka (1998, Salamanders of the United States and Canada, Smithsonian Institution Press) retains the subspecies, but acknowledges that their recognition "may not be warranted."
A. jeffersonianum (Green, 1827)—Jefferson Salamander
A. laterale Hallowell, 1856—Blue-spotted Salamander
A. mabeei Bishop, 1928—Mabee’s Salamander
A. macrodactylum Baird, 1850 "1849"—Long-toed Salamander
A. m. columbianum Ferguson, 1961—Eastern Long-toed Salamander
A. m. croceum Russell and Anderson, 1956—Santa Cruz Long-toed
Salamander
A. m. krausei Peters, 1882—Northern Long-toed Salamander
A. m. macrodactylum Baird, 1850 "1849"—Western Long-toed
Salamander
A. m. sigillatum Ferguson, 1961—Southern Long-toed Salamander
A. maculatum (Shaw, 1802)—Spotted Salamander
A. opacum (Gravenhorst, 1807) Marbled Salamander
A. talpoideum (Holbrook, 1838) Mole Salamander
A. texanum (Matthes, 1855) Small-mouthed Salamander
A. tigrinum (Green, 1825) Tiger Salamander
Shaffer and McKnight (1996, Evolution 50: 417–433) provided molecular phylogenetic data indicating that the eastern and western tiger salamanders should be regarded as distinct species and Collins (1997, SSAR Herpetol. Circ. 25) treated the western forms as subspecies of Ambystoma mavortium. Irschick and Shaffer (1997, Herpetologica 53: 30–49) provided further information on patterns of intergradation in this complex, but declined to recognize A. mavortium as a separate, polytypic species. Petranka (1998, Salamanders of the United States and Canada, Smithsonian Institution Press) followed their taxonomy, treating mavortium and the other western taxa as subspecies of A. tigrinum.
A. t. diaboli Dunn, 1940 Gray Tiger Salamander
A. t. mavortium Baird, 1850 Barred Tiger Salamander
A. t. melanostictum (Baird, 1860) Blotched Tiger Salamander
A. t. nebulosum Hallowell, 1852 Arizona Tiger Salamander
A. t. stebbinsi Lowe, 1954 Sonoran Tiger Salamander
A. t. tigrinum (Green, 1825) Eastern Tiger Salamander

Amphiuma Garden, 1821—AMPHIUMAS
A. means Garden, 1821—Two-toed Amphiuma
A. pholeter Neill, 1964—One-toed Amphiuma
A. tridactylum Cuvier, 1827—Three-toed Amphiuma

Aneides Baird, 1849—CLIMBING SALAMANDERS
See note under Plethodon regarding paraphyly.
A. aeneus (Cope and Packard, 1881)—Green Salamander
Chromosomally differentiated groups have been described in this species by Sessions and Kezer (1987, Chromosoma 95: 17–30) and Moreschalchi (1975, Evolutionary Biology 8: 339–387).
A. ferreus Cope, 1869—Clouded Salamander
A. flavipunctatus (Strauch, 1870)—Black Salamander
Lynch (1981, Smithsonian Contrb. Zool. 324:1–53), followed by Collins (1997, SSAR Herpetol. Circ. 25, treated Aneides flavipunctatus as polytypic, whereas Petranka (1998, Salamanders of the United States and Canada, Smithsonian Institution Press) treated it as monotypic. We follow Lynch’s (1981) treatment.
A. f. flavipunctatus (Strauch, 1870)—Speckled Black Salamander
A. f. niger Myers and Maslin, 1948—Santa Cruz Black Salamander
A. hardii (Taylor, 1941)—Sacramento Mountains Salamander
A. lugubris (Hallowell, 1849)—Arboreal Salamander
A. vagrans Wake and Jackman, 1999 "1998"—Wandering Salamander

