Reference Type Author Year Title Secondary Author Secondary Title Place Published Publisher Volume Number Pages Keywords Abstract Author Address Journal Article Aardahl, Jeff 1986 1986 Field trip to the Desert Tortoise Natural Area and the West Rand Mountains ACEC Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1986 1-2 Journal Article Abbasi, A.;Wells, R. M.;Brittain, T.;Braunitzer, G. 1988 Primary structure of the hemoglobins from Sphenodon (Sphenodon punctatus, Tuatara, Rynchocephalia). Evidence for the expression of alpha D-gene Biol Chem Hoppe Seyler 369 8 755-64 Sphenodon is the sole representative of the "beakhead" reptiles which were widely distributed during the Triassic period before the spectacular rise of dinosaurs. Sphenodon punctatus is the only survivor ("living fossil") of this period. The morphological features of Sphenodon are remarkably conservative and differ little from reptiles living 200 million years ago. In the present paper the determination of the primary structure of the tetrameric hemoglobins is described: three components are identified: hemoglobin A' (alpha A2 beta II2), hemoglobin A (alpha A2 beta I2) and hemoglobin D (alpha D2 beta II2). The components were characterized electrophoretically, the four different peptide chains were characterized by Triton electrophoresis as well as by high-performance liquid chromatography. The hemoglobins and--under dissociating conditions--also the chains, were isolated on columns of cellulose ion exchangers. Sequence determination was carried out after cleavage of the individual chains with trypsin and after a specific chemical cleavage of the Asp-Pro bond. For sequence determination the film technique and gas-phase method were employed. The data are compared with the sequence of the human hemoglobin, and interpretations of the amino-acid sequences are given. Particularly notable is the evidence of hemoglobin D: this hemoglobin (alpha D2 beta II2) is found only in birds, and in two cases in turtles. However, this component is not found in other reptiles. The results make possible an interpretation of the relatively high oxygen affinity and explain the lack of cooperativity (myoglobin properties) of these tetrameric hemoglobins. Book Section Abercrombie, C.L. III. 1989 Population dynamics of the American alligator Crocodiles: their ecology, management and conservation. A special publication of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Gland, Switzerland. ISBN 2-88032-987-6. iv + 308 pp. 1-16 AM, management, demography, FL Journal Article Abrahms, Mark V.;Dill, Lawrence M. 1989 A determination of the energetic equivalence of the risk of predation Ecology 70 4 999-1007 foraging guppies habitat selection ideal free distribution predator-prey trade-off Thesis Abrahmsen, Berit 1988 Narungsanalyse bei Zaun- und Mauereidechsen (Lacerta agilis und Podarcis muralis) 63 Journal Article Abts, M. L. 1987 Environment and variation in life history traits of the chuckwalla, Sauromalus obesus Ecological Monographs 57 3 215-232 109, Sauromalus obesus, Iguanidae, life history, reproduction, desert Journal Article Acharjyo, L. N.;Patnaik, S. K. 1987 A note on longevity of a king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) in captivity Hamadryad 12 1 2 Longevity; Ophiophagus hannah Journal Article Acharjyo, L.N.;Singh, L.A.K 1989 Twinning abnormality in Gavialis gangeticus (Reptilia, Crocodilia) J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 86 248-250 GG, embryology, development, India Journal Article Ackerman, R.A.;Seagrave, R.C.;Dmi'el, R;Ar, A. 1985 Water and heat exchange between partchment-shelled reptile eggs and their surroundings Copeia 1985 703-711 egg Journal Article Ackerman, Diane 1988 A reporter at Large (Crocodilians) The New Yorker 64 34 42-46;51-58;63-82 Magazine Article Ackerman, D. 1988 A reporter at large (Crocodilians) 64 34 42-? Book Adams, Don 1987 Building Habitats for Reptiles Hermosa Beach, CA Silver Sea Press 35 Journal Article Adams, Caroline S.;Cooper, William E. Jr. 1988 Oviductal morphology and sperm storage in the keeled earless lizard, Holbrookia propinqua Herpetologica 44 2 190-197 sperm storage, oviduct, copulation, reptilia, lacertilia, iguanidae, holbrookia propinqua Journal Article Adams, Caroline S.;Cooper, William E., Jr 1988 Oviductal morphology and sperm storage in the keeled earless lizard, Holbrookia propinqua Herpetologica 44 2 190-197 Journal Article Adams, CopeiaNadine A.;Claussen, Dennis L.;Skillings, John 1989 Effects of temperature on voluntary locomotion of the eastern box turtle, Terrapene carolina carolina Copeia 1989 4 905-915 Lampropeltis multicincta zonata Journal Article Adest, Gary Andrew 1987 Genetic differentiation among populations of the zebratail lizard, Callisaurus draconoides (Sauria: Iguanidae) Copeia 1987 4 854-859 allozyme biogeography population genetics Journal Article Adest, G.A.;Jarchow, J.;Brydolf, B. 1988 A method for manual ventilation of tranquilized tortoises. Herpetol. Rev. 19 4 80 Reptilia, testudines, resucitation, narcosis, anesthesia PREX Journal Article Adest, G. A.;Aguirre, G.;Morafka, D. J.;Jarchow, J. V. 1989 Bolson tortoise (Gopherus flavomarginatus) conservation: I. Life history Vida Sylvestre Neotropical 2 1 7-13 Reptiles, tortoise, Gopherus flavomarginatus, Mexico, conservation, heating rate, distribution, demography, size, Journal Article Adeyeye, O.A.;Butler, J. F. 1989 Population structure and seasonal intra-burrow movement of Ornithodoros turicata (Acari: Argasidae) in gopher tortoise burrows J. Med. Entomol. 26 279-283 Journal Article Adler, Kraig 1986 Collecting antiquarian books on amphibians and reptiles AB Bookman's Weekly 78 5 321-332 Edited Book Adler, Kraig 1989 Contributions to the History of Herpetology Oxford, Ohio Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles 202 Edited Book Adler, Kraig 1989 Contributions to the History of Herpetology Oxford, Ohio Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles 202 p. Journal Article Aguilars-S, M. Angeles;Sites, Jack W., Jr;Murphy, Robert W. 1988 Genetic variability and population structure in the lizard genus Petrosaurus (Iguanidae) Journal of Herpetology 22 2 135-145 reptiles, lizards, electrophoresis, divergence, range, distribution Journal Article AHNE, W.;NEUBERT, W.J.;THOMSEN, I. 1987 Reptilian viruses: Isolation of Myxovirus-like particles from the snake Elaphe oxycephala. Journal Veterinary Medicine B 34 607-612 Journal Article AHNE, W.;THOMSEN, I.;WINTON, J. 1987 Isolation of a reovirus from the snake Python regius. Arch. Virol. 94 135 - 139. Journal Article Ahne, W.;Neubert, W. J. 1989 Isolation of pleomorphic syncytial viruses from four different species of reptiles 3rd int. Coll. Path. Amph. Rept. Orlando 1989 Reptilia, serpentes, sauria, infection, virus Journal Article AHNE, W.;SCHEINERT, P. 1989 Reptilian viruses: Isolation of Parvovirus-like particles from corn snake Elaphe guttata (Colubridae) J. Vet. Med. B 36 409-412 Reptilia, serpentes, corn snake,Elaphe guttata , infection, virus, Parvovirus Journal Article Ahne, W.;Neubert, W.J. 1989 Antigenetic relationship between three pleomorphic RNA viruses isolated from different snakes Herpetopathologia 1 2 65-72 Reptilia, serpentes, infection, virus Journal Article Ahsan, M.F.;Saaed, M.A. 1989 The Bostami turtle, Trionyx nigricans, Anderson: Population, status, distribution, historical background and length-weight relationships J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 86 1 1-6 Trionyx nigricans; Bostami Journal Article Aichinger, Manfred 1987 Annual activity patterns of anurans in a seasonal Neotropical environment Oecologica (Berlin) 71 583-592 frogs, larvae, tadpoles, adult, reproduction, breeding, rainy season, dry season, phenology Journal Article Aichinger, M. 1987 Annual activity patterns of anurans in a seasonal neotropical environment Oecologia 71 583-592 Journal Article AIRD, S.D. 1986 Methoxyflurane anesthesia in Crotalus: comparisons with other gas anesthetics. Herpetol. Rev. 17 4 82-84 Reptilia, serpentes, Crotalus, anesthesia, methoxyflurane Personal Communication Aird, Steven D. 198? Morphological differentiation in five subspecies of Crotalus viridis and the influence of climatic factors Journal Article Akinyemi, J. O. 1987 Intestinal obstruction and torsion in a giant Aldabra tortoise (Testudo gigantea) E. Afr. Vet. J. 16 4 273-276 Reptilia, testudines, Aldabra tortoise Testudo gigantea , pathology, intestinal, obstruction, torsion Reprint Vet Path. 80/29, testu,vet Fernl x Book Section Akita, Yoshinori 1989 Breeding cycle of Onychodactylus japonicus on Mt. Hodatsu, with special reference to biannual spawning Matsui, Masafumi;Hikida, Tsutomu and Goris, Richard C. Current Herpetology in East Asia: Proceedings of the Second Japan-China Herpetological Symposium Kyoto, July 1988 Kyoto Herpetological Society of Japan 305 Journal Article Al-Sadoon, Mohamed K.;Spellerberg, Ian F. 1985 Comparison of thermal acclimation effects on the metabolism of Chalcides ocellatus (desert lizard) and Lacerta vivipara (cool-temperature lizard) Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 81A 4 939-943 Journal Article Al-Sadoon, Mohamed K.;Spellerberg, Ian F. 1985 Effects of temperature on the oxygen consumption of lizards from different climatic regions Amphibia-Reptilia 6 241-258 Journal Article Al-Sadoon, Mohamed K.;Spellerberg, Ian F. 1985 Seasonal changes in metabolism of the lizard Lacerta vivipara Herpetological Journal 1 32-36 Journal Article Al-Sadoon, Mohamed K. 1986 Contribution of aerobic and anaerobic scope to the total metabolic scope of the desert skink, Chalcides ocellatus (Forskal) Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 83A 4 745-749 Journal Article Al-Sadoon, Mohamed K. 1986 An investigation of oxygen consumption in the lizard, Lacerta vivipara (Jacquin), in connection with photoperiod and the parietal eye Journal of the College of Science, King Saud University 17 1 55-65 Journal Article Alagon, A.;Possani, L. D.;Smart, J.;Schleuning, W. D. 1986 Helodermatine, a kallikrein-like, hypotensive enzyme from the venom of Heloderma horridum horridum (Mexican beaded lizard) J Exp Med 164 6 1835-45 We have purified and characterized the major N-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester hydrolase from the venom of Heloderma horridum horridum. The enzyme belongs to the serine proteinase family, and its activity vs. peptide amide substrates and human high-molecular-weight kininogen suggests a similarity to the family of kallikreins. This interpretation is corroborated by its reactivity with the natural inhibitors soybean trypsin inhibitor and Kunitz-type bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (aprotinin). Injection of the enzyme (2-16 micrograms/kg) into anesthetized rabbits leads to a rapid dose-dependent transient decrease of the arterial blood pressure. Like glandular kallikrein it specifically converts single-chain tissue type plasminogen activator into its double chain form. In contrast to other kallikrein-like enzymes from snake venoms it shows no thrombin-like or plasminogen activator activity. The enzyme is a single-chain glycoprotein (Mr 63,000). The N-terminal sequence revealed significant homology to pig pancreatic kallikrein and to kallikrein like enzymes from Crotalus atrox and Crotalus adamanteus venom. This enzyme, which we name Helodermatine, is the first purified from Sauria with kallikrein-like properties. Book Albee, Beverly J.;Shultz, Leila M.;Goodrich, Sherel 1988 Atlas of the Vascular Plants of Utah Salt Lake City Utah Museum of Natural history xxii, 670 Journal Article Alberch, P.;Lewbart, G. A.;Gale, Emily A. 1985 The fate of larval chondrocytes during the metamorphosis of the epibranchial in the salamander, Eurycea bislineata Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology 88 71-83 amphibia, caudata, osteology, morphology, herterchrony, growth, ontogeny, development, expermental, hyobranchial apparatus Journal Article Alberch, Pere;Gale, Emily A.;Larsen, P. R. 1985 Plasma T4 and T3 levels in naturally metamorphosing Eurycea bislineata (Amphibia; Plethodontidea) Gen. Comp. Endocrin. 61 153-163 amphibia, caudata, metamorphosis, growth, ontogeny, development, blood, plasma levels Journal Article Alberch, P. 1985 Problems with the interpretation of developmental sequences Systematic Zoology 34 46-58 Journal Article Albertini, Giovanni;Lanza, Benedetto 1987 Rana catesbieana Shaw, 1802 in Italy Alytes 6 3-4 117-129 introduction impact Journal Article Alberts, Allison C. 1989 Ultraviolet visual sensitivity in desert iguanas: implications for phermone detection Animal Behaviour 38 129-137 femoral pore secretion mate choice Book Alcala, Angel C.;Cariaso, Benjamin L.;Rueda, Leopoldo M. 1986 Guide to Philippine Flora and Fauna: Ectoparasites & Poisonous Animals Manilla Natural Resources Management Center & University of the Philippines xvi + 160 Book Alcala, Angel C. 1986 Guide to Philippine Flora and Fauna: Amphibians and Reptiles Manilla Natural Resources Management Center & University of the Philippines xiv + 195 Journal Article Alcala, A. C.;Ross, C. A.;Alcala, E. L. 1987 Observations on reproduction and behavior of captive philippine crocodiles (Crocodylus mindorensis Schmidt) Silliman Journal 34 1-4 18-28 Reptiles, crocodiles, philippines, reproduction, behavior, captive, vocalization, courtship, mating, eggs, incubation, breeding, hatching, endangered species Journal Article Alcala, A.C.;Ross, C.A.;Alcala, E.L. 1987 Observations on reproduction and behavior of captive Philippine crocodiles (Crocodylus mindorensis Schmidt) Silliman J. 34 1-4 18-28 CMN, courtship, reproduction, parental care, vocal, Asia Journal Article Alcher, Marc 1988 Durée du développement larvaire de l'Urodèle Euproctus montanus (Amphibia, Salamandridae) dans deux localités corses d'altitudes différentes. [Duration of larval development of the urodele Euproctus montanus (Amphibia, Salamandridae) at two Corsican localities at different altitudes] Alytes 7 2 63-74 size metamorphosis Journal Article Alderman, D. J.;Polglase, J. L. 1986 Aphanomyces astaci: isolation and culture. Journal of Fish Diseases. 9 367- 379 Amphibia, infection, fungus Journal Article Alderton, C. J. T. 1985 Aspects of the ecology of a population of the brown tree frog, Litoria ewingi (Duméril & Bibron) near Wellington, New Zealand New Zealand Journal of Zoology 12 299-306 Book Alderton, David 1986 A Petkeeper's Guide to Reptiles & Amphibians London Salamander 118 Book Alderton, D. 1988 Turtles and tortoises of the world New York, NY Facts on File, Inc. 191 pp. Journal Article Alford, R. A.;Wilbur., H. M. 1985 Priority effects in experimental pond communities: competition between Bufo and Rana Ecology 66 1097-1105 Journal Article Alford, Ross A. 1986 Habitat use and positional behavior of anuran larvae in a Northern Florida temperary pond Copeia 1986 408-423 frogs, breeding, life history, ecology, tadpoles Journal Article Alford, R. A. 1986 Habitat use and positional behavior of anuran larvae in a northern Florida temporary pond Copeia 1986 408-423 Journal Article Alford, R. A. 1986 Effects of parentage on competitive ability and vulnerability to predation in Hyla chrysoscelis tadpoles Oecologia 68 199-204 Journal Article Alford, R. A.;Harris., R. N. 1988 Effects of larval growth history on anuran metamorphosis American Naturalist 131 91-106 Journal Article Alford, R. A. 1989 Competition between larval Rana palustris and Bufo americanus is not affected by variation in reproductive phenology Copeia 1989 993-1000 Journal Article Alford, R. A. 1989 Variation in predator phenology affects predator performance and prey community composition Ecology 70 206-219 Journal Article Alford, R. A. 1989 Effects of parentage and competitor phenology on the growth of larval Hyla chrysoscelis Oikos 54 325-330 Journal Article Alho, C.J.R. 1985 Conservation and management strategies for commonly exploited Amazonian turtles Biological Conservation 32 291-298 turtle; conservation; utilization Journal Article Alho, C.J.R.;Danni, T.M.S.;Pádua, L.F.M. 1985 Temperature-dependent sex determination in Podocnemis expansa (Testudinata:Pelomedusidae) Biotropica 17 1 75-78 tsd; pivotal; sex ratio Journal Article Alibardi, Lorenzo;Sala, Mario;Miolo, Valentino 1988 Morphology and electron microscopy of experimentally produced tail regenerates in lizards Acta Embryol. Morphol. Exper. n.s. 9 3 181-194 Journal Article Alibardi, L.;Meyer Rochow, V. B. 1989 Comparative fine structure of the axial skeleton inside the regenerated tail of some lizard species and the tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) Gegenbaurs Morphol Jahrb 135 5 705-16 The regenerated tail of the New Zealand gecko Hoplodactylus maculatus is equipped with an elastic cartilaginous tube as skeletal axis. Other lizard species and Sphenodon punctatus possess variably developed hyaline cartilaginous tubes. Moreover, H. maculatus enhances the functional performance of its tail by long elastic fibres, which are arranged all around the central regenerated spinal cord. The different characteristics of the regenerated skeleton could be related to the different environments that the species studied occupy in nature. Journal Article Allen, Mathew;Tu, Anthony T. 1985 The effect of Tryptophan modification on the structure and function of a sea snake neurotoxin Molecular Pharmacology 27 79-85 Book Allen, William B., Jr 1986 State Lists of Endangered and Threatened Species of Reptiles and Amphibians and Laws and Regulations Covering Collecting of Reptiles and Amphibians Pittsburgh, PA Privately Published iv + 92 Conference Proceedings Allen, M. E.;Crissey, S.D.;Demeter, B.J. 1986 The effect of diet on growth and bone development in leopard gecko 2 44-45 110590 MDL DGB Journal Article Allen, Mary Eleanor 1989 Nutritional aspects of insectivory. PhD dissertation, Mich State Univ 221p. 1989. From Diss Abstr. Int. B Sci. Eng. 50 3 795 amphibians, reptiles, mammals, nutrition, physiology PREX International Database System on Laboratory Animal Science Conference Proceedings Allen, M.E. ;O.T., Oftedal 1989 Calcium retention as an estimate of the dietary calcium requirement in an insectivorous lizard, the Leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius) "x" Conference Proceedings Allen, M.E. 1989 Dietary induction and prevention of osteodystrophy in an insectivorous reptile Eublepharis macularius: Characterization by radiography and histopathology Conference Proceedings Allen, M. E. 1989 The effect of three light treatments on growth in the Green iguana Iguana iguana 1 Journal Article Allen, E. E.;Crews, D. 1989 2-Deoxyglucose uptake following visual stimulation in squamate reptiles Brain Behav Evol 34 5 299-300 Animal; Blood Glucose/*metabolism; Brain/*physiology; Brain Mapping/methods; Comparative Study; Deoxyglucose/metabolism; *Evolution; Lizards/*physiology; Snakes/*physiology; *Species Specificity; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Visual Pathways/physiology; Visual Perception/*physiology Unilateral visual stimulation following 2-deoxyglucose injection was used to delineate functional visual pathways in red-sided garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis) and whiptail lizards (Cnemidophorus inornatus and C. uniparens). Stimulation enhanced both overall uptake and particularly uptake in visual pathways contralateral to the side of stimulation. Bilaterally symmetrical uptake was observed in retinae, septum, nucleus sphericus, and brainstem nuclei. Overall uptake and lateralization of uptake were consistently greater in garter snakes than in whiptail lizards. Journal Article Allen, Mary E.;Oftedal, Olav T. 1989 Diet manipulation of the calcium content of feed crickets Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 20 1 26-33 Journal Article Allison, A.;Greer, A. E. 1986 Egg shells with pustulate surface structures: basis for a new genus of New Guinea skinks (Lacertilia: Scincidae) Journal of Herpetology 20 1 116-119 reptiles, lizards, description, morphology Journal Article Allsteadt, J.;Vaughan, C. 1988 Distress calls of caiman, Caiman crocodilus fuscus, in northern Costa Rica Rev. Biol. Trop. 36 2B 567-568 CCR, vocal, behavior, parental care, South America Book Allyn, Rube 1986 (1977) Dictionary of Reptiles and Amphibians St. Petersburg, FL Great Outdoors Publ. 88 p. Book Section Almandarz, E. 1986 Reptiles: Reproduction Fowler, M.E. Zoo & Wild Animal Medicine. Philadelphia W.B. Saunders Company 184-186 techniques Book Section Almandarz, E. 1986 Reptiles: Husbandry Fowler, M.E. Zoo & Wild Animal Medicine. Philadelphia W.B. Saunders Company 136-139 techniques Book Section Almandarz, E. 1986 Physical restraint of reptiles Fowler, M.E. Zoo & Wild Animal Medicine. Philadelphia W.B. Saunders Company 151-155 techniques Journal Article Almendariz, L. A. 1987 Contribucion al conocimiento de la herpetofauna centroriental ecuatoriana Politecnica 12 4 77-133 reptiles, amphibians, community, ecuador, diversity, diet, Journal Article Althaus, H. 1987 Die Amphibien des Haldenweihers Zofinger Neujahrsblatt 19-30 Journal Article Altig, Ronald;Johnston, Gail F. 1986 Major characteristics of free-living anuran tadpoles Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service 67 1-75 Journal Article Altig, R.;Johnston., G. F. 1986 Major characteristics of free-living anuran tadpoles Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service 67 1-75 Journal Article Altig, R. 1987 Key to the anuran tadpoles of Mexico The Southwestern Naturalist 32 1 75-84 larvae, amphibians, morphology, description Journal Article Altig, Ronald;Johnston, Gail F. 1989 Guilds of anuran larvae: Relationships among developmental modes, morphologies, and habitats Herpetological Monographs 3 81-109 Anura, tadpoles, energetics, development, morphology, ecology, guilds, endotrophy, exotrophy, 300 Journal Article Altig, R.;Johnston., G. F. 1989 Guilds of anuran larvae: relationships among developmental modes, morphologies, and habitats. Herpetological Monographs 3 81-109 Journal Article Altig, R.;Johnston., G. F. 1989 Guilds of anuran larvae: relationships among developmental modes, morphologies, and habitats Herpetological Monographs 3 81-109 Journal Article Alvarado, J.;Figueroa, A.;Gallardo, H. 1985 Ecologia y conservacion de las tortugas marinas de Michoacan, Mexico Cuadernos de investigacion 1-44 reptiles, turtles, ecology, conservation, reproduction, Journal Article Alvarado, R. H.;Cox., T. C. 1985 Action of polyvalent cations on sodium transport across skin of larval and adult Rana catesbeiana Journal of Experimental Zoology 236 127-136 Journal Article Alvarez, B. B.;Tedesco, M. E.;Porcel, E. 1987 Osteología craneana de Teius teyou (Daudin, 1802) (Reptilia: Teiidae) Cuadernos de Herpetología 3 2 7-31 Teius teyou; Osteology Book Section Alvarez, S.;Galina, P.;Gonzales, A.;Ortega, A. 1988 Herpetofauna Arriaga, L. and Ortega, A. La Sierra de La Laguna de Baja California Sur La Paz Eentro de Investigaciones Biologicas de Baja California Sur A. C. 167-184 Book Alves, Amaro Luís;Melgarejo Gimenez, Anibel Rafael;Rodrigues Ventura, Darcy de Valadares;Bonugli de Moraes, Flávio Luís;Belluomini, Helio Emerson;Canter, Henrique Moisés;Staciarini, Iraídes;Federsoni Junior, Pedro Antônio;Santos, Renato Quintino dos;Ferreira Leite, Suzana Gomes 1989 Cartilha de Ofidismo (Cobral) Brasília Ministério da Saúde 32 p., foldout poster Journal Article Amaral, A. D. D. 1986 Determination of the total and fractionated plasma protein concentrations of Typhlonectes compressicaudus (Dumeril and Bibron, 1841) (Amphibia, Apoda) Boletim De Fisiologia Animal 10 15-20 Lowry Method; Electrophoresis We present the results of an investigation carried out with the plasma of Typhlonectes compressicaudus - Amphibia-Apoda were we determine the total plasma protein content and the fractionation done by electrophoresis in agarose gel. To evaluate the total plasma protein content were used the Lowry method and in order to identify the protein fractions electrophoresis on "Hemogel" an special agarose gel technique was used. The final results in g/dl are: total protein 2,424 +- 0,8308 and fractions I = 0,85 +- 0,2166, II =0,21 +- 0,1269, III = 0.29 +- 0,1526, IV = 0,65 +- 0,0607, V = 0,42 +- 0,2740. Journal Article Amiet, Jean-Louis 1986 Un livre sur les amphibiens d'Australie occidentale. [A book on the amphibians of western Australia] Alytes 5 3 151-152 Journal Article Amiet, Jean-Louis 1987 Aires disjointes et taxons vicariants chez les anoures du Cameroun: implications paléoclimatiques. [Disjunct ranges and taxon vicariance in the anurans of Cameroon: paleoclimatic implications] Alytes 6 3-4 99-115 biogeography distribution Journal Article Amiet, Jean-Louis 1989 Images d'Amphibiens camerounais. I. Sacs vocaux et postures de chant. [Images of Cameroon amphibians. I. Vocal sacs and calling postures] Alytes 8 1 3-10 hyperolius pallidus ocellatus kassina senegalensis leptopelis brevirostris viridiflavus purpurescens hildebrandtia ornata Journal Article Ananjeva, N. B.;Shommakov, S. U. 1985 Ecological strategies and relative clutch mass of some lizard species of USSR fauna Ecologia 58-66 In Russian, lizard, rcm, reproduction Journal Article Ananjeva, N. B.;Tsellarius, A. Y. 1986 On the factors determining desert lizards' diet Studies in Herpetology 445-448 Reptiles, lziards, food, diet, Edited Book Ananjeva, N. B.;Borkin, L. J. 1986 Systematics and ecology of amphibians and reptiles Lenningrad USSR Academy of Sciences 224 p., 29 plates Vipera darevskii sp. nov. Journal Article Ananjeva, N.B.;Orlov, N.L. 1987 Feeding behaviour of snakes Vertebrata Hungarica 21 25-31 Reptilia, serpentes, food, feeding, physiology, anatomy Reprint Vet. Path 87/40 Journal Article Anastasiadis, J.M.;Whitaker, Anthony H. 1987 Longevity of free-living Hoplodactylus maculatus (Reptilia: Gekkonidae) New Zealand Journal of Ecology 10 141-142 Book Ancona, G. 1987 Turtle watch New York MacMillan Publ. Co. Book Anderson, Robert 1985 Guide to Florida Nonpoisonous Snakes Winner Enterprises iv + 56 Book Anderson, Robert 1985 Guide to Florida Poisonous Snakes Altamonte Springs, FL Winner Enterprises iv + 56 Book Anderson, R. 1985 Guide to Florida turtles - sea turtles included Winner Enterprises 56 pp. Journal Article Anderson, Karen;Moler, Paul E. 1986 Natural hybrids of the Pine Barrens treefrog, Hyla andersonii with H. cinerea and H. femoralis (Anura, Hylidae): Morphological and chromosomal evidence Copeia 1986 1 70-76 Anura, Hylidae, Hyla, hybridization, chromosomes, genetics, karyotypes, USA, Florida, 123 Journal Article Anderson, T. 1987 The Kemp's ridley puzzle Oceans 20 3 42-49 Journal Article Anderson, Roger A.;Karasov, William H. 1988 Energetics of the lizard Cnemidophorus tigris and life history consequences of food-acquisition mode Ecological Monographs 52 79-110 cnemidophorus, doubly labeled water, energetics, food-acquisition mode, life history, lizard, production rates, reproductive effort, wide foraging Personal Communication Anderson, David;Bowler, Kevin;Lehn, Cathi;Pareti, Kirk;Perry-Richardson, Janice;Snider, Andy;Stetter, Mark;Wells, Sue;Flanagan, Joe;Odum, Andy;Jacobson, Elliott 1989 Paramyxovirus meeting, Audubon Zoo, New Orleans, Louisiana Journal Article Andersson, T.;Nilsson, E. 1989 Characterization of cytochrome P-450-dependent activities in hagfish, dogfish, perch and spectacle caiman Comp Biochem Physiol [b] 94 1 99-105 Alligators and Crocodiles/*metabolism; Animal; Benzopyrene Hydroxylase/metabolism; Comparative Study; Cyclostomes/*metabolism; Cytochrome P-450/*metabolism; Dogfish/*metabolism; Ethylmorphine-N-Demethylase/metabolism; Evolution; Hagfish/*metabolism; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Microsomes, Liver/enzymology; Oxidoreductases/metabolism; Perch/*metabolism; Perciformes/*metabolism; Reptiles/*metabolism; Sharks/*metabolism; Temperature; Time Factors; 7-Alkoxycoumarin O-Dealkylase/metabolism 1. Owing to interest in the original function and evolution of cytochrome P-450 this enzyme system was studied in four species each at different levels on the phylogenetic tree, representing Agnatha, Selachi, Teleostei, and Reptilia. 2. All species contained considerable amounts of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450. The content in dogfish, perch and spectacle caiman was 0.2-0.3 while in the dogfish it was 0.6 nmol per mg protein. 3. Hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 dependent ethylmorphine demethylase, benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase, 7-ethoxycoumarin- O-deethylase and 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activities have been measured and the assays were carefully characterized with respect to pH- , protein content-, incubation time- and temperature-activity relationships. 4. The study revealed species-dependent differences in the liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 enzyme system, which could be due to differences in cytochrome P-450 composition or in the microenvironment around the enzyme. Journal Article Andreone, F.;Sindaco, R. 1987 Sulla presenza e la neotenia di Triturus alpestris apuanus (Bonaparte 1839) nella Collina di Torino (Amphibia, Urodela, Salamandridae) Bollettino del Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali - Torino 5 1 103-112 Journal Article Andreone, F.;Pavignano, I. 1988 Observations on the breeding migration of Pelobates fuscus insubricus Conalia, 1873 at a ditch in north western Italy (Amphibia, Anura, Pelobatidae) Bollettino del Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali - Torino 6 1 241-250 Book Section Andreu, A.C.;Villamor, M.D.C. 1986 Reproduction of Testudo graeca graeca in Donana, SW Spain Rocek, Z. Studies in Herpetology: Proceedings of the European Herpetological Meeting of the Societas Europaea Herpetologica, Prague 589-592 Thesis Andreu, A.C. 1988 Ecologia y dinamica poblacional de la tortugamore, Testudo graeca graeca L. en Donana, Huelva Journal Article Andreu, G. C. 1989 Notes and news Copeia 1989 2 546-547 Journal Article Andrews, R. M. 1985 Mate choice by females of the lizard, Anolis carolinensis Journal of Herpetology 19 2 284-289 reptiles, behavior, reproduction, eggs, dominance, Journal Article Andrews, R. M.;Pough, F. H. 1985 Metabolism of squamate reptiles: allometric and ecological relationships Physiological Zoology 58 2 214-231 reptiles, oxygen consumption, allometry, comparative, review, temperature Journal Article Andrews, R. M. 1985 Oviposition frequency of Anolis carolinensis. Copeia 1985 259-262 lizards, reptiles, reproduction, eggs, body size, South Carolina Journal Article Andrews, Harry 1986 Variation in egg and clutch size of mugger in different age groups Hamadryad 11 3 13-14 Crocodylus palustris Journal Article Andrews, Harry 1986 Mugger, caiman and saltwater crocodile breeding at the Madras Crocodile Bank - 1986 Hamadryad 11 3 10-12 Crocodylus palustris; Crocodylus porosus Journal Article Andrews, Harry 1986 Preliminary report on mugger breeding at MCBT for 1986 Hamadryad 11 1/2 2 Crocodylus palustris Journal Article Andrews, R. M.;Pough, F. H.;Collazo, A.;Queiroz, A. de 1987 The ecological cost of morphological specialization: feeding by a fossorial lizard Oecologia (Berl.) 73 139-145 reptiles, lizards, morphology, ecology, skinks, energetics, feeding costs, Africa, Middle East Journal Article Andrews, Harry V. 1987 A note on the mugger breeding and nesting activities at the Croc Bank Hamadryad 12 2 17-18 Crocodylus palustris Journal Article Andrews, Harry 1988 A bumper crop of mugger Hamadryad 13 1 3-4 Crocodylus palustris Journal Article Andrews, Harry 1988 A seed bank for afforestation Hamadryad 13 1 38 Journal Article Andrews, Harry 1988 A report on our curator's visit to Jersey and the U.S. Hamadryad 13 2 30-32 Journal Article Andrews, Harry;Whitaker, Rom 1988 A note on gharial oviduct extrusion while nesting at the Madras Crocodile Bank Hamadryad 13 2 20-21 Journal Article Andrews, Harry 1989 Behaviour and thermoregulation of the marginated tortoise (Testudo marginata) Hamadryad 14 2 22-26 Testudo marginata Journal Article Andrews, Harry 1989 An unusual record of Crocodylus morelettii nesting Hamadryad 14 1 11-13 Crocodylus morelettii Journal Article Andrews, Harry 1989 Gavialis gangeticus nest at the Madras Crocodile Bank Hamadryad 14 1 13-14 Gavialis gangeticus Journal Article Andrews, H. 1989 Gavialus gangeticus nest at the Madras Crocodile Bank Hamadryad 14 1 13-14 GG, nest, India Journal Article Andrews, H. 1989 An unusual record of Crocodylus moreletii nesting Hamadrad 14 1 11-13 CM, nest, India Journal Article Andrén, C.;Nilson., G. 1985 Breeding pool characteristics and reproduction in an island population of natterjack toads, Bufo calamita Laur, at the Swedish west coast Amphibia-Reptilia 6 137-142 Journal Article Andrén, Claes;Berglind, Sven-Åke;Nilson, Göran 1988 Distribution and conservation of the northernmost populations of the sand lizard Lacerta agilis Mertensiella 1 84-85 Sauria; Lacertidae; Lacerta agilis; Distribution; Conservation Journal Article Andrén, C.;L. Hendrickson, M. Olsson;Nilson., G. 1988 Effects of pH and aluminum on embryonic and early larval stages of Swedish brown frogs Rana arvalis, R. temporaria, and R. dalmatina Holarctic Ecology 11 127-135 Thesis Andriamampiandry, R.L. 1987 Contribution a l'etude bioecoethologique de Geochelone radiata (Shaw 1802) (Famille de Testudinidae) dans le Reserve Speciale de Beza-Mahafalu Journal Article Annamalai, S. K. 1987 Some snake myths Hamadryad 12 2 11 Journal Article Anonymous 1985 Jungle trails Hamadryad 10 3 31 Journal Article Anonymous 1985 Herp news clippings Hamadryad 10 3 20-21 Journal Article Anonymous 1985 Madras Crocodile Bank Trust Hamadryad 10 3 1-17 Journal Article Anonymous 1985 Reprints and publications avaialable at the Madras Crocodile Bank Trust Hamadryad 10 3 23-30 Journal Article Anonymous 1985 In search of the Himalayan pit viper Hamadryad 10 1-2 10-11 Agkistrodon himalayanus Journal Article Anonymous 1985 Letters from the dark unknown dept. Hamadryad 10 1-2 3-9 Journal Article Anonymous 1985 Herp news Hamadryad 10 1-2 1-2 Journal Article Anonymous 1986 Giraffes and snakes get to grips with gravity New Scientist 20 March 29 circulation Journal Article Anonymous 1986 A documentary on snakebite Hamadryad 11 3 25 Snakebite Journal Article Anonymous 1986 Rare find Hamadryad 11 1/2 21 Dasia haliana Journal Article Anonymous 1986 Saving the Andamans and Nicobars Hamadryad 11 1/2 35 Journal Article Anonymous 1986 Newspaper clippings Hamadryad 11 3 2 Journal Article Anonymous 1986 Exclusive crocodile trapped Hamadryad 11 3 15 Journal Article Anonymous 1986 Forest chelonians of Goa Hamadryad 11 3 9 Indotestudo forstenii; Heosemys silvatica; Melanochelys trijuga trijuga; Rhacophorus malabaricus Edited Book Anonymous 1986 Tropical Biology: An Ecological Approach Durham, NC O.T.S. Press xiv, 452 Journal Article Anonymous 1986 Concern for sea turtles and debris continues 17 3 83-84 leatherback/mortality Journal Article Anonymous 1987 Eats lizards alive Hamadryad 12 1 7 Journal Article Anonymous 1987 The Irula Snake Catchers Cooperative Hamadryad 12 1 6 Journal Article Anonymous 1987 International snake trade Hamadryad 12 1 6 Journal Article Anonymous 1987 Trade in Uromastyx Hamadryad 12 1 7 Journal Article Anonymous 1987 Frog study Hamadryad 12 1 8 Journal Article Anonymous 1987 Woman dies for want of antivenom serum Hamadryad 12 1 5 Journal Article Anonymous 1987 Biggest snakeskin haul Hamadryad 12 1 5 Journal Article Anonymous 1987 Forest employee saved from python's hold Hamadryad 12 1 5 Journal Article Anonymous 1987 Venom extraction using electrical stimulation Hamadryad 12 2 6-7 Journal Article Anonymous 1987 Some croc clippings Hamadryad 12 2 21-22 Journal Article Anonymous 1987 Indian Wildlife Act amendments favour reptiles Hamadryad 12 1 24 Journal Article Anonymous 1987 Newspaper clippings Hamadryad 12 2 2-3 Journal Article Anonymous 1987 Summaries from notes in the Journal of the Bombay Natural history Society (Vols. 28-47) Hamadryad 12 2 23-25 Journal Article Anonymous 1987 A shameful report Hamadryad 12 1 8-9 Journal Article Anonymous 1987 Turtles and pollution Hamadryad 12 1 11 Journal Article Anonymous 1987 A trip to the Chambal Hamadryad 12 1 11 Journal Article Anonymous 1987 Encephalitis and frog legs! Hamadryad 12 1 9 Journal Article Anonymous 1987 Govenment bans froglegs export Hamadryad 12 1 9 Journal Article Anonymous 1987 Olive ridley nests Hamadryad 12 1 11 Lepidochelys olivacea Journal Article Anonymous 1987 Live turtle found in Tirumala hundi Hamadryad 12 1 11 Journal Article Anonymous 1987 Do ornate box turtles prey on birds? Bull. Md. Herp. Soc. 23 3 130-131 Reptilia, testudines, food, bird, Journal Article Anonymous 1988 Newspaper clippings Hamadryad 13 1 9-17 Journal Article Anonymous 1988 Summary report on the biological rodent and termite control project sponsored by Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India Hamadryad 13 1 33-35 Journal Article Anonymous 1988 Reptile references from 'Environmental Resources Extracts' - ESG-World Wildlife Fund Bulletin Hamadryad 13 1 22-24 Journal Article Anonymous 1988 A humorous account of a snake bite experience Hamadryad 13 1 21 Journal Article Anonymous 1988 Skin smuggling in Tokyo Hamadryad 13 1 18 Journal Article Anonymous 1989 Poisonous plant update Vivarium 2 2 22;28 Journal Article Anonymous 1989 Newspaper clippings Hamadryad 14 2 44-47 Journal Article Anonymous 1989 The future of wildlife resources cannot afford strange or unwilling bedfellows Wildlife Society Bulletin 17 343-344 filed under Capen, David E. Journal Article Anonymous 1989 Asian herpetology - Current literature Hamadryad 14 2 38-43 Journal Article Anonymous 1989 First World Congress of Herpetology (11th - 19th, September, 1989) Proceedings (Abstracts): Selected papers Hamadryad 14 2 43-44 Journal Article Anonymous 1989 Some common ailments in tortoises British Chelonia Group vet,testu WP x Edited Book Anonymous 1989 Serpents Venins Envenimations Paris Société Herpétologie de France 238 Journal Article Anonymous 198? Population genetics and conservation size variability bottlenecks effective population size Journal Article Anonymous. 1989 Alligator bites Amer. Family Physician 40 214-215 AM, attack, Journal Article Antal, M.;R. Kraftsik, G. Székely;Loos., H. Van Der 1986 Distal dendrites of frog motor neurons: a computer aided electron microscopic study of cobalt-filled cells J. Neurocytol. 15 303-310 Journal Article Antonio, F.B. 1986 Florida law: gopher tortoise relocation protocol Gainesville Herpetol. Soc. Newsl. 