Batrachoseps Bonaparte, 1841—SLENDER SALAMANDERS
B. attenuatus (Eschscholtz, 1833)—California Slender Salamander
B. campi Marlow, Brode, and Wake, 1979—Inyo Mountains Salamander
B. diabolicus Jockusch, Wake, and Yanev, 1998—Hell Hollow Slender
Salamander
B. gabrieli Wake, 1996—San Gabriel Mountains Slender Salamander
Standard English name follows Wake (1996, Contr. Sci. Natur. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co. 463: 1–12), who named the species for the San Gabriel Mountains, not for Saint Gabriel.
B. gregarius Jockusch, Wake, and Yanev, 1998—Gregarious Slender
Salamander
B. kawia Jockusch, Wake, and Yanev, 1998—Sequoia Slender Salamander
B. major Camp, 1915—Garden Slender Salamander
A recent revision by Wake and Jockusch (2000, pp. 95–119 in Bruce, R.C., et al., The Biology of Plethodontid Salamanders, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers) raised the rank of this taxon and recognized two subspecies.
B. m. major Camp, 1915—Garden Slender Salamander
B. m. aridus Brame, 1970—Desert Slender Salamander
B. nigriventris Cope, 1869—Black-bellied Slender Salamander
Petranka (1998, Salamanders of the United States and Canada, Smithsonian Institution Press) incorrectly attributes the name to Yanev.
B. pacificus (Cope, 1865)—Channel Islands Slender Salamander
Until recently this was treated as a polytypic species following Yanev (1980, in The California Islands: Proceedings of a multidisciplinary symposium, D. M. Power, ed. Santa Barbara Mus. Nat. Hist.). Jockusch, Wake, and Yanev (1998, Contr. Sci. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co., 463:1–12) placed the Sierra Nevada populations in four different species, placed in a new species group, and Wake and Jockusch (2000, pp. 95–119 in Bruce, R.C., et al., The Biology of Plethodontid Salamanders, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers) raised the rank of the populations on the southern California mainland. The only remaining named entity is restricted to the northern Channel Islands, California. However, populations along the central California Coast and adjacent inland regions between Santa Cruz and San Luis Obispo counties, called "undescribed subspecies" by Yanev (1980), and referred to as "B. sp. A" and "undescribed species" by Jockusch (1997 Evolution 51: 1966–1982) remain nominally part of B. pacificus, pending publication of the new taxonomy.
B. regius Jockusch, Wake, and Yanev, 1998—Kings River Slender
Salamander
B. relictus Brame and Murray, 1968—Relictual Slender Salamander
Jockusch, Wake, and Yanev (1998, Contr. Sci. Nat. Hist. Los Angeles Co., 472: 1–17) most recently recognized this species, reversing the synonymy with B. pacificus by Yanev (1980, in The California Islands: Proceedings of a multidisciplinary symposium, D.M Power, ed. Santa Barbara Mus. Nat. Hist.).
B. simatus Brame and Murray, 1968—Kern Canyon Slender Salamander
B. stebbinsi Brame and Murray, 1968—Tehachapi Slender Salamander
B. wrighti (Bishop, 1937)—Oregon Slender Salamander
Collins (1997, SSAR Herpetol. Circ. 25) followed Applegarth’s (1994, Publ. US Dept. Int. Bureau of Land Management, Eugene, Oregon) emendation to B. wrightorum. Petranka (1998, Salamanders of the United States and Canada, Smithsonian Institution Press) employed the original nomenclature. The name wrighti honors A. H. and Margaret R. Wright, a father and daughter. It seems reasonable to conclude that Bishop was familiar with the rules of Latin grammar and, contrary to Applegarth (1994, Publ. US Dept. Int. Bureau of Land Management, Eugene, Oregon), intended this name to refer to the Family Wright, a family unit in the singular, rather than to two individuals.

Cryptobranchus Leuckart, 1821—HELLBENDERS
C. alleganiensis (Daudin, 1803)—Hellbender
C. a. alleganiensis (Daudin, 1803)—Eastern Hellbender
C. a. bishopi Grobman, 1943—Ozark Hellbender

Desmognathus Baird, 1850—DUSKY SALAMANDERS
D. aeneus Brown and Bishop, 1947—Seepage Salamander
D. apalachicolae Means and Karlin, 1989—Apalachicola Dusky Salamander
D. auriculatus (Holbrook, 1838)—Southern Dusky Salamander
D. brimleyorum Stejneger, 1894—Ouachita Dusky Salamander
D. carolinensis Dunn, 1916—Carolina Mountain Dusky Salamander
Resurrected from synonymy under D. ochrophaeus by Tilley and Mahoney (1996, Herpetol. Monogr. 10: 1–42) on the basis of molecular data.

D. conanti Rossman, 1958—Spotted Dusky Salamander
Elevated to species rank by Titus and Larson (1996, Syst. Biol. 45: 451–472). Treated as a subspecies of D. fuscus by Petranka (1998, Salamanders of the United States and Canada, Smithsonian Institution Press). Resolving the relationships among D. conanti, D. fuscus, and D. ocoee will require detailed study of the contact zones among these forms.
D. fuscus (Green, 1818)—Northern Dusky Salamander
Treated as a monotypic species by Titus and Larson (1996, Syst. Biol. 45: 451–472). Treated as a polytypic species consisting of D. f. conanti, D. f. fuscus, and D. f. santeetlah by Petranka (1998, Salamanders of the United States and Canada, Smithsonian Institution Press). Geographic variation in this widely distributed taxon badly needs comprehensive study, as does the putative intergradation zone between D. fusucs and D. conanti.
D. imitator Dunn, 1927—Imitator Salamander
D. marmoratus (Moore, 1899)—Shovel-nosed Salamander
Formerly treated as a monotypic genus (Leurognathus). Titus and Larson (1996, Syst. Biol. 45: 451–472) included this species in the genus Desmognathus in order to render Desmognathus monophyletic. Petranka (1998, Salamanders of the United States and Canada, Smithsonian Institution Press) follows their recommendation.
D. monticola Dunn, 1916—Seal Salamander
D. ochrophaeus Cope, 1859—Allegheny Mountain Dusky Salamander
D. ocoee Nicholls, 1949—Ocoee Salamander
Resurrected from synonomy under D. ochrophaeus by Tilley and Mahoney (1996, Herpetol. Monogr. 10: 1–42). This form consists of genetically heterogeneous, allo- and parapatric units that occupy different mountain ranges in the southern Blue Ridge and Cumberland Plateau physiographic provinces. The relationships among these isolates and between them and other desmognathines require much further study.
D. orestes Tilley and Mahoney, 1996—Blue Ridge Dusky Salamander
This taxon consists of two genetically differentiated units that may represent cryptic species (Tilley and Mahoney, 1996, Herpetol. Monogr. 10: 1–42; Tilley, 1997, J. Heredity. 88: 305–315).
D. quadramaculatus (Holbrook, 1840)—Black-bellied Salamander
D. santeetlah Tilley, 1981—Santeetlah Dusky Salamander
Described as a species by Tilley (1981, Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan 695: 1–23) and treated as such by Conant and Collins (1991, Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Houghton Mifflin Co.), Collins (1997, SSAR Herpetol. Circ. 25), and Titus and Larson (1996, Syst. Biol. 45: 451–472). Treated as a subspecies of D. fuscus by Petranka (1998, Salamanders of the United States and Canada, Smithsonian Institution Press).
D. welteri Barbour, 1950—Black Mountain Salamander
D. wrighti King, 1936—Pigmy Salamander