3 5 12-15 Journal Article Aoki, R. 1985 Beobachtungen an Crocodylus mindorensis auf Mindoro, Philippinische Inseln Herpetofauna 7 3,4 6-10. [In German - English abstract only] CMN, distribution, Book Section Aoki, Riosuke 1989 The jaw mechanics in the heterodont Crocodilians Matsui, Masafumi;Hikida, Tsutomu and Goris, Richard C. Current Herpetology in East Asia: Proceedings of the Second Japan-China Herpetological Symposium Kyoto, July 1988 Kyoto Herpetological Society of Japan 17-21 Conference Proceedings Aoki, R. 1989 The jaw mechanics in the heterodont crocodilians 17-21 Journal Article Applegarth, John 1989 Care and feeding of a two-headed common garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis fitchi Oregon Herpetological Society Newsletter 28 10-11 dicephalic Journal Article Applegarth, John 1989 Herpetological notes from the big river old growth preserve Oregon Herpetological Society Newsletter 28 9-10 sceloporus occidentalis thamnophis ordinoides taricha granulosa ensatina eschscholtzi aneides ferreus Journal Article Applegarth, John 1989 The giant night gecko Oregon Herpetological Society Newsletter 28 6 hoplodactylus delcourti Journal Article Applegate, Robert W. 1988 The Pueblan milksnake (Lampropeltis triangulum campbelli): a case for captive propagation Vivarium 1 2 49-53 Lampropeltis triangulum campbelli Journal Article Aquino-Shuster, A. L.;Duszynski, D. W. 1989 Coccidian parasites (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from two species of caimans, Caiman yacare daudin and Caiman latirostris daudin (Alligatoridae), from Paraguay J Parasitol 75 3 348-52 Alligators and Crocodiles/*parasitology; Animal; Coccidiosis/parasitology/*veterinary; Eimeria/classification/cytology/*isolation & purification; Feces/parasitology; Paraguay; Reptiles/*parasitology; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't From October 1986 to January 1987, feces from 119 Caiman yacare and 12 Caiman latirostris were collected in Paraguay and later examined for coccidian oocysts; 69 of 119 (58%) samples from C. yacare and 3 of 12 (25%) samples from C. latirostris contained coccidian oocysts. Two eimerians infected C. yacare and both are described as new species. Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria paraguayensis n. sp. are ellipsoid, 34.0 x 23.6 (26-38 x 20-29) microns with sporocysts ovoid, 14.0 x 7.1 (10-19 x 6-10) microns. Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria caimani n. sp. are spheroid, 22.4 (19-29) microns with sporocysts ovoidal, 12.9 x 6.5 (8- 17 x 5-8) microns. Isospora jacarei infected C. latirostris and is redescribed. Sporulated oocysts of I. jacarei are sub-spheroid, 13.2 x 12.1 (10-18 x 10-15) microns with sporocysts ellipsoid, 10.4 x 5.8 (7- 13 x 4-11) microns. To date, members of the Eimeriidae found in Crocodylia include 5 species of Eimeria and 2 of Isospora including the new species described here. Journal Article Arad, Z.;Raber, P.;Werner, Y. L. 1987 Preferred body temperatures in three Israeli forms of Ptyodactylus (Reptilia: Gekkoninae) differing in their daily activity patterns Israel Journal of Zoology 33 122-123 reptiles, temperature, lizards, Journal Article Arad, Zeev;Raber, Pnina;Werner, Yehudah L. 1989 Selected body temperature in diurnal and nocturnal forms of Ptyodactylus (Reptilia: Gekkoninae) in a photothermal gradient Journal of Herpetology 23 2 103-108 Reptiles, lizards, geckos, Ptyodactylus, body temperature, diurnal, nocturnal, photothermal gradient, Israel, distribution Journal Article Arak, Anthony 1988 Callers and satellites in the natterjack toad: evolutionarily stable decision rules Aminal Behavior 36 416-432 Amphibia, Anura, Bufo calamita, mating call, satellite male, model, ESS, mating tactics, playback experiments Journal Article Arak, Anthony 1988 Sexual dimorphism in body size: A model and a test Evolution 42 4 820-825 Amphibia, anura Journal Article Arak, Anthony 1988 Female mate selection in the natterjack toad: active choice or passive attraction? Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 22 317-327 sexual selection, anura, acoustic communication, amphibia, Bufo calamita, competition, phonotaxis Journal Article Arakawa, H.;Osada, T.;Ikai, A. 1986 Unusual properties of crocodilian ovomacroglobulin shown in its methylamine treatment and sulfhydryl titration Arch Biochem Biophys 244 2 447-53 Alligators and Crocodiles; Animal; Carbon Radioisotopes/diagnostic use; Chickens; Chromatography, Gel; Dithionitrobenzoic Acid/diagnostic use; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Macroglobulins/analysis/*pharmacology; Methylamines/*pharmacology; Protein Conformation; Sulfhydryl Compounds/*analysis; Trypsin Inhibitors/pharmacology The inhibitory activity of chicken and crocodilian ovomacroglobulins against trypsin was measured before and after their incubation with methylamine. The result for crocodilian ovomacroglobulin showed that methylamine treatment destroyed half of its activity, in unique contrast to human alpha 2-macroglobulin and chicken ovomacroglobulin for which methylamine either destroys the inhibitory activity of the former completely or does not affect that of the latter at all. Free sulfhydryl groups of chicken and crocodilian ovomacroglobulins were titrated with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) before and after incubation with trypsin. Prior to the incubation with trypsin the chicken and crocodilian proteins respectively had 0 and 1 titratable sulfhydryl per molecule of Mr 720,000. After treatment with trypsin the crocodilian protein had 3.5-4 titratable sulfhydryls, whereas there were no titratable sulfhydryls in the chicken protein. After denaturation of the crocodilian protein in sodium dodecyl sulfate at 100 degrees C the number of titratable sulfhydryls was 4. Chicken ovomacroglobulin again did not have an appreciable number of titratable sulfhydryls under similar denaturing conditions. Incubation of crocodilian protein with [14C]methylamine showed an incorporation of at least 2 mol of methylamine per molecule. The result indicated the presence of three intramolecular thiol ester bonds in crocodilian ovomacroglobulin with differential stability against external perturbations. Book Section Araki, Yasutetsu;Tomihara, Yasuriro 1989 Snake bites in Okinawa Prefecture Matsui, Masafumi;Hikida, Tsutomu and Goris, Richard C. Current Herpetology in East Asia: Proceedings of the Second Japan-China Herpetological Symposium Kyoto, July 1988 Kyoto Herpetological Society of Japan 482-488 Journal Article Arcucci, A.B. 1989 Locomotor structures in the Middle Triassic archosaurs from Los Cha-ares (La Rioja, Argentina) Hist. Biol. 3 85-95 fossil, anatomy, movement Journal Article Ardila-Robayo, María Cristina;Tuiz-Carranza, Pedro M.;Hernandez-Camacho, Jorge I. 1988 Cariotipo de dos especies de Osornophryne (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae) Tianea (act. Cient. Tecn. Inderena) 2 551-562 Amphibia, anura, karyotype, Journal Article Arena, P.C.;K.C., Richardson;L.K., Cullen 1988 Anaesthesia in two species of large Australian skink. Vet.Rec 123 6 155-158 Reptilia, sauria, Tiliqua rugosa, Egernia kingii, anesthesia, ketamine-HCl Doses of 170 to 230 mg/kg at 30 oC produced consistent responses. Reprint Endnote 93/696, PREX International Database System on Laboratory Animal Science Journal Article Arena, P. C.;Richardson, K. C.;Cullen, L. K. 1989 Anaesthesia in large Australian skinks 1st World Congr. Herpetol. Reptilia, sauria, skink, narcosis Journal Article Arianoutsou, M. 1988 Assessing the impacts of human activities on nesting of loggerhead sea-turtles (Caretta caretta L.) on Zakynthos Island, Western Greece Environmental Conservation 15 4 327-334 loggerhead; tourism; conservation Journal Article Armas, Luis F. de 1987 Notas sobre la alimentación de Leiocephalus carinatus cayensis (Sauria: Iguanidae) Poeyana 350 1-7 Edited Book Armstrong, John B.;Malacinski, George M. 1989 Developmental Biology of the Axolotl New York Oxford University Press xii, 1-320 Edited Book Armstrong, John B.;Malacinski, George M. 1989 Developmental Biology of the Axolotl Newy York Oxford University Press xii, 320 p. Journal Article Arnold, E. N. 1986 A new spiny-fotted lizard (Acanthodactylus: Lacertidae) from Saudi Arabia Fauna of Saudi Arabia 8 378-384 Journal Article Arnold, Stevan J. 1987 The comparative ethology of courtship in salamandrid salamanders. 1. Salamandra and Chioglossa Ethology 74 133-145 sexual selection, caudata, urodela, amphibia, Journal Article Arnold, S. J.;Bennett, A. F. 1988 Behavioral variation in natural populations. V. Morphological correlates of locomotion in the garter snake (Thamnophis radix) Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 34 175-190 anitpredator behavior, performance, crawling, vetebral numbers Journal Article Arntzen, J. W.;Sparreboom, M. 1989 A phylogeny for the Old World newts, genus Triturus: biochemical and behavioral data J. Zool. Lond. 219 645-664 Amphibia, urodele, caudata, triturus, behavior, phylogeny, systematics, reproduction Journal Article Arslan, M.;Jalali, S.;Nasreen, T;Qazi, M.H. 1986 Seasonal changes in epididymis and the effects of FSH and testosterone in the spiny-tailed lizard, (Uromastix hardwicki) Zoo Biology 5 251-259 reptilia squamata sauria agamidae, Uromastyx hardwicki, captivity, endocrinology NOD-bestand DR Journal Article Arzt, A. H.;Silver, W. L.;Mason, J. R.;Clark, L. 1986 Olfactory responses of aquatic and terrestrial tiger salamanders to airborne and waterborne stimuli J Comp Physiol [A] 158 4 479-87 Ambystoma/*physiology; Animal; Central Nervous System/*physiology; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Olfactory Pathways/*physiology; Osmolar Concentration; Sensory Thresholds; Solutions; Stimulation, Chemical; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Volatilization Electro-olfactograms (EOGs) were used to assess olfactory responding by aquatic larval and terrestrial adult tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum) to airborne volatile compounds, and volatile and non-volatile compounds in aqueous solution. Both forms of salamander showed saturation effects to presentations of airborne stimuli (Fig. 2). Saturation was not observed, however, to stimulus presentations in aqueous solution (Figs. 2, 3). When threshold values and concentration- response curve parameters were compared, non-volatile amino acids in solution were more potent stimuli for larvae while airborne volatiles were more potent stimuli for adults (Tables 1, 2). We infer that metamorphosis in the tiger salamander is accompanied by changes in olfactory response characteristics, due possibly to changes in receptor population, changes in perireceptor properties (e.g. mucus) or to changes in stimulus access. Journal Article Asfari, M. 1988 Mycobacterium-induced infectious granuloma in Xenopus: Histopathology and transmissibilty Cancer Research 48 4 958-963 Amphibia, anura, Xenopus, infection, bacteria, mycobacteria, tuberculosis Journal Article Ashby, M.D. 1985 Factors affecting blood physiology and haemoglobin function in the New Zealand skinks, Leiolopisma smithi (GRAY) and Leiolopisma zelandica (GRAY) Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 80A 31-40 Reptilia, sauria, New Zealand skink, Leiolopisma smithi, Leiolopisma zelandica, physiology, hemoglobin, hematology, values Journal Article Ashe, James S.;Marx, Hymen 1988 Phylogeny of the viperine snakes (Viperinae): Part II. Cladistic analysis and Major Lineages Fieldiana: Zoology 52 1-23 Adenorhinos atheris bitis causus echis eristicophis pseudocerastes vipera azemiops Journal Article Ashe, James S.;Marx, Hymen 1988 Phylogeny of the Viperine snakes (Viperinae): Part I. Cladistic analysis and major lineages Fieldiana: Zoology 52 iv, 1-23 Journal Article Ashe, James S.;Marx, Hymen 1988 Phylogeny of the Viperine snakes (Viperinae): Part II. Cladistic analysis and major lineages Fieldiana: Zoology 52 iv, 1-23 Journal Article Ashley, S. W.;Soybel, D. I.;De, L.;Cheung, L. Y. 1985 Microelectrode studies of Necturus antral mucosa. II. Equivalent circuit analysis Am J Physiol 248 5 Pt 1 G574-9 Amiloride/pharmacology; Animal; Electric Conductivity; Electrophysiology; Gastric Mucosa/*physiology; Kinetics; Mathematics; Membrane Potentials/drug effects; Microelectrodes; Necturus maculosus; Pyloric Antrum/*physiology; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Intracellular microelectrode techniques were employed to determine the equivalent circuit parameters in Necturus antral mucosa. Stable intracellular impalements were obtained using 15- to 50-M omega microelectrodes. Measured transepithelial and cellular potentials and voltage deflections produced by transepithelial current pulses were used to calculate the electrical resistances of the cell membranes and the equivalent electromotive forces (EMF) at both cell borders. The measured potentials were -4.1 +/- 0.8 mV for the entire epithelia, - 41.8 +/- 5.1 mV for the apical membrane, and -45.9 +/- 5.0 mV for the basolateral membrane. Values for the resistances were 7,300 +/- 1,900 omega X cm2 for the apical, 3,990 +/- 1,170 omega X cm2 for the basolateral, and 710 +/- 40 omega X cm2 for the shunt. Assuming that the shunt EMF is zero with control Ringer solution on both sides of the tissue, the effect of this relatively low-resistance shunt on electrical parameters can be determined. The cell membrane EMFs are both oriented with the interior negative and are -1.2 +/- 9.7 mV (apical) and -69.7 +/- 11.3 mV (basolateral). The difference between these values and the measured potentials is the result of a flow of current through the shunt from serosa to mucosa, hyperpolarizing the apical and depolarizing the basolateral membranes. Book Section Ashley, Don;David, Dennis N. 1987 Marketing crocodilian skins Webb, Grahame J. W.;Manolis, S. Charlis and Whitehead, Peter J. Wildlife Management: Crocodiles and Alligators Chipping Norton, NSW Surrey Beatty & Sons Pty Ltd 397-403 Book Section Ashley, D.;Webber, A.L.;David, D.N. 1987 Marketing crocodilian skins Webb, G.J.W.;Manolis, S.C. and Whitehead, P.J. Wildlife management: Crocodiles and alligators Chipping Norton, New South Wales, Australia. 522 pp. Surrey Beatty and Sons Pty Ltd. 397-403 utilization, FL Journal Article Ashley, S. W.;Soybel, D. I.;Moore, C. D.;Cheung, L. Y. 1989 Effects of aspirin and acetic acid on intracellular pH in necturus gastric mucosa Am J Surg 157 1 66-73 Acetic Acids/*pharmacology; Animal; Aspirin/*pharmacology; *Gastric Acidity Determination; Gastric Mucosa/*analysis/drug effects; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Membrane Potentials; Necturus maculosus; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Intracellular microelectrode techniques were employed to examine the effects of luminal aspirin and acetic acid on intracellular pH and cell membrane potential in the surface epithelial cells of Necturus antrum. Antral mucosa was mounted in a modified Ussing chamber, and intracellular pH was determined from the difference between the potentials recorded by intracellular conventional and pH-sensitive microelectrodes. Under neutral conditions (pH7), aspirin (5 mM) hyperpolarized (-7.5 +/- 1 mV, p less than 0.0001) and acetic acid (5 mM) depolarized (+4 +/- 0.08 mV, p less than 0.001) cell membrane potential. Neither agent had any significant effect on intracellular pH. Under acidic conditions (pH 4.5), aspirin (5 mM) reduced the intracellular pH from 6.99 +/- 0.03 to 6.87 +/- 0.04 (p less than 0.001) and depolarized cell membrane potential from -36.7 +/- 1.5 to - 30.3 +/- 1.6 mV, p less than 0.001). Similarly, acetic acid (5 mM) acidified the cells (-0.20 +/- 0.02, p less than 0.001) and depolarized cell membrane potential (+9.6 +/- 1.9 mV, p less than 0.01). These changes suggest that, in the absence of luminal acid, small organic acids, such as aspirin and acetic acid, may have complex effects on the ionic conductances of the surface cell membranes without altering intracellular pH. In contrast, under acidic conditions, these agents increase the permeability of the apical cell membrane-to-acid back- diffusion from the gastric lumen. Book Ashton, R.E.;Jr.;Asthon, P. S. 1985 Handbook of reptiles and amphibians of Florida. Part two: lizards, turtles and crocodilians Miami, FL Windward Publ. Inc. Book Ashton, Ray E., Jr;Ashton, Patricia Sawyer 1985 Handbook of Reptiles and Amphibians of Florida. Part Two: Lizards, Turtles & Crocodilians Miami, FL Windward Publishing 191 Book Ashton, Ray E.;Ashton, Patricia Sawyer 1988 Handbook of Reptiles and Amphibians of Florida. part one. The Snakes Miami, FL Windward Publishing 176 Book Ashton, Ray E., Jr;Ashton, Patricia Sawyer 1988 Handbook of Reptiles and Amphibians of Florida. Part Three: The Amphibians Miami, FL Windward Publishing 191 Book ASIH HL and SSAR 1987 Guidelines for use of live amphibians and reptiles in field research St. Louis ASIH, HL, & SSAR 14 Journal Article Asquith, A.;Altig, R. 1986 Osmoregulation of the lesser siren, Siren intermedia (Caudata: Amphibia) Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 84A 4 683-685 Caudata, Sirenidae, Siren intermedia, osmoregulation, saline stress, aestivation, salinity tolerance, USA, Arkansas Journal Article Asquith, A.;Altig., R. 1986 Osmoregulation of the lesser siren, Siren intermedia (Caudata: Amphibia) Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 84A 683-685 Journal Article Asquith, A.;Altig., R. 1987 Phototaxis and activity patterns of Siren intermedia Southwest Naturalist 32 146-148 Journal Article Astheimer, L.B.;Manolis, S.C.;Grau, C.R. 1989 Egg formation in crocodiles: Avian affinities in yolk deposition Copeia 1989 1 221-224 CPR, reproduction, embryology, Australia Journal Article Astion, M. L.;Obaid, A. L.;Orkand, R. K. 1989 Effects of barium and bicarbonate on glial cells of Necturus optic nerve. Studies with microelectrodes and voltage-sensitive dyes J Gen Physiol 93 4 731-44 Animal; Barium/*pharmacology; Bicarbonates/*pharmacology; Cell Membrane; Electrophysiology; In Vitro; Membrane Potentials/drug effects; Microelectrodes; Necturus/*physiology; Necturus maculosus/*physiology; Optic Nerve/cytology/*drug effects; Potassium/metabolism; Sodium/metabolism; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. We have studied the effects of Ba++, a known K+ channel blocker, on the electrophysiological properties of the glial cells of Necturus optic nerve. The addition of Ba++ reversibly depolarized glial cells by 25-50 mV; the half maximal deplorization was obtained with a Ba++ concentration of approximately 0.3 mM. In the presence of Ba++, the sensitivity of the membrane to changes in K+ was reduced and there was evidence of competition between K+ and Ba++ for the K+ channel. These effects, which were accompanied by a large increase in the input resistance of the glial cells, indicate that Ba++ blocks the K+ conductance in glial cells of Necturus optic nerve. With the K+ conductance reduced, we were able to investigate the presence of other membrane conductances. We found that in the presence of Ba++, the addition of HCO3- caused a Na+-dependent hyperpolarization that was sensitive to the disulfonic stilbene SITS (4-acetamido-4'- isothiocyanostilbene-2, 2'-disulfonic acid). Removal of Na+ resulted in a HCO3- -dependent, SITS-sensitive depolarization. These results are consistent with the presence in the glial membrane of an electrogenic Na+/HCO3- cotransporter in which Na+, HCO3-, and net negative charge are transported in the same direction. In Cl- -free solutions, the Ba++- induced depolarization increased, suggesting a small permeability to Cl- . Using voltage-sensitive dyes and a photodiode array for multiple site optical recording, the distribution of potential changes in response to square pulses of intracellularly injected current were recorded before and after the addition of increased and the decay of amplitude as a function of distance decreased. Such results indicate that Ba++ increases the membrane resistance more than the resistance of the intercellular junctions. Journal Article Astor, E. D. 1985 Notas sobre la conducta social de Caiman latirostris chacoensis, Freiberg y Carvalho, 1965, "Yacaré overo o ñato", en cautiverio. (Crocodylia, Alligatoridae) Boletín de la Asociación Herpetológica Argentina 2 4 10-13 Caiman latirostris chacoensis Journal Article Atatür, Mehmet K.;Arikan, Hüseyin;Mermer, Ahmet 1989-90 A taxonmical investigation on Rana ridibunda Pallas (Anura, Ranidae) populations from the Lakes District - Anatolia Istambul Üniv. Fen. Fak., Biyoloji Der. 54 79-83 Journal Article Atencio, D.E. 1987 Survey of marine turtle nesting activity on Eglin AFB in 1987 Journal Article Athawale, B. W. 1986 Snakebite cases Hamadryad 11 3 19-23 Snakebite Journal Article Atnip, K. D.;Hade, E. P.;Donaldson, D. J. 1988 N-acetylglucosamine binding activity in extracts of adult newt skin Comp Biochem Physiol A 90 3 475-9 Acetylglucosamine/*metabolism; Animal; Densitometry; Edetic Acid/pharmacology; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Erythrocyte Aggregation; Erythrocytes/drug effects; Glucosamine/*analogs & derivatives; Hemagglutination/drug effects; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Rabbits/blood; Salamandridae/*metabolism; Skin/*analysis; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Tissue Extracts/*metabolism/pharmacology 1. Extracts of the dermis of the adult newt, Notophthalmus viridescens, contain hemagglutination activity which is specifically inhibited by N- acetylglucosamine. 2. The activity is soluble and is associated with a doublet in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels, the bands of which have relative molecular weights of 51,000 and 57,000 under both reducing and non-reducing conditions. 3. The activity requires magnesium but not calcium, cobalt, or manganese and is inhibited by barium. 4. The activity is also dependent on pH with a pH optimum between 7.0 and 7.6. Report Aubry, Keith B. 1985 Standard procedures for collecting, preserving, and curating herpetological specimens at the Burke Memorial Museum Book Aubry, Keith B. 1985 Standard procedures for collecting, preserving, and curating herpetological specimens at the Burke Memorial Museum Seattle, WA Burke Memorial Museum 26 Book Auerbach, R. D. 1985 The Reptiles of Gaborone Gaborone, Botswana Botswana Book Centre 48 Book Auerbach, Ronald Daniel 1987 The Amphibians and Reptiles of Botswana Gaborone, Botswana Mokwepa Consultants (Pty) Ltd. 295 Journal Article Auffenberg, W. 1986 Shelter use in gopher tortoises Gainesville Herpetol. Soc. Newsl. 2 3 10-14 Journal Article Auffenberg, W.;Auffenberg, T. 1988 Resource partitioning in a community of Philippine skinks (Sauria: Scincidae) Bulletin of the Florida State Museum Biological Sciences 32 2 151-219 reptiles, lizards, body size, diversity, habitat, food, diet, lipids, feeding Journal Article Auffenberg, Walter 1988 A new species of Geochelone (Testudinata: Testudinidae) from the Pleistocene of Florida (U.S.A.) Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia 31 23 591-604 fossils new species sp. nov. mlynarskii turgida complex incisa Journal Article Auffenberg, T. 1988 Amblyomma helvolum (Acarina: Ixodidae) as a parasite of varanid and scincid reptiles in the Philippines. International Journal for Parasitology 18 7 937-945 Reptilia, Sauria, Varanidae, Varanus salvator, Varanus grayi, infection, ectoparasite, Ixodidae, Amblyomma helvolum Infestation levels and attachment sites of male and females of Amblyomma helvolum on the hosts Varanus salvator and V. grayi and on 14 other lizard species representing the families Scincidae and Agamidae, were recorded for 19 months in the Philippines. The frequency of A. helvolum varied with season of the year, and the highest tick levels occurred during the first monsoon in June and July following 4 months with little rain. Both varanids were more frequently infested with A. helvolum than other lizard species. Female ticks attached anteriorly on all hosts, and on both varanids their attachment sites were similar, most commonly between the toes of the front feet and in the axillary area. Male ticks, however, attached to different sites on each varanid host. On V. salvator, males primarily attached on the ventral surface, while on V. grayi they were largely restricted to the base of the claws. Book Auffenberg, Walter 1988 Gray's Monitor Lizard Gainesville University Presses of Florida, University of Florida Press xi, 1-419 Journal Article Auffenberg, W.A. 1988 A new species of Geochelone (Testudinata: Testudinidae) from the Pleistocene of Florida (U.S.A.) Acta Zool. Cracov 31 11-27 591-604 Journal Article Auffenberg, Walter;Auffenberg, Troy 1989 Reproductive patterns in sympatric Philippine skinks (Sauria: Scincidae) Bulletin of the Florida State Museum Biological Sciences 34 5 201-247 Journal Article Aulie, A.;Kanui, T.I.;Maloiy, G.M.O. 1989 The effects of temperature on oxygen consumption of eggs and hatchlings of the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) Comp. Biochrm. Physiol. 93A 473-475 CNL, metabolism, temperature, gas, embryology, Journal Article Austin, H.B. 1988 The hormonal control of Muellerian-duct regression in the American alligator Abstract only Amer. Zool. 28 4 158A AM, embryology, biochemistry, endocrinology, Journal Article Austin, H.B. 1989 Mullerian-duct regression in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) - its morphology and testicular induction J. Exp. Zool. 251 3 329-338 AM, reproduction, embryology, Journal Article Austin, H. B. 1989 The effects of estradiol and testosterone on mullerian-duct regression in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 76 3 461-472 AM, reproduction, endocrinology, embryology, Female hatchling alligators were castrated and implanted with a graft of either skeletal muscle tissue or testicular tissue from male hatchlings. Following surgery, each female also received a sustained-release pellet (Innovative Research of America, Rockville, MD) implanted subcutaneously that delivered one of the following treatments: a control substance (0.1 mg), 17 beta-estradiol (0.01 mg), or testosterone propionate (0.1 mg). Treated and final control females were sacrificed 8 weeks after surgery, and the mullerian and wolffian ducts were removed and examined histologically. The testis graft induced regression of the mullerian ducts in both the testosterone- and control-treated females. In the estradiol-treated females, however, no mullerian-duct regression occurred, indicating that estradiol prevented testis-induced regression. In the females that received a muscle graft, the mullerian ducts of placebo-treated females were morphologically similar to those of the intact final control females, but they were smaller in size. On the other hand, estradiol-treated mullerian ducts exhibited significant hypertrophy, but differentiation of muscle tissue in the stroma was not induced. Some of the testosterone-treated ducts were also slightly stimulated, but none showed any signs of regression. This suggests that testosterone does not induce regression in this species. Finally, there was no effect of either graft treatment or steroid treatment on the wolffian ducts. The evolutionary significance of these results is discussed. Journal Article Autumn, Keller;Wang, Yao-Zhao 1988 Preliminary observations on the ecology of Phrynocephalus axillaris and Eremias velox in the Turpan depression, Xinjiang Uygar autonomous region, China Chinese Herpetological Research 2 1 6-13 thermoregulation behavior microhabitat Journal Article Autumn, K.;Han, B. 1989 Mimicry of scorpions by juvenile lizards, Teratoscincus roborowskii (Gekkonidae) Chinese Herpetological Research 2 60-64 Batesian mimicry, lizards, Gekkonidae, Teratoscincus, scorpions, China Journal Article Autumn, Keller;Han, Batur 1989 Mimicry of scorpions by juvenile lizards, Teratoscincus roborowskii Chinese Herpetological Research 2 1 60-64 batesian gekkonidae china Journal Article Aveldson, Steve 1989 An old friend, the desert Oregon Herpetological Society Newsletter 28 5-6 sauromalus obesus callisaurus draconoides dipsosaurus dorsalis cnemidophorus tigris coleonyx variegatus chionactis occipitalis lampropeltis getula hypsiglena torquata crotalus cerastes Journal Article Avery, Roger A. 1988 Observations on habitat utilization by the lizard Anolis conspersus on the island of Grand Cayman, West Indies Amphibia-Reptilia 9 4 417-420 Journal Article Avise, John C.;Arnold, Jonathan;Ball, R. Martin;Bermingham, Eldredge;Lamb, Trip;Neigel, Joseph E.;Reeb, Carol A.;Saunders, Nancy C. 1987 Intraspecific phylogeography: The mitochondrial DNA bridge between population genetics and systematics Ann. Rev. Ecol. Sys. 18 489-599 mtDNA; Population genetics; systematics; phylogeography Journal Article Avise, John C.;Bowen, Brian W.;Lamb, Trip 1989 DNA fingerprints from hypervariable mitochrondrial genotypes Molecular Biology and Evolution 6 3 258-269 Sauromalus obesus Journal Article Axelsson, M.;Nilsson, S. 1985 Control of the heart in the mudpuppy, Necturus maculosus Exp Biol 44 4 229-39 Acetylcholine/pharmacology; Animal; Atropine/pharmacology; Blood Pressure/drug effects; Catecholamines/blood; Electric Stimulation; Epinephrine/pharmacology; Heart/*physiology; Heart Atrium/physiology; *Heart Conduction System; Heart Rate/drug effects; Heart Ventricle/physiology; In Vitro; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Necturus/*physiology; Perfusion; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Vagus Nerve/physiology The cardiac innervation of the mudpuppy, Necturus maculosus, was investigated using in vivo recording of blood pressure and heart rate, a perfused heart preparation, isolated paced ventricular and atrial strip preparations, Falck-Hillarp fluorescence histochemistry and measurements of plasma concentrations of catecholamines. The heart of Necturus receives a 'classical' vagal inhibitory innervation by cholinergic fibres which act via muscarinic cholinoceptors. In addition, there appears to be an atropine-resistant inhibitory component in the vagal innervation of the heart. This component is best seen at higher frequencies of vagal stimulation (10-20 Hz), but the mechanism behind this response is not known. There is no direct adrenergic innervation of the ventricle or atria, but by use of Falck- Hillarp fluorescence histochemistry, adrenergic fibres have been demonstrated at the atrio-ventricular border, particularly within the intracardiac ganglion. The histochemical evidence is consistent with a modulation of the ganglionic transmission in the vagal pathways by adrenergic neurons and small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells, but physiological evidence is wanting. An adrenergic control of the heart via circulating adrenaline may occur during 'stress', when the plasma level of adrenaline is high enough to affect cardiac performance. Journal Article Axelsson, M.;Holm, S.;Nilsson, S. 1989 Flow dynamics of the crocodilian heart Am J Physiol 256 4 Pt 2 R875-9 CCR, anatomy, heart, circulation, We report for the first time the flow events corresponding to the pressure patterns in the left and right aorta (LAo and RAo) during the cardiac cycle in the caiman (Caiman crocodylus ssp). These experiments show a complex LAo flow pattern; an initial small anterograde flow in the early systole is reversed to a backflow at midsystole. At the end of systole there is again a small anterograde flow. This second flow pulse corresponds to a pressure peak ("foramen spike") in the LAo pressure trace. The observed pattern is compatible with the view that the foramen Panizzae is obstructed by the medial cusp of the RAo valve during part of the systole. LAo pressure remains normally above right ventricular pressure throughout the cardiac cycle and there is thus no contribution to LAo flow from the right ventricle. The net flow in the LAo normally equals the flow through the foramen Panizzae and is very small compared with the systemic flow in the RAo. Journal Article Axelsson, M.;Wahlqvist, I.;Ehrenstrom, F. 1989 Cardiovascular regulation in the mudpuppy Necturus maculosus at rest and during short term exercise Exp Biol 48 5 253-9 Animal; Autonomic Nervous System/*physiology; Blood Pressure/drug effects; Catecholamines/blood/*physiology; *Exertion; Female; Heart Rate/drug effects; Hemodynamics/*drug effects; Male; Necturus/*physiology; Norepinephrine/blood; Parasympathetic Nervous System/*physiology; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Yohimbine/pharmacology Prebranchial blood pressure (Pva), heart rate (fH) and plasma catecholamine concentration were measured in the mudpuppy Necturus maculosus at rest and during exercise. During exercise, both fH and Pva increased, as did the plasma noradrenaline concentration. There was no significant effect on Pva after injection of the adrenergic neuron blocker, bretylium, in resting animals, neither did bretylium affect the exercise-induced increase in Pva. This suggests that there is no adrenergic nervous tone on the vasculature at rest or during exercise. The alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine had no effect on the resting Pva in the bretylium-treated animals, but it abolished the increase in Pva during exercise. This is compatible with the view of no influence on Pva by the plasma catecholamines at rest, while during exercise the increase in plasma noradrenaline concentration is responsible for the increase in Pva. Injection of atropine elevated resting fH, and reduced or abolished cardiac arrythmia, indicating an inhibitory cholinergic tone on the heart at rest, and that variations in this tone are responsible for the intrinsic variation seen in untreated animals. After the atropine treatment, there was still an increase in fH during exercise. The beta-adrenoceptor antagonist sotalol decreased fH in resting atropinized animals, and inhibited the exercise-induced tachycardia, implying that there is an additional beta- adrenoceptor-mediated adrenergic tone, affecting the heart both at rest and during exercise. The cholinergic tone decreased during exercise with a concomitant increase in adrenergic tone. Falck-Hillarp fluorescent histochemistry was used to study the presence of adrenergic nerve fibres and other catecholamine-storing cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Journal Article Axthelm, M. K. 1989 Viral encephalitis of Boid snakes 3rd int. Coll. Path. Amph. Rept. Orlando 1989 25-26 Reptilia, serpentes, boa, infection, virus, encephalitis Journal Article Ayala, Stephen C.;Williams, Ernest E. 1988 New or problematic Anolis from Colombia. VI. Two fuscoauratoid anoles from the Pacific lowlands, A. maculiventris Boulenger, 1898 and A. medemi, a new species from Gorgona Island Breviora 490 1-16 Book Section Baard, E.H.W. 1989 Psammobates geometricus I.R. Swingland, M.W. Klemens The conservation biology of tortoises IUCN 85-87 Journal Article Bachmann, M. D.;R. G. Carlton, J. M. Burkholder;Wetzel., R. G. 1986 Symbiosis between salamander eggs and green algae: microelectrode measurements inside eggs demonstrate effect of photosynthesis on oxygen concentration Canadian Journal of Zoology 64 1586-1588 Journal Article Backwell, Patricia R. Y. 1988 Functional partitioning in the two-part call of the leaf-folding frog, Afrixalus brachycnemis Herpetologica 44 1-7 Amphibia, Anura, mating call, call analysis, Afrixalus brachycnemis, call, vocalization, two-part call, functional partitioning, sound analysis Journal Article Badeer, Henry S. 1986 Does gravitational pressure of blood hinder flow to the brain of the giraffe? Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 83A 207-211 circulation Journal Article Badeer, Henry S. 1988 Haemodynamics of the jugular vein in the giraffe Nature 332 788-789 circulation Journal Article Baer, Adela 1989 Maintaining biocultural diversity Conservation Biology 3 1 97-98 Conference Proceedings Baer, D.J.;Oftedal, O.T.;Kirk, C.L. 1989 Effect of dietary plant fiber and sex on growth and intake of Iguana iguana and a method to determine the metabolizable energy requirement for maintenance 1 Journal Article Baeyens, D. A. 1987 The kinetic properties and sensitivity to pyruvate inhibition of tissue lactate dehydrogenase in diving and nondiving reptiles Comp Biochem Physiol [B] 86 2 259-64 Animal; Brain/enzymology; Comparative Study; Diving; Kinetics; Lactate Dehydrogenase/*antagonists & inhibitors; Liver/enzymology; Myocardium/enzymology; Pyruvates/*pharmacology; Reptiles/*physiology; Snakes/*physiology; Species Specificity; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. The kinetic properties and susceptibility to pyruvate inhibition of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were examined in three tissues of the freshwater turtle, Pseudemys scripta, and two snake species, Elaphe obsoleta and Nerodia rhombifera. Brain and heart LDH activity of the snakes surpassed that of Pseudemys at pyruvate concentrations between 0.03 and 0.50 mM. The snakes also had lower apparent Km and higher Vmax values than Pseudemys. Liver LDH activity, apparent Km, and Vmax were highest in Elaphe, and there were no differences between Km or Vmax values of Nerodia and Pseudemys. In each tissue, snake LDH was less susceptible to pyruvate inhibition than was Pseudemys LDH. The results indicate that Pseudemys LDH is no better adapted to withstand anaerobic conditions than is that of Nerodia or Elaphe. Journal Article Bagnara, J. T.;Iela, L.;Morrisett, F.;Rastogi, R. K. 1986 Reproduction in the Mexican leaf frog (Pachymedusa dacnicolor) I. Behavioral and morphological aspects Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 121 1-31 Pachymedusa dacnicolor; Reproduction; Mexico Journal Article Bagnara, J. T.;Iela, L.;Rastogi, F. MorrisettR. K. 1986 Reproduction in the Mexican leaf frog (Pachymedusa dacnicolor) I. behavioral and morpholgical aspects Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History the University of Kansas Lawrence, Kansas 121 1-31 Amphibia, Anura, Phullomedusinae, reproductive behavior Journal Article Bagshaw, R. J. 1985 Evolution of cardiovascular baroreceptor control Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 60 2 121-62 Alligators and Crocodiles, Amphibia, Animal, Anura, Birds, Blood Pressure, Cardiovascular, System/*innervation, Evolution, Fishes, Human, Invertebrates, Lizards, Mammals, Physiology/methods, Pressoreceptors/anatomy & histology/*physiology, Reptiles, Snakes, Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Urodela Book Baidashnikov, E. A.;et al. 1988 [Fauna of the Carpathian Nature Reserve (Carpathian Mountains)] Moscow 44 Journal Article Bailey, Joseph R. 1986 The Oxyrhopus petola-letrolarius question continued Bulletin of the Maryland Herpetological Society 22 3 144-145 Journal Article Baker, M. R. 1987 Synopsis of the Nematoda Parasitic in Amphibians and Reptiles. Memorial University of Newfoundland Occasional Papers in Biology. 