Dicamptodon Strauch, 1870—PACIFIC GIANT SALAMANDERS
D. aterrimus (Cope, 1867)—Idaho Giant Salamander
Not recognized by Stebbins (1985, A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians. Houghton Mifflin Co.), but treated as a species by Daugherty et al. (1983, Copeia 1983: 679–691), Good (1989, Evolution 43: 728–744) and Petranka (1998, Salamanders of the United States and Canada, Smithsonian Institution Press) on the basis of molecular data.
D. copei Nussbaum, 1970—Cope’s Giant Salamander
D. ensatus (Eschscholtz, 1833)—California Giant Salamander
D. tenebrosus (Baird and Girard, 1852)—Coastal Giant Salamander
Treated as a species by Good (1989, Evolution 43: 728–744) and Petranka (1998, Salamanders of the United States and Canada, Smithsonian Institution Press) on the basis of molecular data.

Ensatina Gray, 1850—ENSATINAS
E. eschscholtzii Gray, 1850—Ensatina
The taxonomy of this complex is debated. Some authors would recognize from two (e.g., Frost and Hillis, 1990, Herpetologica 46: 87–104) to as many as 11 or more species (e.g., Highton, 1998, Herpetologica 54: 254–278), whereas others (e.g., Wake, 1997, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 94: 7761–7767; Wake and Schneider, 1998, Herpetologica 54: 279–298) consider evidence for evolutionary independence of segments of the complex to be inadequate or equivocal. Narrow hybrid zones have been demonstrated to exist between populations assigned to the subspecies xanthoptica and platensis, and between klauberi and eschscholtzii, and one site of sympatry with no hybridization between the latter pair has been reported (Wake et al., 1989, in Speciation and Its Consequences, D. Otte and J. A. Endler, eds., Sinauer). Broader zones of genetic admixture and reticulation between units of the complex in many areas raise questions about evolutionary independence, and borders of taxa are elusive.
E. e. croceater (Cope, 1867)—Yellow-blotched Ensatina
E. e. eschscholtzii Gray, 1850—Monterey Ensatina
E. e. klauberi Dunn, 1929—Large-blotched Ensatina
E. e. oregonensis (Girard, 1856)—Oregon Ensatina
E. e. picta Wood, 1940—Painted Ensatina
E. e. platensis (Espada, 1875)—Sierra Nevada Ensatina
E. e. xanthoptica Stebbins, 1949—Yellow-eyed Ensatina

Eurycea Rafinesque, 1822—BROOK SALAMANDERS
E. bislineata (Green, 1818)—Northern Two-lined Salamander
Treated as a monotypic species by Jacobs (1987, Herpetologica 43: 423–446), Conant and Collins (1991, Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Houghton Mifflin Co.), and Collins (1997, SSAR Herpetol. Circ. 25). Treated as a polytypic species consisting of Eurycea b. bislineata, E. b. cirrigera, and E. b. wilderae by Petranka (1998, Salamanders of the United States and Canada, Smithsonian Institution Press). The last two of these taxa are now known to occur in sympatry (Camp, et al., 2000, Copeia 2000: 572–578).
E. chisholmensis Chippindale, Price, Wiens, and Hillis, 2000—Salado
Salamander
E. cirrigera (Green, 1830)—Southern Two-lined Salamander
Treated as a species by Jacobs (1987, Herpetologica 43: 423–446), Conant and Collins (1991, Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Houghton Mifflin Co.) and Collins (1997, SSAR Herpetol. Circ. 25). Treated, together with Eurycea wilderae, as a subspecies of E. bislineata by Petranka (1998, Salamanders of the United States and Canada, Smithsonian Institution Press), but now known to occur in sympatry with E. wilderae (Camp, et al., 2000, Copeia 2000: 572–578).
E. guttolineata (Holbrook, 1838)—Three-lined Salamander
Treated as a subspecies of Eurycea longicauda by Conant and Collins (1991, Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Houghton Mifflin Co.) and Collins (1997, SSAR Herpetol. Circ. 25). Elevated to species status from a subspecies of E. longicauda by Carlin (1997, Herpetologica 53: 206–217), and treated as such by Petranka (1998, Salamanders of the United States and Canada, Smithsonian Institution Press).
E. junaluska Sever, Dundee, and Sullivan, 1976—Junaluska Salamander
E. latitans Smith and Potter, 1946—Cascade Caverns Salamander
Resurrected from synonymy under Eurycea neotenes by Chippindale, et al. (2000, Herpetol. Monogr. 14: 1–80). They review the problematical nature of this taxon, which they refer to as the "E. latitans complex" and which may not consitute a monophyletic group.
E. longicauda (Green, 1818)—Long-tailed Salamander
E. l. longicauda (Green, 1818)—Long-tailed Salamander
E. l. melanopleura (Cope, 1893)—Dark-sided Salamander
E. lucifuga Rafinesque, 1822—Cave Salamander
E. multiplicata (Cope, 1869)—Many-ribbed Salamander
E. m. griseogaster Moore and Hughes, 1941—Gray-bellied Salamander
E. m. multiplicata (Cope, 1869)—Many-ribbed Salamander
E. nana Bishop, 1941—San Marcos Salamander
E. naufragia Chippindale, Price, Wiens, and Hillis, 2000—Georgetown
Salamander
E. neotenes Bishop and Wright, 1937—Texas Salamander
Chippindale, et al. (2000, Herpetol. Monogr. 14: 1–80) recommend restricting this name to spring populations in the vicinity of the type locality.
E. pterophila Burger, Smith, and Potter, 1950—Fern Bank Salamander
Resurrected from synonymy under Eurycea neotenes by Chippindale, et al. (2000, Herpetol. Monogr. 14: 1–80) on the basis of allozymic evidence. They restrict the name to populations at the type locality and elsewhere in the Blanco River drainage.
E. quadridigitata (Holbrook, 1842)—Dwarf Salamander
E. rathbuni Stejneger, 1896—Texas Blind Salamander
Formerly placed in the genus Typhlomolge. Treated as a species of Eurycea by Petranka (1998, Salamanders of the United States and Canada, Smithsonian Institution Press), who followed the taxonomic recommendations of Mitchell and Reddell (1965, Texas J. Sci., 17: 23) and supported by Chippindale, et al. (2000, Herpetol. Monogr. 14: 1–80).
E. robusta Longley, 1978—Blanco Blind Salamander
Formerly placed in the genus Typhlomolge. Treated as a species of Eurycea by Petranka (1998, Salamanders of the United States and Canada, Smithsonian Institution Press), who followed the taxonomic recommendations of Mitchell and Reddell (1965, Texas J. Sci., 17: 23) and supported by Chippindale, et al. (2000, Herpetol. Monogr. 14: 1–80), but incorrectly attributed the name to Potter and Sweet.
E. sosorum Chippindale, Price and Hillis, 1993—Barton Springs Salamander
E. tonkawae Chippindale, Price, Wiens, and Hillis, 2000— Jollyville Plateau Salamander
E. tridentifera Mitchell and Reddell, 1965—Comal Blind Salamander
E. troglodytes Baker, 1957—Valdina Farms Salamander.
Resurrected from synonymy under Eurycea neotenes by Chippindale, et al. (2000, Herpetol. Monogr. 14 :1–80). They regard this taxon as a monophyletic collection of populations that probably contains additional undescribed species, and refer to it as the "Eurycea troglodytes complex."
E. tynerensis Moore and Hughes, 1939—Oklahoma Salamander


E. wilderae Dunn, 1920—Blue Ridge Two-lined Salamander
Treated as a species by Jacobs (1987, Herpetologica 43: 423-446), Conant and Collins (1991, Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Houghton Mifflin Co.) and Collins (1997, SSAR Herpetol. Circ. 25) on the basis of its level of genetic differentiation from other members of the Eurycea bislineata complex. Treated, together with E. cirrigera, as a subspecies of E. bislineata by Petranka (1998, Salamanders of the United States and Canada, Smithsonian Institution Press), but now known to occur in sympatry with E. cirrigera (Camp, et al., 2000, Copeia 2000: 572–578).

Gyrinophilus Cope, 1869—SPRING SALAMANDERS
G. gulolineatus Brandon, 1965—Berry Cave Salamander
Treated as a subspecies of Gyrinophilus palleucus by Conant and Collins (1991, Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Houghton Mifflin Co.) and Petranka (1998, Salamanders of the United States and Canada, Smithsonian Institution Press). Collins (1997, SSAR Herpetol. Circ. 25) and Brandon, Jacobs, Wynn, and Sever (1986, J. Tennessee Acad. Sci. 61: 1–20) treated it as a species but the latter paper is not cited by Petranka (op. cit.).
G. palleucus McCrady, 1954—Tennessee Cave Salamander
G. p. necturoides Lazell and Brandon, 1962—Big Mouth Cave
Salamander
G. p. palleucus McCrady, 1954—Pale Salamander
G. porphyriticus (Green, 1827)—Spring Salamander
G. p. danielsi (Blatchley, 1901)—Blue Ridge Spring Salamander
G. p. dunni Mittleman and Jopson, 1941—Carolina Spring Salamander
G. p. duryi (Weller, 1930)—Kentucky Spring Salamander
G. p. porphyriticus (Green, 1827)—Northern Spring Salamander
G. subterraneus Besharse and Holsinger, 1977—West Virginia Spring
Salamander
Considered an extreme variant of Gyrinophilus porphyriticus by Blaney and Blaney (1978, Proc. W. Virginia Acad. Sci., 50: 23). Recognized by Petranka (1998, Salamanders of the United States and Canada, Smithsonian Institution Press).