11 Reptilia, testidunes, sauria, serpentes, amphibia, infection, helminth, nematode Book Section Balazs, G.H. 1985 Impact of ocean debris on marine turtles: entanglement and ingestion R.S. Shomura, H.O. Yoshida Proceedings of the Workshop on the Fate and Impact of Marine Debris Honolulu, Hawaii NOAA 387-429 Journal Article Balcambe, JB;Light LE. 1987 Some aspects of the ecology of the midland painted turtle. Chrysemys picta marginata in Wye Marsh, Ontario. Can.Field-Naturalist 101 1 98-. Reptilia, testudines, midland painted turtle,Chrysemys picta marginata, biology, environment, ecology prex Journal Article Balcambe, JB;LE., Light 1987 Some aspects of the ecology of the midland painted turtle. Chrysemys picta marginata in Wye Marsh, Ontario. Can.Field-Naturalist 101 1 98-. Reptilia, testudines, midland painted turtle,Chrysemys picta marginata, biology, environment, ecology prex Journal Article Balcambe, JB;LE.;Light 1987 Some aspects of the ecology of the midland painted turtle. Chrysemys picta marginata in Wye Marsh, Ontario. Can.Field-Naturalist 101 1 98-. Reptilia, testudines, midland painted turtle,Chrysemys picta marginata, biology, environment, ecology prex Journal Article Baldwin, K. S.;Stanford., R. A. 1987 Life history notes: Ambystoma californiense (California tiger salamander): predation Herpetological Review 18 33 Journal Article Baldwin, J.;K. Mortimer, A. Patak 1989 Anaerobic metabolism during dispersal of green and loggerhead turtle hatchlings Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 94 4 663-666 Journal Article Balletto, E.;Cherchi, M. A.;Gasperetti, J. 1985 Amphibians of the Arabian Peninsula Fauna of Saudi Arabia 7 318-392 Journal Article Ballinger, R.E.;Hipp, T.G. 1985 Hematological variations in the collared lizard, Crotaphytus collaris (Sauria: Iguanidae) Copeia 782-784 Reptilia, sauria, Iguanidae, collared lizard, Crotaphytus collaris, physiology, blood, hematology, values, variations Journal Article Ballinger, R. E. 1989 Ontogenetic stages of reproductive maturity in the viviparous lizard, Sceloporus jarrovi (Iguanidae) Journal of Herpetology 23 3 282-292 reptiles, lizards, viviparity, ontogeny, reproduction , histology, Arizona, Journal Article Balment, R. J.;Loveridge, J. P. 1989 Endocrines and osmoregulatory mechanisms in the Nile crocodile, Crocodylus niloticus Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 73 3 361-7 CNL, endocrinology, osmoregulation, physiology, The changes in body fluid economy and endocrine status associated with exposure of the Nile crocodile, Crocodylus niloticus, to hypertonic media have been related to the responses to altered renin-angiotensin system (RAS) activity observed in fresh water (FW) animals. Animals held in hypertonic media for 7 days showed a 18.2% body weight loss and raised plasma and urinary sodium, potassium, chloride, and osmotic concentrations. Within 6 hr of return to FW rapid imbibition had largely restored body weight and produced significant plasma dilution. Although plasma sodium, chloride, and osmotic concentrations remained higher than in FW controls, plasma levels of corticosterone, aldosterone, and arginine vasotocin were not significantly altered. Angiotensin I (AI) administration in FW crocodiles stimulated drinking and raised plasma aldosterone levels by comparison with animals given the converting enzyme inhibitor, Captopril, together with AI. The compensatory drinking behaviour exhibited by the Nile crocodile may thus involve the RAS. The RAS also appears to influence interrenal steroidogenesis and thus may afford an integrative role in crocodile fluid management as it does in homeotherms. Book Section Balouet, Jean Christophe 1989 New Caledonian crocodile (Mekosuchus inexpectatus) Ross, Charles A. Crocodiles and Alligators New York Facts on File 36 Journal Article Baloutch, M.;Thireau, M. 1986 Une espece nouvelle de gecko Eublepharis ensafi (Sauria, Gekkonidae, Eublepharinae) du Khouzistan (Sud ouest de l'Iran) [A new species of gecko Eublepharis ensafi (Sauria, Gekkonidae, Eublepharinae) from Khouzistan (Southwest part of Iran) Bulletin mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon 55 8 281-288 Journal Article Banks, C.B. 1985 Oviducal development in a Krefft's river turtle, (Emydura krefftii) Gray (chelonia: chelidae) Zoo Biology 4 111-114 reptilia, chelonia, pleurodira, chelidae, Emydura krefftii, captivity, reproduction NOD-bestandDR Journal Article Banks, C.B. 1985 Oviducal development in a Krefft's river turtle (Emydura krefftii Gray (chelonia: chelidae)) Zoo Biol. 4 111-115 Reptilia, testudines, Krefft's river turtle, Emydura krefftii, anatomy, oviduct, development Journal Article Banks, E. 1986 Reminiscence of turtles from a past curator Sarawak Museum Journal 36 57 273-277 Book Banks, Richard C.;McDiarmid, Roy W.;Gardner, Alfred L. 1987 Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada Washington D.C. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 79 Journal Article Banks, B.;Beebee., T. J. C. 1987 Spawn predation and larval growth inhibition as mechanisms for niche separation in anurans Oecologia 72 569-573 Journal Article Banks, Chris B. 1988 Book Review: Care of Australian Reptiles in Captivity Herpetofauna 18 2 26 Book Review Journal Article Banks, Chris B. 1988 Book Review: Breeding Terrarium Animals Herpetofauna 18 1 32 Book Review Book Baran, I.;Kasparek, M. 1989 Marine turtles Turkey. Status survey 1988 and recommendations for conservation and management Verlag, Heidelberg, West Germany WWF Journal Article Barbault, R.;Mou, Y. P. 1986 A population analysis of the common wall lizard Podarcis muralis in southwestern France Studies in Herpetology, Rocek Z. 513-518 reptiles, lizards, reproduction, growth, size, maturity, demography, density, survivorship Journal Article Barbault, R. 1987 Pression de predation et evolution des strategies demographiques en zone tropicale: le cas des lezards et des amphibiens Revue de zoologie africaine 101 3 301-327 reptiles, amphibians, lizards, life-history strategies, tropics, predation, predation, evolution, demography, community Book Section Barbault, R. 1988 Ecological constraints and the evolution of life-history strategies in tropical lizards Vida, G. Organizational constraints on the dynamics of evolution Manchester Manchester Univ., Press reptiles, lizards, selection, predation, Journal Article Barbault, R.;Mou, Y. P. 1988 Population dynamics of the common wall lizard, Podarcis muralis, in southwestern France Herpetologica 44 1 38-47 reptiles, lizards, densities, population-size stability, reproduction, demographic structure, turnover, size, growth, survivorship Thesis Bard, A.M. 1989 Resident and relocated tortoises: a comparative study in central Florida, 1985-1989 Journal Article Barnard, Susan M. 1986 An annotated outline of commonly occurring reptilian parasites Acta Zoologica et Pathologica Antverpiensia 79 39-72 Journal Article Barnard, S.M. 1987 An annotated outline of commonly occurring reptilian parasites. Acta Zoologica et Pathologica Antverpiensia. (and Acta Med. Vet., 34,1, 91-172) 79 39-72 Reptilia, serpentes, chelonia, Elaphe quatuorlineata, E. longissima,Testudo graeca, nematoda, therapy, ivermectin, Erinaceidae, Erinaceus europaeus Common species of parasites affecting captive reptiles are considered with their diagnoses and treatments under 2 main headings, the endoparasites (including protozoa, helminths and pentastomids), and the ectoparasites (including mites, ticks and leeches). Pseudoparasites (plant and animal artefacts present in faeces that may be mistaken for parasites) are also considered. Drugs that may be used for the treatment of endoparasites in reptiles are listed with trade/manufacturer names, dosages, mode of administration, target parasite and various contraindications and/or precautions. Journal Article Barnes, V. 1987 Snapper Fla. Wildl. 41 4 38-40 Journal Article Barrett, Sheryl L. 1985 Desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) home range and habitat use in the Picacho Mountains, Pinal County final report Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1985 75 Journal Article Barrett, S.L.;Humphrey, J.A. 1986 Agonistic interactions between Gopherus agassizii Testudinidae and Heloderma suspectum Helodermatidae Southwest Nat. 31 2 261-263 Journal Article Bart, H. L.;Holzenthal., R. W. 1985 Feeding ecology of Necturus beyeri in Louisiana Journal of Herpetology 19 402-410 Journal Article Barten, S. L. 1985 Oviducal rupture in a Burmese python (Python molurus bivittatus) J. Zoo Anim. Med. 1985 141-143 Reptilia, serpentes, Burmese python, Python molurus bivittatus, oviduct, rupture 270390 MDL DGB Rept 88 Journal Article BARTEN, S.L. et al. 1985 Acquired leukism (Vitiligo) in a Burmese python (Python molurus bivittatus). Herpetological Reviews 16 2 57 Reptilia, serpentes, Burmese python,Python molurus bivittatus, pathology, skin, acquired leukism, vitiligo Journal Article Barten, S. L. 1985 Oviductal rupture in a Burmese Python (Python molurus bivittatus) treated with Oxytocin for egg retention J. Zoo. An. Med. 16 141-143 Journal Article Barten, S. L.;Jacobson, E. R.;Gardiner, C.H. 1989 Infection of aquatic turtles with Flavobacterium meningosepticum 3rd int. Coll. Path. Amph. Rept. Orlando 33 Reptilia, testudines, turtle, infection, Flavobacterium meningosepticum Journal Article Barthalmus, G. T. 1989 Neuroleptic modulation of oral dyskinesias induced in snakes by Xenopus skin mucus Pharmacol Biochem Behav 34 1 95-9 Animal; Behavior, Animal/*drug effects; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Interactions; Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced/*etiology; Haloperidol/*pharmacology; Snakes/*physiology; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Tissue Extracts/*pharmacology; Xenopus The skin mucus of the African clawed frog Xenopus laevis promotes escape from the American water snake Nerodia sipedon by inducing oral dyskinesias. As Xenopus mucus contains peptides and indoleamines with known neuroleptic properties, and because neuroleptics are the chief cause of drug-induced orofacial dyskinesias in humans, the hypothesis was tested that the neuroleptic haloperidol (HAL) would induce oral dyskinesias when given alone and would potentiate dyskinesias in Nerodia if injected prior to oral application of Xenopus mucus. Mucus alone induced yawning, gaping, fixed yawning, fixed gaping, writhing tongue movements, gular and chewing movements, and climbing behavior, but attenuated locomotor activity. HAL given IP alone at 0.05 and 0.5 microgram/g was ineffective. However, HAL greatly potentiated mucus- induced yawning but attenuated the fixed gaping seen when only mucus was applied. Data support the hypothesis that Xenopus skin mucus has neuroleptic properties and that Xenopus' antipredatory defense is in part related to chemical induction of orofacial and climbing behavior in snake predators. Journal Article Bartlett, D., Jr.;Mortola, J. P.;Doll, E. J. 1986 Respiratory mechanics and control of the ventilatory cycle in the garter snake Respir Physiol 64 1 13-27 Airway Resistance; Animal; Female; Glottis/physiology; Lung/*physiology; Lung Compliance; Lung Volume Measurements; Male; Posture; Pulmonary Ventilation; *Respiration; Snakes/*physiology; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Vagotomy We measured respiratory airflow and intrapulmonary pressure in spontaneously breathing garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) before and after bilateral vagotomy. Each breathing cycle consisted of expiration, inspiration, and a breath-holding period with the glottis closed, as previously reported. Respiratory system compliance was very high compared with that of mammals (0.042 ml/cm H2O per g), but was considerably reduced when the animal was coiled. Resistance to airflow averaged 6.35 cm H2O per ml/sec. Lung volume during the breath-hold was usually above the relaxed volume of the system. Analysis of dynamic pressure-volume and flow-volume loops showed that both expiration and inspiration were active, and that little use was made of passive recoil pressure in expiration. Evidence that vagally mediated, volume-related feedback influenced the breathing pattern was found in some snakes, but this influence was weaker than in most mammals and other reptiles. The results suggest that breathing in snakes is mainly a centrally programmed process, not markedly dependent on respiratory system mechanics or neuromechanical feedback. This arrangement is advantageous in view of the high, posturally variable compliance and the frequent regional distortions of the respiratory system that result from the unique structure of these animals. Book Bartlett, Richard D. 1988 In Search of Reptiles & Amphibian Leiden E. J. Brill 363 Book Bartlett, Richard D. 1988 In Search of Reptiles & Amphibians Leiden E. J. Brill 363 Book Section Bartlett, R.D. 1988 The albino snappers of Largo In search of reptiles and amphibians, chap. 24 New York, NY E. J. Brill 110-112 Journal Article Bartlett, Richard D. 1989 The bog turtle Clemmys muhlenbergi Vivarium 2 3 25-27 Clemmys muhlenbergi Journal Article Bartlett, R. D. 1989 Notes on the little grass frog Pseudacris ocularis Vivarium 2 2 25-27 Pseudacris ocularis Journal Article Bartlett, G. 1989 Juvenile Caretta off Pacific coast of Baja California Journal Article Bartlett, R.D. 1989 Caretta, also a wonderful fishe Gainesville Herpetol. Soc. Newsl. 6 1 8-11 Journal Article Barton, N. H.;Hewitt, G. M. 1989 Adaptation, speciation and hybrid zones Nature 341 497-503 Journal Article Bartz, Holger;Scheidt, Vince 1989 care and breeding of the Chinese twin-spotted ratsnake Elaphe bimaculata Vivarium 2 2 8-10 Elaphe bimaculata Book Basile, Ignaz A. 1989 Faszinierende Schildkröten. Landschildkröten Stuttgart, Germany Verlag Stephanie Naglschmid 143 Toroises Journal Article Basso, N. G.;Peri, S. I.;Di Tada, I. E. 1985 Revalidación de Hyla sanborni Schmidt, 1944 (Anura: Hylidae) Cuadernos de Herpetología 1 3 1-11 Hyla sanborni Journal Article Basso, N. G.;Basso, G. 1987 Analisis acústico del canto nupcial de Hyla pulchella pulchella Duméril & Bibron 1841 (Anura: Hylidae) An. Mus. Hist. Nat. Valparaiso 19 109-114 Anuran communication, Amphibia, Argentina, Anura, Hyla pulchella Journal Article Basso, N. G.;Williams, J. D. 1989 The diet of Ceratophrys ornata (Anura: Ceratophryidae) in Argentina 1st World Congr. Herpetol. Canterbury Amphibia, anura, frog, Ceratophrys ornata , nutrition Journal Article Basu, D. 1987 Project for rehabilitation of fresh water turtles initiated in Uttar Pradesh Hamadryad 12 2 13-14 Journal Article Bauer, Aaron M. 1985 New Zealand Herpetology Herpetologica 41 1 116-118 Journal Article Bauer, A. M. 1985 Notes on the taxonomy, morphology and behavior of Rhacodactylus chahoua (Bavay)(Reptilia: Gekkonidae) Bonn. zool. Beitr. 36 1-2 81-94 reptiles, lizards, New Caledonia, species description, reproduction, variation, distribution, feeding Journal Article Bauer, Aaron M. 1985 An annotated bibliography of New Caledonian herpetology Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service 1985 66 1-15 index Journal Article Bauer, A. M. 1985 Notes on the taxonomy, morphology and behavior of Rhacodactylus chahoua (Bavay) (Reptilia: Gekkonidae) Bonn. zool. Beitr. 36 1-2 81-94 reptiles, lizards, New Caledonia, species description, reproduction, variation, distribution, feeding Journal Article Bauer, Aaron M. 1985 Book review: New Zealand Herpetology Herpetologica 41 1 116-118 Journal Article Bauer, A. M.;Russell, A. P. 1986 Hoplodactylus delcourti n. sp. (Reptilia: Gekkonidae), the largest known gecko New Zealand Journal of Zoology 13 141-148 reptiles, lizards, diplodactylinae, carphodactylini, gigantism, extinction, subfossil remains, New Zealand, osteology, description, color Journal Article Bauer, A. M. 1986 Saltation in the pygopodid lizard, Delma tincta Journal of Herpetology 20 3 462-463 reptiles, lizards, jumping, Australia, Journal Article Bauer, Aaron M. 1987 The gekkonid fauna of the U. S. S. R. and adjacent countries Copeia 1987 2 525-527 Journal Article Bauer, Aaron M. 1987 Systematics, biogeography, and evolutionary morphology of the Carphodactylini (Reptilia: Gekkonidae) Dissertation Abstracts International 48 5 Nephrurus, Phyllurus, Carphodactylus, Hoplodactylus, Eurydactylodes, Rhacodactylus Book Section Bauer, A. M.;DeVaney, K. D. 1987 Convergence and mimicry in sea snakes and other New Caledonian reef flat organisms Gelder, J. J. van and Strijbosch, H. and Bergers, P. J. M. Proceedings of the 4th Ordinary General meeting of the Societas Europaea Herpetologica 43-48 reptiles, snakes, color, laticauda, pattern, Journal Article Bauer, A. M.;DeVaney, K. D. 1987 Comparative aspects of diet and habitat in some New Caledonian lizards Amphibia-Reptilia 8 365-372 reptiles, geckos, skinks, Australia, diet, community Journal Article Bauer, Aaron M. 1987 Book review: The gekkonid fauna of the U.S.S.R. and adjacent countries Copeia 1987 2 525-527 Journal Article Bauer, Aaron M. 1987 The proper latin designation of Duvaucel's gecko, with comments on specimens of historical note New Zealand Journal of Zoology 14 593-595 Journal Article Bauer, A. M.;Rosenberg, H. I. 1988 Preliminary laboratory observations of temperature effects on tail-squirting in two species of Diplodactylus (Reptilia: Gekkonidae) Herpetofauna 18 2 5-7 Diplodactylus ciliaris; Diplodactylus intermedius; Defense; Tail squirting Journal Article Bauer, Aaron M.;Russell, Anthony P.;Shadwick, Robert E. 1989 Mechanical properties and morphological correlates of fragile skin in gekkonid lizards J. Exp. Biol. 145 79-102 Gekko gecko, Ailuronyx seychellensis Journal Article BAUER, J. E.;JACOBSON, E.R. 1989 Hyperlipidaemia and cardiovascular disease in obese rattlesnakes 3rd int. Coll. Path. Amph. Rept. Orlando 11 Reptilia, serpentes, snake, rattlesnake, obesity, hyperlipidaemia, cardiovascular Journal Article Bauer, Aaron M.;Russell, Anthony P. 1989 Supraorbital ossifications in geckos (Reptilia: Gekkonidae) Canadian Journal of Zoology 67 3 678-684 Journal Article Baumgartner, Hansjakob 1986 Amphibien der Schweiz [Amphibians of Switzerland] Panda 1 1-31 Journal Article Baumgartner, R. B.;Hauser, A.;Rübel, R.;Honegger;Isenbügel, E. 1987 Tubular adenocarcinoma in the large intestine of a reticulated python (Python reticulatus).(German) Tubuläres Adenokarzinom im Dickdarm eines Netzpython (Python reticulatus) Verh. Int. Symp. Erkr. Zootiere 29 311-314 Reptilia, serpentes, python, Python reticulatus; tumor, adenocarcinoma Journal Article Bausmann, Gordan A.;Whitaker, John O., Jr. 1987 Studies of the habitat and food of sympatric populations of Plethodon cinereus (Green) and Plethodon dorsalis Cope in South Central Parke County, Indiana Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science 97 513-523 Journal Article Bauwens, D.;Verheyen, R. F. 1985 The timing of reproduction in the lizard Lacerta vivipara: differences between individual females Journal of Herpetology 19 3 353-364 reptiles, lizards, season, cycles, viviparity, Journal Article Bauwens, D.;Nuijten, K.;Wezel, H. van;Verheyen, R. F. 1987 Sex recognition by males of the lizard Lacerta vivipara: an introductory study Amphibia-Reptilia 8 49-57 reptiles, lizards, behavior, color, chemical cues, Journal Article Bauwens, D.;Verheyen, R. F. 1987 Variation of reproductive traits in a population of the lizard Lacerta vivipara Holarctic Ecology 10 120-127 reptiles, lizards, maturity, body size, clutch, egg, hatchling, Journal Article Bauwens, Dirk;Van Damme, Raoul;Verheyen, Rudolf F. 1989 Synchronization of spring molting with the onset of mating behavior in male lizards, Lacerta vivipara Journal of Herpetology 23 1 89-91 Book Section Baverstock, P. R.;Schwaner, T. D. 1985 Phylogeny of Australian elapid snakes: the genetic approach Grigg, G.;Shine, R. and Ehmann, H. Biology of Australasian Frogs and Reptiles Chipping Norton, Australia Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales 159-164 Journal Article Baxter, Ronald J.;Stewart, Glenn R. 1986 Report of continuing field work on the desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) at the Twentynine Palms Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center, spring 1985 Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1986 128-140 survey monitoring relocation Journal Article Baxter, Ronald J.;Stewart, Glenn R. 1986 Excavation of winter burrows and relocation of desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) at the Luz Solar Generation Station Kramer Junction, California Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1986 124-127 relocation release Journal Article Bayliss, P.;Webb, G.J.W.;Whitehead, P.J.;Dempsey, K.;Smith, A. 1986 Estimating the abundance of saltwater crocodiles, Crocodylus porosus, in tidal wetlands of the Northern Territory: A mark-recapture experiment to correct spotlight counts to absolute numbers, and the calibration of helicopter and spotlight counts Aust. Wildl. Res. 13 2 309-320 CPR, techniques, distribution, Australia Book Section Bayliss, P. 1987 Survey methods and monitoring within crocodile management programmes Webb, Grahame J. W.;Manolis, S. Charlis and Whitehead, Peter J. Wildlife Management: Crocodiles and Alligators Chipping Norton, NSW Surrey Beatty & Sons Pty Ltd 157-175 Journal Article Baylor, D. A.;Nunn, B. J. 1986 Electrical properties of the light-sensitive conductance of rods of the salamander Ambystoma tigrinum J Physiol (Lond) 371 115-45 Action Potentials/drug effects; Ambystoma; Animal; Calcium/pharmacology; Electrophysiology; In Vitro; Ion Channels/physiology; Kinetics; Light; Photoreceptors/*physiology; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Time Factors The light-sensitive conductance of isolated rods from the retina of the tiger salamander was studied using a voltage-clamp method. The membrane current of the outer segment was collected with a suction electrode while the internal voltage was measured and controlled with a pair of intracellular electrodes. Saturating light blocked the outer segment current at all potentials, the residual conductance usually becoming less than 20 pS. This suggests that light-sensitive channels comprise the main ionic conductance in the surface membrane of the outer segment. Current-voltage relations determined 10-40 ms after changing the voltage showed outward-going rectification, the outward current increasing e-fold for a depolarization of 11-14 mV. The reversal potential of the light-sensitive current was estimated as 5 +/- 4 mV. This is consistent with other evidence indicating that the channel is not exclusively permeable to Na. Applying steady light, lowering external Ca, or changing the intracellular voltage to a new steady level scaled the light-sensitive current without altering the reversal potential or the form of the rectification. This suggests that all three manipulations change the number of channels in the conducting state without changing the ionic concentration gradients or the mechanism of permeation through an 'open' channel. Hyperpolarizing voltage steps slowly increased the light-sensitive current and depolarizing steps reduced it. A gating variable Y expressing the fractional activation of the light-sensitive conductance in the steady state was derived from the ratio of the instantaneous and steady-state currents. Y declined at voltages positive to -100 mV and usually reached a minimum near 0 mV, with a secondary rise positive to 0 mV. Around the dark voltage Y changed e-fold in roughly 25 mV. The voltage- dependent gating in (6). appeared to involve two delays similar in magnitude to those of the four principal delays in the rod's response to a dim flash. Steady background light shortened the time-scale of gating and flash responses to a similar degree. Clamping the voltage at the dark level had little effect on the photocurrent evoked by a flash. The small, delayed effect actually observed is explained by the slow voltage-dependent gating of the light-sensitive conductance. Hyperpolarization had little effect on the kinetics of the response to a flash, but depolarization slowed the response, causing it to reach a larger, later peak. Depolarization also prolonged the blockage of the light-sensitive current after a saturating flash.