Haideotriton Carr, 1939—GEORGIA BLIND SALAMANDERS
H. wallacei Carr, 1939—Georgia Blind Salamander

Hemidactylium Tschudi, 1838—FOUR-TOED SALAMANDERS
H. scutatum (Schlegel, 1838)—Four-toed Salamander

Hydromantes Gistel, 1848—WEB-TOED SALAMANDERS
H. brunus Gorman, 1954—Limestone Salamander
H. platycephalus (Camp, 1916)—Mt. Lyell Salamander
H. shastae Gorman and Camp, 1953—Shasta Salamander

Necturus Rafinesque, 1819—WATERDOGS and MUDPUPPIES
N. alabamensis Viosca, 1937—Blackwarrior Waterdog
N. beyeri Viosca, 1937—Gulf Coast Waterdog
According to Bart et al. (1997, J. Herpetol. 31: 192–201) this taxon may consist of more than one species.
N. lewisi Brimley, 1924—Neuse River Waterdog
N. maculosus (Rafinesque, 1818)—Mudpuppies
Collins’ (1997, SSAR Herpetol. Circ. 25) treatment of Necturus m. louisianensis as a species has not been confirmed by published data and Petranka (1998, Salamanders of the United States and Canada, Smithsonian Institution Press) treats it as a subspecies.
N. m. maculosus (Rafinesque, 1818)—Common Mudpuppy
N. m. louisianensis Viosca, 1938—Red River Mudpuppy
N. punctatus (Gibbes, 1850)—Dwarf Waterdog
Two subspecies, Necturus p. lodingi and N. p. punctatus, were recognized by Collins (1997, SSAR Herpetol. Circ. 25), but not by Dundee (1998, Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 663) or Petranka (1998, Salamanders of the United States and Canada, Smithsonian Institution Press). N. lodingi was originally described (Viosca, 1937, Copeia 1937: 120–138) from the lowermost tributaries of Mobile Bay and treated as a subspecies of N. punctatus by Hecht (1958, Proc. Staten Island Inst. Arts Sci. 21: 1–38) who applied the name to lower coastal plain populations from Mobile Bay to Florida. Bart et al. (1997, H. Herpetol. 31: 192–201) regarded the taxonomic status of these populations as uncertain. Petranka (op. cit.) treated N. punctatus as monotypic and included Mobile Bay within the range of N. alabamensis, thus implicitly (without mentioning the name) treating lodingi as a synonym under that species.

Notophthalmus Rafinesque, 1820—EASTERN NEWTS
N. meridionalis (Cope, 1880)—Black-spotted Newt
N. m. meridionalis (Cope, 1880)—Texas Black-spotted Newt
N. perstriatus (Bishop, 1941)—Striped Newt
N. viridescens (Rafinesque, 1820)—Eastern Newt
N. v. dorsalis (Harlan, 1828)—Broken-striped Newt
N. v. louisianensis Wolterstorff, 1914—Central Newt
N. v. piaropicola (Schwartz and Duellman, 1952)—Peninsula Newt
N. v. viridescens (Rafinesque, 1820)—Red-spotted Newt

Phaeognathus Highton, 1961—RED HILLS SALAMANDERS
P. hubrichti Highton, 1961—Red Hills Salamander

Plethodon Tschudi, 1838—WOODLAND SALAMANDERS
This taxon may be paraphyletic with respect to Aneides, according to Larson, et al. (1981, Evolution 35: 405–422).
P. ainsworthi Lazell, 1998—Catahoula Salamander
P. albagula Grobman, 1944—Western Slimy Salamander
Treated as a full species by Highton (1989, Illinois Biological Monographs No. 57: 1–78). Treated as a synonym of Plethodon glutinosus by Petranka (1998, Salamanders of the United States and Canada, Smithsonian Institution Press), but the recognition of species on the basis of biochemical evidence was defended by Highton (1998, Herpetologica 54: 254–278).
P. amplus Highton and Peabody, 2000—Blue Ridge Gray-cheeked
Salamander