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) Journal Article Bea, A.;Brana, F. 1988 Nota sobre la alimentacion de Vipera latastei, Bosca, 1878 (Reptilia, Viperidae) Munibe 40 121-124 reptiles, snakes, diet composition, food, feeding Journal Article Beal, A.M.;Webb, G.J.W. 1989 Effect of incubation temperature on tooth eruption in embryos of Crocodylus johnstoni Copeia 1989 2 325-331 CPR, embryology, development, Australia Journal Article Beaman, Kent R. 1985 Bibliography of Geochelone elephantophus Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service 1985 65 1-18 index Journal Article Beaman, Kent R. 1985 Bibliography of Geochelone elephantopus Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service 1985 65 1-18 index Thesis Beaman, K.R. 1985 Seasonal variation in population location of the Galapagos tortoise, Geochelone elephantopus vandenburghi, on Volcan Acedo, Isabela Island, Galapagos Archipelago Journal Article Beaman, K.R.;Harris, L.E. 1987 Observations of population movements in the Galapagos giant tortoise, Geochelone elephantopus vandenburghi Bull. Md. Herpetol. Soc. 23 2 47-55 Book Section Beaman, K.R.;R.L. Burke, P.K. Harpel-Burke 1989 Bibliography I.R. Swingland, M.W. Klemens The conservation biology of tortoises IUCN 126-202 Journal Article Bechtel, H. Bernard;Bechtel, Elizabeth 1985 Genetics of color mutations in the snake, Elaphe obsoleta Journal of Heredity 76 7-11 Journal Article Bechtel, H. B.;Bechtel, E. 1989 Color mutations in the corn snake (Elaphe guttata guttata): Review and additional breeding data Journal of Heredity 80 272-276 Journal Article Bechtel, H. Bernard;Bechtel, Elizabeth 1989 Color mutations in the Corn Snake (Elaphe guttata guttata): review and additional breeding data Journal of Heredity 80 4 272-276 Thesis Beck, Daniel D. 1986 The gila monster in Utah: Bioenergetic and natural history considerations Thesis Beerli, P. 1986 Seefrösche in einer Tümpelfrosch- Wassefrosch-Population in einem anthropogen beeinflussten Habitat 40 Journal Article Begun, D.;Kubie, J. L.;O'Keefe, M. P.;Halpern, M. 1988 Conditioned discrimination of airborne odorants by garter snakes (Thamnophis radix and T. sirtalis sirtalis) J. Comp. Psychol. 102 1 35-43 Animal; *Conditioning, Operant; *Discrimination Learning; Female; Male; Odors; Orientation; *Smell; *Snakes; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. For snakes, the nasal chemical senses are critical in intraspecific communication and prey recognition. Although it is known that garter snakes can respond differentially to airborne odorants, no previous study has demonstrated that snakes can learn a task with airborne odors as discriminative stimuli. In Experiment 1, 7 plains garter snakes (Thamnophis radix) were trained in a two-choice apparatus to move into a compartment containing lemon-scented chips for a food reward. All 7 snakes improved performance when the first 10 and last 10 trials of the 100 trials of conditioning were compared. Four of the snakes were subsequently trained to move away from the scented compartment into the unscented compartment. The 4 snakes rapidly learned this reversal. In Experiment 2, 7 common garter snakes (T. sirtalis sirtalis) were trained to traverse a two-choice maze with the presence or absence of amyl acetate odor as the conditioned stimulus. The snakes were pretested for odor versus nonodor preference and were trained to go to the initially nonpreferred stimulus. Of the 7 snakes, 5 achieved a predetermined criterion (two training sessions with cumulative correct responding above the .05 confidence level) within 85 trials. Book Section Behler, J.L.;Brazaitis, P.;Gerety, K.;Foster, B. 1987 Propagation of crocodilians at the Bronx Zoo Proc. 11th International Herpetological Symposium on Captive Rpopagation and Husbandry. Chicago, IL, June 17-20. 63-73 captive, farm, Journal Article Behler, J.L. 1989 The status of wild crocodilians and their captive culture Proc. Annu. Meet. Am. Assoc. Zoo Vet. 127-138 captive breeding Journal Article Behler, J.L. 1989 Crocodilians: Status, captive culture, and Crocodilian Advisory Group recommendations AAZPA Annu. Conf. Proc. 55-66 captive breeding, Journal Article Beigl, I. 1989 Untersuchung der Urogenitalverbindungen anurer Entwicklungsgeschichte des Amphibienherzens Morphologisches Jahrbuch 51 355-412 Journal Article Belekhova, M. G.;Gaidaenko, G. V. 1985 A study of cerebellar connections in turtles by horseradish peroxidase axonal transport Neirofiziologiya 17 6 786-794 Mammal; Comparative Anatomy; Muscle Tonus Regulation; Locomotor Coordination Cerebellar connections in turtles were studied after unilateral horseradish peroxidase administration both in the corpus and nuclei and in the mesencephalic tegmentum. Cells of origin of projections into cerebellum revealed in the caudal brain stem (vestibular nuclei, perihypoglossal complex, inferior reticular formations, oliva inferior) and in the spinal cord appeared to be more numerous than those in rostral structures (pretectum, tegmentum). Efferent cerebellar projections were observed in the medulla oblongata (vestibular nuclei, nuclei of dorsal columns of the spinal cord), in the mesencephalic tegmentum and scarce projections-in the hypothalamus and ventral thalamus. It is concluded that reptiles and mammals have the greatest similarity in afferent and efferent connections of the cerebellum with the spinal cord, caudal brainstem and mesencephalic structures, all of them being functionally united by participation in the regulation of muscle tonus and in the coordination of the locomotor activity. Journal Article Belfit, Scott C.;Belfit, Victoria F. 1985 Notes on the ecology of a population of Eumeces obsoletus (Scincidae) in New Mexico Southwestern Naturalist 30 4 612-614 Journal Article Belgum, J. H.;Dvorak, D. R.;McReynolds, J. S.;Miyachi, E. 1987 Push-pull effect of surround illumination on excitatory and inhibitory inputs to mudpuppy retinal ganglion cells J Physiol (Lond) 388 233-43 Action Potentials; Animal; In Vitro; *Light; Membrane Potentials; Necturus maculosus; Neural Inhibition; Retina/*physiology; Retinal Ganglion Cells/*physiology; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Synapses/physiology 1. Changes in membrane potential and conductance were measured in on- centre and off-centre ganglion cells during the responses to illumination of different portions of the receptive field. 2. In on- centre ganglion cells the sustained depolarizing response to steady illumination of the receptive field centre was associated with a net increase in conductance. In the presence of centre illumination, stimulation of the surround with an annulus of light caused a hyperpolarization and a net decrease in conductance, and the reversal potential of the light-evoked response was shifted in a negative direction. In the absence of centre illumination the same annular stimulus caused a hyperpolarization and a net increase in conductance. 3. In off-centre ganglion cells the sustained hyperpolarizing response to centre illumination was associated with a net increase in conductance. In the presence of centre illumination, stimulation of the surround with an annulus caused a depolarization and a net decrease in conductance, and the reversal potential of the light-evoked response was shifted in a positive direction. In the absence of centre illumination the same annulus caused a depolarization and a net increase in conductance. 4. The results indicate that illumination of the receptive field surround can affect both the excitatory and inhibitory sustained inputs to a given ganglion cell in a 'push-pull' manner, by decreasing the synaptic input that was increased by centre illumination and increasing the synaptic input of opposite sign. The relative effect of a given surround illumination on these two inputs, and hence the sign and magnitude of the net conductance change, varied with the amount of centre illumination. Journal Article Bell, J. U.;Lopez, J. M. 1985 Isolation and partial characterization of a cadmium-binding protein from the liver of alligators exposed to cadmium Comp Biochem Physiol C 82 1 123-8 Alligators and Crocodiles/*metabolism; Animal; Cadmium/*metabolism; Chromatography, Gel; Chromatography, Ion Exchange; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Liver/analysis/metabolism; Metallothionein/*isolation & purification/metabolism; Reptiles/*metabolism; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet Seven American alligators, Alligator mississippiensis, were each administered a single, intracardiac injection of cadmium chloride, at a dose of 1.0 mg Cd/kg body wt. At sacrifice, the highest concentration of Cd was found in the liver, bound to a cytosolic protein with characteristics similar to mammalian metallothionein (MT). Gel filtration (Sephadex G-75) of the cytosol revealed a peak containing Cd and to a lesser extent, zinc (Zn), having the same relative elution volume (Ve/Vo) as rat hepatic Cd, Zn-MT. Anion-exchange chromatography (DEAE-Sephacel) of material having a Ve/Vo of 1.7-1.9 revealed a major Cd-peak corresponding to rat Cd, Zn-MT(I) and a minor peak corresponding to Cd, Zn-MT(II). Neither peak contained significant amounts of Zn. Heat treatment of alligator hepatic cytosol, followed by selective acetone precipitation, yielded material having a molar Cd:Zn ratio of 9.15:1 compared to 0.67:1 in material purified from Cd- pretreated rat liver. Spectral analysis of the material purified from both sources showed an absorbance peak between 250 and 260 nm and no absorbance peak at 280 nm, characteristic of mammalian MT. Book Section Bell, Douglas A. 1987 Identification of perikarya in the chameleon tongue Gelder, J. J. van;Strijbosch, H. and Bergers, P.J. M. Proceedings of the 4th Ordinary General Meeting of the Societas Europaea Herpetologica Nijmegen Faculty of Sciences Nijmegen 63-66 Journal Article Bell, E. L. 1989 Unique feeding habit of a captive black rat snake, Elaphe o. obsoleta Bulletin of the Maryland Herpetological Society 25 4 155-156 Reptiles, snakes, feeding Book Section Bellairs, Angus d'A. 1987 The Crocodilia Webb, Grahame J. W.;Manolis, S. Charlis and Whitehead, Peter J. Wildlife Management: Crocodiles and Alligators Chipping Norton, NSW Surrey Beatty & Sons Pty Ltd 5-7 Book Section Bellairs, A. d'A. 1987 The Crocodylia Webb, G.J.W.;Manolis, S.C. and Whitehead, P.J. Wildlife management: Crocodiles and alligators Chipping Norton, New South Wales, Australia. 522 pp. Surrey Beatty and Sons Pty Ltd. 5-7 CROC, fossil, evolution, Thesis Bellmund, S.A. 1988 Assessing environmental stress on the loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) in Virginia waters Journal Article Bello-Reuss, E. 1986 Cell membranes and paracellular resistances in isolated renal proximal tubules from rabbit and Ambystoma J Physiol (Lond) 370 25-38 Action Potentials/drug effects; Ambystoma; Animal; Barium/pharmacology; Cell Membrane/physiology; Electric Conductivity; Epithelium/physiology; Glucose/pharmacology; In Vitro; Kidney Tubules, Proximal/*physiology; Membrane Potentials/drug effects; Potassium/pharmacology; Rabbits; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Transepithelial specific resistance (Re) was measured in isolated and perfused rabbit proximal convoluted tubules by cable analysis and intracellular micro-electrode techniques were used to calculate the electrical resistances of the cell membranes and of the paracellular pathway. Re was 16 +/- 2 omega cm2 and the space constant was 130 +/- 14 micron, n = 29. Re was significantly increased by a decrease in temperature from 37 to 10 degrees C, and was practically abolished by nominal removal of Ca2+ from the bathing solution (to 2.0 +/- 0.3 omega cm2, P less than 0.001, n = 6). The apparent ratio of cell membrane resistances (luminal to basolateral) was 3.1 +/- 0.3. The control values of apical and basolateral membrane resistances (Ra and Rb) were calculated from the values of (1) Re, (2) the apparent ratio of cell membrane resistances, and (3) the effects of addition of either Ba2+ (1 mM) to the bath solution or glucose (8 mM) to the perfusate on basolateral and apical membrane voltages (assuming that the initial effects of Ba2+ and glucose are restricted to the ipsilateral membrane). Control values of Ra (omega cm2 of epithelium) were 249 +/- 68 (Ba2+ method) and 227 +/- 42 (glucose method). Values of Rb were 70 +/- 11; and 66 +/- 12 respectively. The low paracellular resistance values obtained with the Ba2+ and glucose methods, respectively, 17 +/- 5 and 15 +/- 1 omega cm2, explain the low transepithelial resistance. The use of the Ba2+ and glucose methods provides alternatives to cell cable determinations for the calculation of cell membrane resistances. Cell membrane and shunt resistances measured by the same methods in isolated perfused Ambystoma tigrinum proximal tubules (in omega cm2 of epithelium) were: Ra, 2650 +/- 180 (glucose method) and 2368 +/- 350 (Ba2+ method). Values of Rb were 665 +/- 99 (glucose method) and 701 +/- 124 (Ba2+ method). The paracellular resistance values were 58 +/- 11 (glucose method) and 84 +/- 12 (Ba2+ method). These results are in good agreement with previously reported values obtained by intracellular cable analysis (Maunsbach & Boulpaep, 1984). Edited Book Bels, Vincent L.;Van Den Sande, A. Paul 1986 Maintenance and reproduction of reptiles in captivity. Volume II. Diseases Antwerp Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp 112 Journal Article Bels, Vincent L.;Gans, Carl 1986 Conclusions: perspectives on breeding reptiles in captivity Acta Zoologica et Pathologica Antverpiensia 79 110-112 Journal Article Bels, V. L.;Baltus, I. 1988 The influence of food items on the feeding cycle in Anolis-equestris (Reptilia. Iguanidae) Copeia 2 479-. Reptilia, sauria, Iguana, nutrition, food preferences, behavior, feeding behavior Journal Article Bels, V. L.;Goosse, V. 1989 A first report of relative movements within the hyoid apparatus during feeding on Anolis equestris (Reptilia: Iguanidae) Experientia 45 1088-1091 Reptiles, lizards, anoles, movement, feeding, kinemativs, hyoid, mechanics, muscles, bone, jaw Journal Article Bemis, William E. 1987 Convergent evolution of jaw-opening muscles in lepidosirenid lungfishes and tetrapods Canadian Journal of Zoology 65 2814-2817 Book Section Ben-Moshe, Guy 1987 An alligator farm in Israel Webb, Grahame J. W.;Manolis, S. Charlis and Whitehead, Peter J. Wildlife Management: Crocodiles and Alligators Chipping Norton, NSW Surrey Beatty & Sons Pty Ltd 349-350 Journal Article Beneski, J. T.;Zalisko, E. J.;J. H. Larsen, Jr. 1986 Demography and migratory patterns of the eastern long-toed salamander, Ambystoma macrodactylum columbianum Copeia 1986 398-408 Journal Article Beneski, J. T.;J. H. Larsen, Jr. 1989 Interspecific, ontogenetic, and life history variation in the tooth morphology of mole salamanders (Amphibia, Urodela, and Ambystomatidae) Journal of Morphology 199 53-69 Journal Article Beneski, J. T.;J. H. Larsen, Jr. 1989 Ontogenetic alterations in the gross tooth morphology of Dicamptodon and Rhyacotriton (Amphibia, Urodela, and Dicamptodontidae Journal of Morphology 199 165-174 Journal Article Bennett, A.F.;Seymour, R.S.;Bradford, D.F.;Webb, G.J.W. 1985 Mass-dependence of anaerobic metabolism and acid-base disturbance during activity in the saltwater crocodile, Crocodylus porosus J. exp. Biol. 118 161-172 CPR, physiology, biochemistry, Australia Journal Article Bennett, J.M. 1986 A method for sampling blood from hatchling loggerhead turtles Herp. Rev. 17 2 43 Reptilia, testudines, loggerhead tutle, anatomy, blood, collection Journal Article Bennett, M. F. 1986 Stress and changes in the blood of newts, Notophthalmus viridescens, during early regeneration J Comp Physiol [A] 159 6 823-6 Animal; Female; Forelimb/physiology; Leukocyte Count; Lymphocytes/pathology; Male; Neutrophils/pathology; Notophthalmus viridescens; *Regeneration; Stress/*blood; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Time Factors During the summers of 1984 and 1985, adult red-spotted newts, Notophthalmus viridescens, were maintained in the laboratory at 23 degrees +/- 0.5 degrees C under natural photoperiods. From each of the experimental animals, the right forelimb was amputated just proximal to the elbow. Control newts were not manipulated surgically. Eight, 15, and 22 days after the time of amputation, equal numbers of regenerating and control animals were sacrificed, and blood smears of each individual were prepared with Wright's stain. Mean differential counts of leukocytes of the two groups of newts indicated that the relative number of neutrophils increased and the relative number of lymphocytes decreased in the regenerating animals as compared to their controls (Fig. 1 and Fig. 2). Earlier studies had shown that lymphopenia and neutrophilia occur in red-spotted newts treated with hydrocortisone or with ACTH or subjected to environmental stress (Bennett and Daigle 1983). Consequently, it is suggested that amputation and/or early regeneration may stimulate the increased production of hormones associated with stress in vertebrates, which may, in turn, influence regeneration, itself, and that the detailed study of the distribution of leukocytes in Notophthalmus viridescens may provide an assay with which to study the regulation of regeneration in this species. Journal Article Bennett, S. G. 1987 Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) of the Nile monitor on Rusinga Bulletin of the Society of Vector Ecologists 12 2 Reptilia, sauria, Nile monitor, infection, Acari, Ixodidae-; Trombiculidae-; Dermanyssidae-; Macronyssidae-; Santa Catalina lies off the coast of southern California Journal Article Bennett, R.A. 1989 Reptilian surgery. Part I. Basic principles. Compend. Contin. Educ. Pract. Vet. 11 1 10-20 Reptilia, sauria, serpentes, testudines, pathology, anesthesia Reprint Endnote 95/155 Book Section Bennett, Albert F. 1989 Integrated studies of locomotor performance Wake, D.B. and Roth, G. Complex Organismal Function: Integration and Evolution in Vertebrates New York Wiley 191-202 Journal Article Bennett, Albert F.;Garland, Theodore, Jr.;Else, Paul L. 1989 Individual correlation of morphology, muscle mechanics, and locomotion in a salamander American Journal of Physiology 256 R1200-R1208 Journal Article Benton, M.J. 1985 Classification and phylogeny of the diapsid reptiles Zool. J. Linn. Soc. London 84 97-164 evolution, taxonomy, fossil, Journal Article Benton, M. J.;Arnold, E. N. 1986 The mite pockets of lizards Nature, Uk 325 6103 391-392 Reptilia, sauria, infection, ectoparasites, acari, trombiculidae, mite pockets, skin diseases An account is given of the occurrence and function of mite pockets in lizards, based mainly on the work of E.N. Arnold. These are folds or pockets in the skin which provide a protected, warm and humid site for the larvae of trombiculid mites. They often have a better than normal blood supply and smaller than average scales so as to facilitate mite feeding. Such pockets have been found in more than 150 species and in 5 distinct families of lizard and occur typically on the side of the neck, in the armpit region, on the side of the chest, around the groin and at the base of the tail. Lizards with mite pockets are more likely to be infested with mites than closely related species which lack pockets. The occurrence of these structures is discussed; it is concluded that the pockets are a damage limitation device in lizards. Infestations are confined to specific areas which are resilient, so avoiding the large-scale disruption of the skin and superficial organs caused by a general infestation. Book Section Benton, M.J.;Clark, J.M. 1988 Archosaur phylogeny and the relationships of the Crocodylia Systematics Association Special Volume. 