P. angusticlavius Grobman, 1944—Ozark Salamander
Treated as a subspecies of Plethodon dorsalis by Conant and Collins (1991, Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Houghton Mifflin Co.) and Petranka (1998, Salamanders of the United States and Canada, Smithsonian Institution Press). Elevated to species status by Highton (1997, Herpetologica 53: 345–356) and the recognition of species on the basis of biochemical evidence was defended by Highton (1998, Herpetologica 54: 254–278). The standard English name is here revised from Ozark Zigzag Salamander, since most specimens have straight-edged dorsal stripes.
P. aureolus Highton, 1983—Tellico Salamander
P. caddoensis Pope and Pope, 1951—Caddo Mountain Salamander
P. chattahoochee Highton, 1989—Chattahoochee Slimy Salamander
Treated as a synonym of Plethodon glutinosus by Petranka (1998, Salamanders of the United States and Canada, Smithsonian Institution Press), but the recognition of species on the basis of biochemical evidence was defended by Highton (1998, Herpetologica 54: 254–278).
P. cheoah Highton and Peabody, 2000—Cheoah Bald Salamander
P. chlorobryonis Mittleman, 1951—Atlantic Coast Slimy Salamander
Treated as a full species by Highton (1989, Illinois Biological Monographs No. 57: 1–78). Treated as a synonym of Plethodon glutinosus by Petranka (1998, Salamanders of the United States and Canada, Smithsonian Institution Press), but the recognition of species on the basis of biochemical evidence was defended by Highton (1998, Herpetologica 54: 254–278).
P. cinereus (Green, 1818)—Eastern Red-backed Salamander
P. cylindraceus (Harlan, 1825)—White-spotted Slimy Salamander
Treated as a full species by Highton (1989, Illinois Biological Monographs No. 57: 1–78). Treated as a synonym of Plethodon glutinosus by Petranka (1998, Salamanders of the United States and Canada, Smithsonian Institution Press), but the recognition of species on the basis of biochemical evidence was defended by Highton (1998, Herpetologica 54: 254–278).
P. dorsalis Cope, 1889—Northern Zigzag Salamander
Treated as polytypic, consisting of the subspecies Plethodon d. angusticlavius and P. d. dorsalis, by Petranka (1998, Salamanders of the United States and Canada, Smithsonian Institution Press). The subspecies angusticlavius was elevated to species status by Highton (1997, Herpetologica 53: 345–356). The recognition of species on the basis of biochemical evidence was defended by Highton (1998, Herpetologica 54: 254–278).
P. dunni Bishop, 1934—Dunn’s Salamander
P. electromorphus Highton, 1999—Northern Ravine Salamander
P. elongatus Van Denburgh, 1916—Del Norte Salamander
P. fourchensis Duncan and Highton, 1979—Fourche Mountain Salamander
Treated as a synonym of Plethodon ouachitae by Petranka (1998, Salamanders of the United States and Canada, Smithsonian Institution Press). The recognition of species on the basis of biochemical evidence was defended by Highton (1998, Herpetologica 54: 254–278).
P. glutinosus (Green, 1818)—Northern Slimy Salamander
P. grobmani Allen and Neill, 1949—Southeastern Slimy Salamander
Treated as a full species by Highton (1989, Illinois Biological Monographs No. 57: 1–78). Treated as a synonym of Plethodon glutinosus by Petranka (1998, Salamanders of the United States and Canada, Smithsonian Institution Press), but the recognition of species on the basis of biochemical evidence was defended by Highton (1998, Herpetologica 54: 254–278).
P. hoffmani Highton, 1972 "1971"—Valley and Ridge Salamander
P. hubrichti Thurow, 1957—Peaks of Otter Salamander
P. idahoensis Slater and Slipp, 1940—Coeur d’Alene Salamander
Treated as a subspecies of Plethodon vandykei by Stebbins (1985, A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians. Houghton Mifflin Co.) but as a species by Highton and Larson (1979, Syst. Zool. 28: 587), Howard, et al. (1993, Herpetologica 49: 238–247), and Petranka (1998, Salamanders of the United States and Canada, Smithsonian Institution Press) on the basis of molecular data.
P. jordani Blatchley, 1901—Jordan’s Salamander
The taxon was restricted to populations in the Great Smoky Mountains by Highton and Peabody (2000, pp. 31–94 in Bruce, R.C., et al., The Biology of Plethodontid Salamanders, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.)
P. kentucki Mittleman, 1951—Cumberland Plateau Salamander
P. kiamichi Highton, 1989—Kiamichi Slimy Salamander
Treated as a synonym of Plethodon glutinosus by Petranka (1998, Salamanders of the United States and Canada, Smithsonian Institution Press). The recognition of species on the basis of biochemical evidence was defended by Highton (1998, Herpetologica 54: 254–278).
P. kisatchie Highton, 1989—Louisiana Slimy Salamander
Treated as a synonym of Plethodon glutinosus by Petranka (1998, Salamanders of the United States and Canada, Smithsonian Institution Press). The recognition of species on the basis of biochemical evidence was defended by Highton (1998, Herpetologica 54: 254–278).
P. larselli Burns, 1954—Larch Mountain Salamander
P. meridianus Highton and Peabody, 2000—South Mountain Gray-cheeked
Salamander
P. metcalfi Brimley, 1912—Southern Gray-cheeked Salamander
Elevated from synonymy under Plethodon jordani by Highton and Peabody (2000, pp. 31–94 in Bruce, R.C., et al., The Biology of Plethodontid Salamanders, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.)
P. mississippi Highton, 1989—Mississippi Slimy Salamander
Treated as a synonym of Plethodon glutinosus by Petranka (1998, Salamanders of the United States and Canada, Smithsonian Institution Press). The recognition of species on the basis of biochemical evidence was defended by Highton (1998, Herpetologica 54: 254–278).
P. montanus Highton and Peabody, 2000—Northern Gray-cheeked
Salamander
P. neomexicanus Stebbins and Riemer, 1950—Jemez Mountains
Salamander
P. nettingi Green, 1938—Cheat Mountain Salamander
P. ocmulgee Highton, 1989—Ocmulgee Slimy Salamander
Treated as a synonym of Plethodon glutinosus by Petranka (1998, Salamanders of the United States and Canada, Smithsonian Institution Press). The recognition of species on the basis of biochemical evidence was defended by Highton (1998, Herpetologica 54: 254–278).
P. ouachitae Dunn and Heinze, 1933—Rich Mountain Salamander
P. petraeus Wynn, Highton and Jacobs, 1988—Pigeon Mountain
Salamander
P. punctatus Highton, 1972 "1971"—Cow Knob Salamander
The publication containing the type description is dated 1971, but appeared in 1972. Standard English name as employed by Conant and Collins (1991, Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Houghton Mifflin Co.), revised from that used by Collins (1997, SSAR Herpetol. Circ. 25) and Petranka (1998, Salamanders of the United States and Canada, Smithsonian Institution Press). "Cow Knob Salamander" has come to be used extensively in species lists, conservation plans, and by workers in the state of Virginia. The name "White Spotted Salamander" employed by Collins (1997, SSAR Herpetol. Circ. 25) is too easily confused with the name "White-spotted Slimy Salamander" employed by Collins (1997, SSAR Herpetol. Circ. 25) and used here for Plethodon cylindraceus.
P. richmondi Netting and Mittleman, 1938—Southern Ravine Salamander
The standard English name contrasts this form with Plethodon electromorphus, the Northern Ravine Salamander.
P. savannah Highton, 1989—Savannah Slimy Salamander
Treated as a synonym of Plethodon glutinosus by Petranka (1998, Salamanders of the United States and Canada, Smithsonian Institution Press). The recognition of species on the basis of biochemical evidence was defended by Highton (1998, Herpetologica 54: 254–278).
P. sequoyah Highton, 1989—Sequoyah Slimy Salamander
Treated as a synonym of Plethodon glutinosus by Petranka (1998, Salamanders of the United States and Canada, Smithsonian Institution Press). The recognition of species on the basis of biochemical evidence was defended by Highton (1998, Herpetologica 54: 254–278).
P. serratus Grobman, 1944—Southern Red-backed Salamander
P. shenandoah Highton and Worthington, 1967—Shenandoah Salamander
P. shermani Stejneger, 1906—Red-legged Salamander
Elevated from synonymy under Plethodon jordani by Highton and Peabody (2000, pp. 31–94 in Bruce, R.C., et al., The Biology of Plethodontid Salamanders, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.)
P. stormi Highton and Brame, 1965—Siskiyou Mountains Salamander
Regarded as a subspecies of Plethodon elongatus by Stebbins (1985, A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians. Houghton Mifflin Co.), but as a species by Leonard, et al. (1993, Amphibians of Washington and Oregon, Seattle Audubon Soc., The Trailside Series, Seattle) and Petranka (1998, Salamanders of the United States and Canada, Smithsonian Institution Press).
P. teyahalee Hairston, 1950—Southern Appalachian Salamander
Hairston (1993, Brimleyana 18: 65–69) believed that the name Plethodon teyahalee is based on a hybrid and is therefore not available. He proposed a substitute name, P. oconoluftee for the southern Appalachian species of the P. glutinosus complex. Petranka (1998, Salamanders of the United States and Canada, Smithsonian Institution Press) followed Hairston’s proposed nomenclature for this form. The glossary of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature defines a "hybrid" as an offspring of a mating between two different species, that is, an F1 hybrid. The population at the type-locality possesses genes from two species, P. shermani and P. teyahalaee, but appears to be a panmictic population that contains no pure individuals of either species. Thus, the type specimen cannot be an F1 hybrid under the definition of "hybrid" employed in the Code, and the older name Plethodon teyahalee is available for the species the population most resembles.
P. vandykei Van Denburgh, 1906—Van Dyke’s Salamander
P. variolatus (Gilliams, 1818)—South Carolina Slimy Salamander
Treated as a full species by Highton (1989, Illinois Biological Monographs No. 57: 1–78). Treated as a synonym of Plethodon glutinosus by Petranka (1998, Salamanders of the United States and Canada, Smithsonian Institution Press), but the recognition of species on the basis of biochemical evidence was defended by Highton (1998, Herpetologica 54: 254–278).
P. vehiculum (Cooper, 1860)—Western Red-backed Salamander
P. ventralis Highton, 1997—Southern Zigzag Salamander
Treated as a synonym of Plethodon dorsalis by Petranka (1998, Salamanders of the United States and Canada, Smithsonian Institution Press). The recognition of species on the basis of biochemical evidence was defended by Highton (1998, Herpetologica 54: 254–278).
P. virginia Highton, 1999—Shenandoah Mountain Salamander
P. websteri Highton, 1979—Webster’s Salamander
P. wehrlei Fowler and Dunn, 1917—Wehrle’s Salamander
P. welleri Walker, 1931—Weller’s Salamander
P. yonahlossee Dunn, 1917—Yonahlossee Salamander