35A. The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods, Volume I. Oxford Clarendon Press taxonomy, evolution, anatomy, Edited Book Benton, Michael J. 1988 The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods. Volume 1: Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds Oxford Clarendon Press x, 377 Journal Article Benton, M. J. 1989 Mass extinctions among tetrapods and the quality of the fossil record Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 325 1228 369-385; discussion 386 fossil, evolution, The fossil record of tetrapods is very patchy because of the problems of preservation, in terrestrial sediments in particular, and because vertebrates are rarely very abundant. However, the fossil record of tetrapods has the advantages that it is easier to establish a phylogenetic taxonomy than for many invertebrate groups, and there is the potential for more detailed ecological analyses. The relative incompleteness of a fossil record may be assessed readily, and this can be used to test whether drops in overall diversity are related to mass extinctions or to gaps in our knowledge. Absolute incompleteness cannot be assessed directly, but a historical approach may offer clues to future improvements in our knowledge. One of the key problems facing palaeobiologists is paraphyly, the fact that many higher taxa in common use do not contain all of the descendants of the common ancestor. This may be overcome by cladistic analysis and the identification of monophyletic groups. The diversity of tetrapods increased from the Devonian to the Permian, remained roughly constant during the Mesozoic, and then began to increase in the late Cretaceous, and continued to do so during the Tertiary. The rapid radiation of 'modern' tetrapod groups- -frogs, salamanders, lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilians, birds and mammals--was hardly affected by the celebrated end-Cretaceous extinction event. Major mass extinctions among tetrapods took place in the early Permian, late Permian, early Triassic, late Triassic, late Cretaceous, early Oligocene and late Miocene. Many of these events appear to coincide with the major mass extinctions among marine invertebrates, but the tetrapod record is largely equivocal with regard to the theory of periodicity of mass extinctions. Journal Article Benyajati, S.;Dantzler, W. H. 1986 Renal secretion of amino acids in ophidian reptiles Am J Physiol 250 4 Pt 2 R712-20 beta-Alanine/metabolism; Amino Acids/metabolism; Animal; Biological Transport; Cysteic Acid/metabolism; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Kidney/metabolism; Snakes/*physiology; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Taurine/metabolism Net renal tubular secretion of endogenous beta-amino acids (taurine, beta-alanine, beta-aminoisobutyric acid) and their endogenous analogue (L-cysteic acid) was revealed in the olive sea snake, Aipysurus laevis, and in the garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis, by renal clearance methods. The net secretory rates ranged from 16 to 795 nmol X kg-1 X h- 1, with taurine being secreted at the highest rates. These rates of secretion are comparable to those observed in marine fish, the only other group of vertebrates exhibiting renal tubular secretion of L- amino acids under physiological conditions. However, only some snakes (8-58%) demonstrated net tubular secretion; the others (0-58%) showed net tubular reabsorption of these amino acids. Net tubular secretion was consistently observed whenever the filtered load of the amino acid was low, and net reabsorption was apparent whenever the filtered load was high; the two variables being significantly correlated. An analysis of the net amino acid transport rates, both secretory and reabsorptive, as a function of the filtered load suggests that in snakes the beta- amino acids are reabsorbed and secreted at discrete tubular sites, with the secretory sites located beyond the major reabsorptive sites. Taurine, beta-alanine, and L-cysteic acid appear to share a common transport system in the snake renal tubule cells. Journal Article Benyajati, S.;Dantzler, W. H. 1986 Plasma levels and renal handling of endogenous amino acids in snakes: a comparative study J Exp Zool 238 1 17-28 Amino Acids/blood/*metabolism/urine; Animal; Cloaca/analysis; Comparative Study; Kidney/*metabolism; Snakes/*metabolism; Species Specificity; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Ureter/analysis Plasma levels of 22 endogenous amino acids were measured by ion- exchange chromatography in four species of snakes: Thamnophis sirtalis, T. radix, Aipysurus laevis, and Python molurus. Despite considerable interspecific variation in the amino acid composition, all species showed relatively high plasma concentrations of histidine, a feature apparently unique to reptiles. The renal handling of these amino acids was studied by renal clearance methods. As in other vertebrates, net tubular absorption of filtered amino acids predominated. However, net tubular secretion of taurine, cysteic acid and/or phosphoserine and beta-alanine was observed, with taurine being the predominant amino acid secreted. The percentage reabsorption of the total amino acids filtered by the snake kidneys ranged from 79 to 95%. Evidence for the postrenal absorption of amino acids in these reptiles is presented. In species that normally undergo hibernation (Thamnophis spp.), the ability of the kidney to reabsorb amino acids was depressed by cold acclimation. Cold acclimation significantly decreased plasma levels of all amino acids except taurine, whose concentration increased. The increase in plasma taurine level may have resulted from cellular osmoregulation. Under these conditions, renal excretion of taurine increased concomitantly with the increase in plasma taurine concentration. Journal Article Benyajati, S.;Dantzler, W. H. 1988 Enzymatic and transport characteristics of isolated snake renal brush- border membranes Am J Physiol 255 1 Pt 2 R52-60 p-Aminohippuric Acid/pharmacokinetics; Animal; Biological Transport; Female; Kidney Tubules, Proximal/*ultrastructure; Male; Methylglucosides/pharmacokinetics; Microscopy, Electron; Microvilli/enzymology/metabolism; Snakes; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; SITS/pharmacology Brush-border membranes (BBM) of proximal tubules were isolated from the kidney of the garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis) by a procedure involving hypotonic lysis, Ca precipitation, and differential centrifugation. The isolated membranes were enriched 15-fold in brush- border enzyme activities (alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase) compared with whole kidney homogenates and were substantially free of other contaminating membranes. The yield of the BBM preparation was 40%. The BBM vesicular transport of several organic solutes was characterized by a rapid filtration technique at 25 degrees C. D-glucose, p-aminohippurate (PAH), and urate entered the same osmotically active space (2-3 microliter/mg protein) and binding was minimal (less than 20% for PAH). An uptake overshoot for 3-O-methyl-D- glucose (20 microM) by reptilian BBM was observed only in the presence of an inwardly directed NaCl gradient and was abolished by 0.1 mM phlorizin. Reptilian BBM exhibited Na-gradient-stimulated uptake of PAH (90 microM) with an overshoot that was inhibited by other organic acids and by 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanostilbene-2, 2'-disulfonic acid (SITS). In contrast, urate uptake (30 microM) appeared to be Na independent and not appreciably affected by other organic anions or SITS. The presence of specific transport systems for organic solutes in the isolated membrane preparation distinctly characterizes the BBM of reptilian kidney. Journal Article Berger, Ph. J. 1987 The reptilian baroreceptor and its role in cardiovascular control American Zoologist 27 111 Reptilia, testudines, physiology, diving, baroreceptor, heart Journal Article Berger, Leszek 1988 Principles of studies of European water frogs [Zasady badania zab zielonych Europy] Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia 31 21 563-580 Rana esculenta ridibunda lessonae bergeri perezi shgiperica epeirotica Journal Article Bermingham, E.;Lamb, T.;Avise, J. C. 1986 Size polymorphism and heteroplasmy in the mitochondrial DNA of lower vertebrates The Journal of Heredity 77 249-252 amphibians, fish, variation, Journal Article Berois, N.;De Sa, R. 1988 Histology of the ovaries and fat bodies of Chthonerpeton indistinctum Journal of Herpetology 22 2 146-151 Follicular Development; Oocyte Morphology Histological analysis revealed three different stages in the development of ovarian follicles of Chthonerpeton indistinctum. These stages are identified by (1) location of the oocyte in the ovary wall, (2) oocyte morphology and staining characteristics, (3) development of the zona pellucida, and (4) organization of the follicular layer. Atretic follicles and corpora lutea also were found. Fat bodies are composed of well-developed adipose tissue. Journal Article Berry, Kristin H. 1985 1985 annual award: Profile of recipient, C. Kenneth Dodd, Jr Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1985 13-14 Journal Article Berry, K. H. 1986 Incidence of gunshot deaths in desert tortoise populations in California Wildl. Soc. Bull. 14 127-132 reptiles, turtles, Gopherus agassizii, distribution, conservation Journal Article Berry, Kristin H.;Shields, Tim;Woodman, A. Peter;Campbell, Tom;Robertson, Jan;Bohuski, Karen;Karl, Alice 1986 Changes in desert tortoise populations at the Desert Tortoise Natural Area between 1979 and 1985 Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1986 100-123 mortality ravens corvus corax Journal Article Berry, Kristin H.;Nicholson, Lori L.;Juarez, Steve;Woodman, A. Peter 1986 Changes in desert tortoise populations at four study sites in California Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1986 60-80 mortality Journal Article Berry, Kristin H. 1986 1986 Annual Award: Profile of recipient, Martha L. Stout Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1986 7 Journal Article Berry, Kristin H. 1986 Desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) relocation: Implications of social behavior and movements Herpetologica 42 1 113-125 conservation Journal Article Berry, K.H. 1986 Incidence of gunshot deaths in desert tortoise Gopherus agassizii populations in California Wildl. Soc. Bull. 14 2 127-132 Journal Article Berry, K.H. 1986 Desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) research in California, 1976-1985 Herpetologica 42 1 62-67 Journal Article Berry, K.H. 1986 Desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) relocation: implications of social behavior and movements Herpetologica 42 1 113-125 Journal Article Berry, A.P. 1987 Inappetence in a tortoise. (correspondence) Vet.Rec 121 9 207. Reptilia, testudines, turtles, physiology, behavior, feeding, food, nutrition Journal Article Berry, K. H. 1989 Population trends in the desert tortoise (Xerobates agassizii) in the United States 1st World Congr. Herpetol. Canterbury Reptilia, testudines, desert tortoise, Xerobates agassizii, population Journal Article Berry, K. H. 1989 Conservation of the desert tortoise, Xerobates agassizii, in the United States 1st World Congr. Herpetol. Canterbury Reptilia, testudines, Xerobates agassizii, conservation Book Section Berry, K.H. 1989 Gopherus agassizi I.R. Swingland, M.W. Klemens The conservation biology of tortoises IUCN 5-7 Journal Article Berthoud, G.;Mueller, S. 1987 Amphibien-Schutzanlagen: Wirksamkeit und Nebeneffekte. Abschlussbericht über die Untersuchungen an der Anlage am Etang de sépey (Kanton Waadt, Schweiz) Beih. Veröff Naturschutz Landschaftspflege Bad.-Württ. 41 197-222 Journal Article Bertrand, M.;Ineich, I. 1989 Distribution of the Pterygosomatidae of the genus Gekobia Megnin, 1878 ectoparasitic on the gecko Gehyra oceanica (Lesson, 1826) in French Polynesia. Acarologia 30 4 365-371 Reptilia, squamata, lizards, Gekkonidae, Gehyra oceania; infection, ectoparasites, taxonomy, acari, Pterygosomatidae, Geckobia carcinoides, G. gehyrae; G. blanci Geckobia carcinoides sp. nov. is described and figured from specimens taken off Gehyra oceania from various islands of French Polynesia. The distribution of the genus Geckobia (also represented by G. gehyrae and G. blanci) in Pacific ocean islands and the sites of attachment on the lizard host are discussed. Journal Article Bertrand, Michel;Ineich, Ivan 1989 Répartition des pterygosomatidae du genre Geckobia Megnin, 1878 ectoparasites du gecko Gehyra oceanica (Lesson, 1826), en Polynésie Française Acarologia 30 4 365-371 Journal Article Berven, K. A. 1987 The heritable basis of variation in larval developmental patterns within populations of the wood frog (Rana sylvatica) Evolution 41 1088-1097 Journal Article Berven, Keith A.;Chadra, Brian G. 1988 The relationship among egg size, density and food level on larval development in the wood frog (Rana sylvatica) Oecologia (Berl.) 75 67-72 Anura, Ranidae, Rana sylvatica, egg size, development, density, food level, tadpoles, fitness, tadpole size, development period, lab experiment, USA, Michigan, eggs from Maryland, 343 Journal Article Berven, Keith A. 1988 Factors affecting variation in reproductive traits within a population of wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) Copeia 1988 3 605-615 Anura, Ranidae, Rana sylvatica, reproduction, individual variation, reproductive traits, egg size, clutch size, egg volume, female body size, female age, USA, Maryland, 341 Journal Article Berven, K. A.;Chadra., B. G. 1988 The relationship among egg size, density, and food level on larval development in the wood frog (Rana sylvatica). Oecologia 75 67-72 Journal Article Berven, K. A.;Chadra., B. G. 1988 The relationship among egg size, density, and food level on larval development in the wood frog (Rana sylvatica) Oecologia 75 67-72 Book Beskaravainy, N. N.;et al. 1989 [Fauna of the Karadag Nature Reserve (Crimea)] Moscow 64 Journal Article Beuchat, C. A.;Ellner, S. 1987 A quantitative test of life history theory: thermoregulation by a viviparous lizard Ecological Monographs 57 1 45-60 105, life history, viviparity, Sceloporus jarrovi, temperature, cost Report Bezette, Russell J.;Bashor, Arthur N.;Bashor, Julie A. 1988 Population analysis of the desert tortoise on the City Creek study plot, Washington County, Utah Journal Article Bezy, R. L.;Drewes, R. C. 1985 Specific status of the east African colubrid snake, Psammophis tanganicus Journal of Herpetology 19 2 246-253 reptiles, snakes, morphology, scales, Africa, distribution, variation Journal Article Bezy, Robert L.;Drewes, Robert C. 1985 Specific status of the East African colubrid snake, Psammophis tanganicus Journal of Herpetology 19 2 246-253 Journal Article Bezy, Robert L.;Sites, Jack W., Jr 1987 A preliminary study of allozyme evolution in the lizard family Xantusiidae Herpetologica 43 3 280-292 xantusia vigilis phlogeny paraphyly unisexuality Journal Article Bezy, R. L.;Peterson, J. A. 1988 The microstructure of scale surfaces in the Xantusiid lizard genus Lepidophyma Herpetologica 44 3 281-289 reptiles, lizards, scale microstructure, scale evolution, morphotypes, phylogeny, morphology Book Section Bezy, R. L. 1988 The natural history of the night lizards, family Xantusiidae Lisle, H. F. De;Brown, P. R. and Kaufman, B. and McGurty, B. M. Proceedings of the Conference on California Herpetology southwestern herpetologists society 1-12 reptiles, lizards, distribution, relationships Journal Article Bezy, Robert L. 1989 Night lizards: the evolution of habitat specialists Terra 28 1 29-34 Journal Article Bezy, Robert L. 1989 Morphological differentiation in unisexual and bisexual xantusiid lizards of the genus Lepidophyma in Central America Herpetological Monographs 3 61-80 Journal Article Bhaskar, Satish 1985 [letter from Irian Jaya] Hamadryad 10 3 19-20 Journal Article Bhupathy, S.;Kumar, C.R. Ajith 1988 On the identity and occurrence of the peacock soft-shell (Trionyx hurum) in Rajasthan J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 85 3 624 Aspideretes hurum; Asia: India: Rajasthan Journal Article Bhupathy, S. 1989 Morphometry of the Indian flapshell turtle (Lissemys punctata andersoni) J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 86 252 Lissemys punctata andersoni; morphometry Journal Article Bickham, J.W.;Rogers, D.S. 1985 Structure and variation of the Nucleolus Organiser Region in turtles Genetica 67 171-184 Journal Article Bickham, John W.;Tucker, Prisilla K.;Legler, John M. 1985 Diploid-Triploid mosaicism: an unusual phenomenon in side-necked turtles (Platemys platycephala) Science 227 1591-1593 Journal Article Bickham, John W.;Hanks, Brian G.;Smolen, Michael J.;Lamb, Trip;Gibbons, J. Whitfield 1988 Flow cytometric analysis of the effects of low-level radiation exposure on natural populations of slider turtles (Pseudemys scripta) Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 17 837-841 Journal Article Bickler, P. E.;Spragg, R. G.;Hartman, M. T.;White, F. N. 1985 Distribution of ventilation in American alligator Alligator mississippiensis Am J Physiol 249 4 Pt 2 R477-81 Alligators and Crocodiles/anatomy & histology/*physiology; Animal; Lung/*anatomy & histology/physiology/radionuclide imaging; *Pulmonary Gas Exchange; Reptiles/*physiology; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Ventilation-Perfusion Ratio; Xenon Radioisotopes/diagnostic use The regional distribution of ventilation in the multicameral lung of spontaneously ventilating alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) was studied with 133Xe scintigraphy. Frequent gamma camera images of 133Xe washin and washout were obtained and processed to allow evaluation of regional ventilation. Washin of 133Xe to equilibrium occurred in three to four breaths in anterior, central, and posterior compartments. Washin was most rapid in the posterior compartment and slowest in the anterior. The structure of the lungs and distribution of ventilation of inspired gas is consistent with the rapid radial spread of gas through a parallel arrangement of lung units surrounding the central intrapulmonary bronchus. Washout to equilibrium of 133Xe from all compartments occurred within three to four breaths. This rapid washin and washout of gas to all parts of the lung stands in contrast to the lungs of turtles and snakes, in which the caudal air sacs are relatively poorly ventilated. Journal Article Bickler, P.E. 1986 Day-night variations in blood and intracellular pH in a lizard, Dipsosauris dorsalis, J. Comp. Physiol. 