Pseudobranchus Gray, 1825—DWARF SIRENS
P. axanthus Netting and Goin, 1942—Southern Dwarf Siren
Treated as a subspecies of Pseudobranchus striatus by Conant and Collins (1991, Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Houghton Mifflin Co.). Elevated to species status by Moler and Kezer (1993, Copeia 1993: 39–47) on the basis of karyotypic data. The status of the remaining nominal subspecies is unclear.
P. a. axanthus Netting and Goin, 1942—Narrow-striped Dwarf Siren
P. a. belli Schwartz, 1952—Everglades Dwarf Siren
Treated as a subspecies of Pseudobranchus striatus by Conant and Collins (1991, Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Houghton Mifflin Co.). Treated as a subspecies of P. axanthus by Moler and Kezer (1993, Copeia 1993: 39–47) and Petranka (1998, Salamanders of the United States and Canada, Smithsonian Institution Press).
P. striatus (LeConte, 1824)—Northern Dwarf Siren
P. s. lustricolus Neill, 1951—Gulf Hammock Dwarf Siren
P. s. spheniscus Goin and Crenshaw, 1949—Slender Dwarf Siren
P. s. striatus (LeConte, 1824)—Broad-striped Dwarf Siren

Pseudotriton Tschudi, 1838—RED and MUD SALAMANDERS
P. montanus Baird, 1849—Mud Salamander
P. m. diastictus Bishop, 1941—Midland Mud Salamander
Collins’ (1997, SSAR Herpetol. Circ. 25) treatment of this form as a species has not been confirmed by published data, although the taxon is phenotypically distinctive. We follow Petranka (1998, Salamanders of the United States and Canada, Smithsonian Institution Press) in treating this form as a subspecies of Pseudotriton montanus until its taxonomic status is evaluated.
P. m. flavissimus Hallowell, 1856—Gulf Coast Mud Salamander
P. m. floridanus Netting and Goin, 1942—Rusty Mud Salamander
P. m. montanus Baird, 1849—Eastern Mud Salamander
P. ruber (Latreille, 1801)—Red Salamander
P. r. nitidus Dunn, 1920—Blue Ridge Red Salamander
P. r. ruber (Latreille, 1801)—Northern Red Salamander
P. r. schencki (Brimley, 1912)—Black-chinned Red Salamander
P. r. vioscai Bishop, 1928—Southern Red Salamander

Rhyacotriton Dunn, 1920—TORRENT SALAMANDERS
R. cascadae Good and Wake, 1992—Cascade Torrent Salamander
R. kezeri Good and Wake, 1992—Columbia Torrent Salamander
R. olympicus (Gaige, 1917)—Olympic Torrent Salamander
R. variegatus Stebbins and Lowe, 1951—Southern Torrent Salamander

Siren Linnaeus, 1766—SIRENS
S. intermedia Barnes, 1826—Lesser Siren
Siren intermedia texana, recognized by Conant and Collins (1991, Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Houghton Mifflin Co.) and Petranka (1998, Salamanders of the United States and Canada, Smithsonian Institution Press), was synonymized with S. intermedia nettingi by Flores-Villela and Brandon (1992, Ann. Carnegie Mus. 61: 289–291) (not cited by Petranka, op. cit.). The status of the remaining subspecies remains unclear and deserves careful evaluation as extreme drainage loyalty of the populations is expected.
S. i. intermedia Barnes, 1826—Eastern Lesser Siren
S. i. nettingi Goin, 1942—Western Lesser Siren
S. lacertina Linnaeus, 1766—Greater Siren
The status of the two distantly allopatric populations (see Flores-Villela and Brandon, 1992, Ann. Carnegie Mus. 61: 289–291) in (1) south Texas and adjacent Mexico and (2) in peninsular Florida is unclear and deserves evaluation.

Stereochilus Cope, 1869—MANY-LINED SALAMANDERS
S. marginatus (Hallowell, 1856)—Many-lined Salamander

Taricha Gray, 1850—PACIFIC NEWTS
T. granulosa (Skilton, 1849)—Rough-skinned Newt
T. g. granulosa (Skilton, 1849)—Rough-skinned Newt
T. g. mazamae (Myers, 1942)—Crater Lake Rough-skinned Newt
Stebbins (1985, A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians, Houghton Mifflin Co.) regarded Taricha granulosa to be monotypic. Nussbaum and Brodie (1981, Cat. Am. Amph. Rept. 272) recognized T. g. mazamae but stated that "The validity of this taxon needs to be reconsidered." Collins (1997, SSAR Herpetol. Circ. 25) and Petranka (1998, Salamanders of the United States and Canada, Smithsonian Institution Press) continued to recognize two subspecies of T. granulosa.
T. rivularis (Twitty, 1935)—Red-bellied Newt
T. torosa (Rathke, 1833)—California Newt
T. t. sierrae (Twitty, 1942)—Sierra Newt
T. t. torosa (Rathke, 1833)—Coast Range Newt

Typhlotriton Stejneger, 1893—GROTTO SALAMANDERS
T. spelaeus Stejneger, 1893—Grotto Salamander