8 156 853-857 Reptilia, sauria, Dipsosauris dorsalis, physiology, blood, variations, day-night, intracellular pH Journal Article Bickler, Philip E.;Anderson, Roger A. 1986 Ventilation, gas exchange, and aerobic scope in a small monitor lizard, Varanus gilleni Physiological Zoology 59 1 76-83 Journal Article Bijnens, B. 1986 Practical veterinarian instructions about turtles R.U. Gent 1-25 Reptilia, testudines, management, food, feeding, pathology, general information, diagnosis, Disease, Therapy 210390 MDL DGB Rept 65 Journal Article Billo, R. R.;Straub, J. O.;Senn, D. G. 1985 Vivipare apoda (Amphibia: Gymnophiona), Typhlonectes compressicaudus (Dumeril & Bibron, 1841): Kopulation, Tragzeit und Geburt Amphibia-Reptilia 6 1-9 Amphibians, growth, reproduction, gestation, young, caecilians Journal Article Billo, R. R.;Straub, J. O.;Senn, D. G. 1985 Viviparous apodan (Amphibia, Gymnophiona), Typhlonectes compressicaudus: Copulation, gestation period and birth Amphibia-Reptilia 6 1 1-10 Six Typhlonectes compressicaudus were kept in aquariums for a year at constant water temperature of 25 degree C. One copulation was partially observed. The female's increase in weight and the duration of gestation were determined. This female gave birth to seven young, and a second to four young. In all, four birds could be observed, described and photographed. Journal Article Billo, R. 1986 Tentacle apparatus of caecilians Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr, 43 71-75 Amphibians, caecilieans, tentacles, anatomy, morphology, function Journal Article Billo, R.;Wake, M. H. 1987 Tentacle development in Dermophis mexicanus (Amphibia, Gymnophiona) with an hypothesis of tentacle origin Journal of Morphology 192 101-111 Amphibia, caecilians, morphology, evolution, selection, sensory structure Journal Article Binkley, S.;K. Mosher, F. Rubin;White., B. 1988 Xenopus tadpole melanophores are controlled by dark and light melatonin without influence of time of day J. Pineal Res. 5 87-98 Journal Article Biocca, M;Mantovani, A. 1986 Monitoring the risks for man by observations of animals with special reference to occupational exposure Ann Inst. Super.Sanita 20 4 363-366. Reptilia, sauria, infection, environment, occupational disease Journal Article Birdsall, C. W.;Grue, C. E.;Anderson., A. 1986 Lead concentrations in bullfrog Rana catesbeiana and green frog Rana clamitans tadpoles inhabiting highway drainages Environ. Pollut. 40A 233-247 Journal Article Birse, RF;J., Davenport 1987 A study of gut function in young loggerhead sea turtle, Caretta caretta L. at various temperatures. Herpetol.J 1 5 170-. Reptilia, testudines, turtlem Caretta caretta, physiology, digestive system, environment, temperature, nutrition, metabolic rate PREX Journal Article Birse, R.F.;Davenport, J. 1987 A study of gut function in young loggerhead sea turtles, Caretta caretta L. at various temperatures Herpetol.J 1 5 170-.175 Reptilia, testudines, turtlem Caretta caretta, physiology, digestive system, environment, temperature, nutrition, metabolic rate PREX Journal Article Bischoff, Wolfgang 1988 Zur verbreitung und systematik der Zauneidechse, Lacerta agilis Linnaeus, 1758 [Distribution and systematics of the sand lizard, Lacerta agilis Linnaeus, 1758] Mertensiella 1 11-30 Sauria; Lacertidae; Lacerta agilis; Distribution; habitat; History of dispersal; Systematics Journal Article Bjerring, H. C. 1986 The rostral organ of Latimeria chalumnae Fauna Och Flora 81 6 215-222 Hagfish; Platypus; Urodeles; Caecilians; Electroreceptive Organ During the last three decades a new sensory modality has been predicted, discovered and demonstrated to play an important role in the daily life of many aquatic craniate animals, namely sensus electricus. Electroreceptive organs are now known in members of all the major groups of recent fishes save the hagfishes as well as in representatives of the urodeles and the caecilians. Also one mammal, the Australian platypus, has electrosense. In the Comoro tufttail, Latimeria chalumnae, the electroreceptors are confined to a complicated snout structure, termed organum rostrale. A rostral organ built exactly like that of the Comoro tufttail occurred in Devonian tufttails. Thus, this electroreceptive organ clearly exemplifies that the earliest coelacanthiforms were highly organized anatomically, and that they have remained practically unchanged during their documented history of about 350 million years. Journal Article Bjorndahl, K.A. 1987 Digestive efficiency in a temperate herbivorous reptile, Ghopherus polymephus Copeia 3 714-720 Reptilia, testudines, Ghopherus polymephus, digestion, herbivory, nutrition, food, feeding PREX Journal Article Bjorndal, K. A. 1985 Nutritional ecology of sea turtles Copeia 3 736-751 Reptilia, testudines, sea turtle, food, feeding, ecology testu,oeko,physiol,vit UB a Journal Article Bjorndal, K. A. 1985 Use of ash as an indigestible dietary marker Bulletin of Marine Science 36 1 224-230 green Journal Article Bjorndal, K. A.;Carr, A.;Meylan, A. B.;Mortimer, J. A. 1985 Reproductive biology of the hawksbill, Eretmochelys imbricata, at Trotuguero, Costa Rica, with notes on the ecology of the species in the Caribbean Biological Conservation 34 353-368 hawksbill Journal Article Bjorndal, K. A. 1986 Effect of solitary vs group feeding on intake in Pseudemys nelsoni Copeia 234-235 Reptilia, testudines, Pseudemys, Trachemys, food, feeding, psychology, group, social testu,behav,vit,zucht PF x Journal Article Bjorndal, K.A. 1987 Digestive efficiency in a temperate herbivorous reptile Gopherus polyphemus Copeia 3 714-720 Journal Article Bjorndal, K. A.;Bolten, A. B.;Bennett, R. A.;Jacobson, E. R.;Wronski, T. J.;Valeski, J. J.;Eliazar, P. J. 1988 Age and growth in sea turtles: limitations of skeletochronology for demographic studies Copeia 1988 1 23-30 Sea turtles, demographic studies, age, growth, skeletochronology, conservation Journal Article Bjorndal, K.A. ;Bolten, A.B. 1988 Growth rates of juvenile loggerheads, Caretta caretta, in the southern Bahamas Journal of Herpetology 22 4 480-482 loggerhead Journal Article Bjorndal, K. A.;Bolten, A. B. 1988 Growth rates of immature green turtles, Chelonia mydas, on feeding grounds in the southern Bahamas Copeia 1988 3 555-564 green; growth; ccl; weight Journal Article Bjorndal, Karen A. 1989 Flexibility of digestive responses in two generalist herbivores, the tortoises Geochelone carbonaria and Geochelone denticulata. Oecologia.(Berl) 78 3 317-321 Reptilia, testudines, Geochelone carbonaria, G.denticulata, digestion, food, feeding, nutrition, physiology, herbivory PREX Journal Article Bjorndal, K.A.;Carr, A. 1989 Variation in clutch size and egg size in the green turtle nesting popuation at Tortuguero, Costa Rica Herpetologica 45 2 181-189 reproduction Journal Article Bjorndal, K. A.;Bolten, A. B. 1989 Comparison of straight-line and over-the-curve measurements for growth rates of green turtles, Chelonia mydas Bulletin of Marine Science 45 1 189-192 green; growth Journal Article Bjorndal, K A and Carr, A 1989 Variation in clutch size and egg size in the green turtle nesting population at Tortuguero, Costa Rica 45 2 181-189 green/reproduction Journal Article Black, Andre Howard 1987 Natural history and food habits of the ground skink in two Oklahoma counties Bulletin of the Oklahoma Herpetological Society 12 1-4 7-12 Edited Book Black, David;Woodward, John 1989 The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Wildlife. Volume 28 Snakes London Orbis 59 Book Black, Jeffrey H.;Sievert, Gregory 1989 A Field Guide to Amphibians of Oklahoma Oklahoma City Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation 80 Book Section Blackburn, D. G. 1985 Placentation and fetal nutrition in viviparous reptiles Adler, K. The encyclopedia of Amphibians and Reptiles placenta, reproduction, vivparity, reptiles, mabuya, Journal Article Blackburn, D. 1985 Evolutionary origins of viviparity in the Reptilia. II. Serpentes, amphisbaenia, and ichthyosauria Amphibia-Reptilia 6 259-291 reptiles, snakes, amphisbaenians, fish, reproduction, phylogeny, evolution, development Journal Article Blackburn, D. G. 1985 Evolutionary origins of viviparity in Reptilia. II. Serpentes, Amphisbaenia, and Ichthyosauria. Amph.-Rept. 6 259-291 evolution, reptiles, Journal Article Blackmore, M.S.;Charnov, E.L. 1989 Adaptive variation in environmental sex determination in a nematode American Naturalist 134 5 817-823 tsd; sex determination Book Section Blake, D.K. 1986 Status, conservation and utilization of the Nile crocodile in Zimbabwe Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 7th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. ISBN 2-88032-306-1 xxviii + 446 pp. 212-218 CNL, distribution, conservation, utilization, Africa Journal Article Blake, J. A. 1986 Complex chromosomal variation in natural populations of the Jamaican lizard Anolis grahami Genetica 69 3-17 Book Section Blake, David K.;Loveridge, john P. 1987 Observations on the behavior of Nile crocodiles Crocodylus niloticus, in captivity Webb, Grahame J. W.;Manolis, S. Charlis and Whitehead, Peter J. Wildlife Management: Crocodiles and Alligators Chipping Norton, NSW Surrey Beatty & Sons Pty Ltd 295-300 Book Section Blake, D.K.;Loveridge, J.P. 1987 Observations on the behaviour of Nile crocodiles Crocodylus niloticus, in captivity Webb, G.J.W.;Manolis, S.C. and Whitehead, P.J. Wildlife management: Crocodiles and alligators Chipping Norton, New South Wales, Australia. 522 pp. Surrey Beatty and Sons Pty Ltd. 295-300 CNL, behavior, nest, agonistic, reproduction, parental care, Africa Journal Article Blake, E. 1988 Difficulties associated with breeding and rearing lizards at Edinburgh Zoo Proc. Symp. Assoc. Br. Wild Anim. Keep. 1988 8 8-12 zucht,echsen,vit PF x Journal Article Blanc, Ch. P.;Ineich, Ivan 1985 Statut taxonomique et distribution des reptiles terrestres de Polynésie Française. Note Preeliminaire C. r. Soc. Biogeogr. 61 3 91-99 Journal Article Blasco, M. 1985 Introduccion al estudio de la biologia del camaleon comun, Chamaeleo chamaeleon (L.) (Reptilia, Chamaeleonidae) de la peninsula Iberica Monografias I.Co.Na. 43 5-14 reptiles, lizards, biology, Spain, distribution Journal Article Blasco, M.;Romero, J.;Crespillo, E. 1985 los caracteres geograficos y ecologicos del camaleon comun, Chamaeleo chamaeleon (L.) (Reptilia, Chamaeleonidae) de la peninsula Iberica Monografias I.Co.Na. 43 15-44 reptiles, lizards, geography, ecology, characteristics, Spain, spatial distribution Journal Article Blasco, M.;Romero, J.;Sanchez, J. M. 1985 Dinamica del crecimiento y morfologia del camaleon comun, Chamaeleo chamaeleon (L.)(Reptilia, Chamaeleonidae) de la penisula iberica y norte de Africa Monografias I.Co.Na. 43 45-80 morphology, reptiles, lizards, Spain, Africa, Journal Article Blasco, M.;Romero, J.;Sanchez, J. M.;Crespillo, E. 1985 La biologia alimentaria y reproductora del camaleon comun, Chamaeleo chamaeleon (L.) (Reptilia, Chamaeleonidae) de la peninsula Iberica Monografias I.Co.Na. 43 121-148 reptiles, lizards, Spain, reproduction, diet, food, eggs, size Journal Article Blasco, M.;Romero, J. 1985 Reflexiones sobre el origen de camaleon comun, Chamaeleo chaemaeleon (L.) procedente de la peninsula iberica Monografias 43 149-155 reptiles, lizards, Spain, palentology, origin, Africa, Europe, introductions Journal Article Blaustein, A. R.;O'Hara., R. K. 1986 Kin recognition in tadpoles Scientific American 254 108-116 Journal Article Blaustein, A. R.;O'Hara., R. K. 1986 An investigation of kin recognition in red-legged frog (Rana aurora) tadpoles Journal of Zoology 209 347-353 Journal Article Blaustein, A. R.;O'Hara., R. K. 1987 Aggregation behaviour in Rana cascadae tadpoles: association preferences among wild aggregations and responses to non-kin Animal Behaviour 35 1549-1555 Journal Article Blaustein, A. R. 1988 Ecological correlates and potential functions of kin recognition and kin association in anuran larvae Behav. Genet. 18 449-464 Journal Article Blem, Charles R.;Blem, Leann B. 1985 Notes on Virginia (Reptilia: Colubridae) in Virginia Brimleyana 11 87-95 Journal Article Blem, Charles R.;Zimmerman, Mark P. 1986 The energetics of shedding: energy content of snake skin Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 83A 4 661-665 Journal Article Blem, Charles R.;Ragan, Cheryl A.;Scott, Larry S. 1986 The thermal physiology of two sympatric treefrogs Hyla cinerea and Hyla chrysoscelis (Anura; Hylidae) Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 85A 3 563-570 Journal Article Blem, C. R. 1987 Development of combat rituals in captive cottonmouths Journal of Herpetology 21 1 64-65 combat, mating, Agkistrodon piscivorous Journal Article Blem, C. R.;Blem., L. B. 1989 Tolerance of acidity in a Virginia population of the spotted salamander, Ambystoma maculatum Brimleyana 15 37-45 Journal Article Blouin, Michael S. 1989 Life history correlates of a color polymorphism in the ornate chorus frog, Pseudacris ornata Copeia 1989 319-325 green allele Journal Article Blum, J. P.;Menzies, J. I. 1988 Notes on Xenobatrachus and Xenorhina (Amphibia: Microhylidae) from New Guinea with description of nine new species Alytes 7 4 125-163 subcroceus mehelyi rostratus anorbis schiefenhoeveli fuscigula ocellatus houn tumulus bewani arfakianus giganteus multisica ophiodon scheepstrai eiponis minima bidens Journal Article Boake, C. R. B. 1989 Repeatability: its role in evolutionary studies of mating behavior Evolutionary Ecology 3 173-182 statistics, methods, sexual selection, Journal Article Bober, M. A.;Ownby, C. L. 1988 Use of affinity-purified antibodies to measure the in vivo disappearance of antibodies to myotoxin a Toxicon 26 3 301-8 Antiserum against myotoxin a was purified using affinity chromatography. Myotoxin a was conjugated to an Affi-Gel agarose gel bead support and crude antiserum applied to the column. Antibody was eluted with distilled water, acetic acid and phosphate-buffered saline, and the protein concentration in the effluent was estimated by the absorbance at 280 nm. Antibody eluted with distilled water was used to develop an ELISA to detect antibodies to myotoxin in the bloodstream. Mice were injected with either 0.10, 0.15 or 0.20 ml of crude antiserum, and blood samples were taken during a four-week period. Samples were assayed for antimyotoxin using the antibody detection ELISA. Blood levels of antimyotoxin decreased significantly (P less than 0.05) within 1 hr after mice received 0.10 ml of crude antiserum (i.v.). Levels of antimyotoxin in mice given 0.15 and 0.20 ml of antiserum decreased significantly at 3 hr after the injection. Mice given 0.20 ml antiserum had significantly (P less than 0.05) higher amounts of antimyotoxin than mice receiving 0.10 ml antiserum during the 24-hr period after injection. However, after 24 hr all three treatment groups had less than 100 ng antimyotoxin/ml and did not differ significantly from one another. Measurement of antivenom in the bloodstream of snakebite patients might help determine if and when additional antivenom should be administered. Journal Article Bober, M. A.;Glenn, J. L.;Straight, R. C.;Ownby, C. L. 1988 Detection of myotoxin alpha-like proteins in various snake venoms Toxicon 26 7 665-73 Animal; Crotalid Venoms/*analysis/immunology; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Immunodiffusion; Proteins/*isolation & purification; Snake Venoms/*analysis; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Ninety-five venom samples from eight snake genera (Agkistrodon, Bitis, Bothrops, Calloselasma, Crotalus, Sistrurus, Naja and Vipera) including venoms of Crotalus species of different geographical origin were assayed using immunodiffusion or an ELISA for the presence of the small basic protein, myotoxin alpha, known to cause muscle necrosis. Of the eight genera investigated, only Crotalus and Sistrurus venoms contained detectable amounts of myotoxin alpha-like proteins. The venoms of 13 out of 17 rattlesnake species investigated contained proteins immunologically similar to myotoxin alpha, including 12 Crotalus species and one Sistrurus species. The highest amounts were detected in venoms of C. exsul, C. viridis oreganus and C. v. viridis. Qualitative differences in the presence or absence of myotoxin alpha-like proteins were observed in the venoms of C. cerastes, C. horridus, C. lepidus, C. mitchelli, C. scutulatus, C. viridis and S. catenatus specimens of different geographic origin. The toxin was not detected in the venoms obtained from C. adamanteus, C. atrox, C. enyo or C. vegrandis specimens. The toxin appears to be widely distributed among rattlesnake species in the new world, but may vary qualitatively by geographical region in several species and subspecies. Journal Article Bockeler, W.;Bohme, W. 1987 Pentastomiden-Untersuchengen an Schlangen Paraguays Salamandra 23 52-62 pentastomida, Cephalobaena, Raillietiella, Porocephalus, Paraguayian Chaco snakes as hosts Journal Article Bogart, J. P.;Licht, L. E.;Oldham, M. J.;Darbyshire, S. J. 1985 Electrophoretic identification of Ambystoma laterale and Ambystoma texanum as well as their diploid and triploid interspecific hybrids (Amphibia: Caudata) on Pelee Island, Ontario Canadian Journal Of Zoology 63 2 340-347 Journal Article Bogart, J. P.;Licht, L. E.;Oldham, M. J.;Darbyshire, S. J. 1985 Electrophoretic identification of Ambystoma laterale and Ambystoma texanum as well as their diploid and triploid interspecific hybrids Canadian Journal Of Zoology 63 2 340-347 Journal Article Bogart, J. P.;Lowcock, L. A.;Zeyl, C. W.;Mable, B. K. 1987 Genome constitution and reproductive biology of hybrid salamanders, genus Ambystoma, on Kelleys Island in Lake Erie Canadian Journal Of Zoology 65 9 2188-2201 Journal Article Bogart, James P.;Lowcock, Leslie A.;Zeyl, Clifford W.;Mable, Barbara K. 1987 Genome constitution and reproductive biology of hybrid salamanders, gensus Ambystoma, on Kelleys Island in Lake Erie Canadian Journal of Zoology 65 9 2188-2201 Journal Article Bogart, J. P.;Elinson, R. P.;Licht, L. E. 1989 Temperature and sperm incorporation in polyploid salamanders Science 4933 1032-1034 Journal Article Bohme, V. W. 1989 Zur systematischen Stellung der Amphisbanen (Reptilia: Squamata), mit besonderer Berucksichtigung der Morphologie des Hemipenis Z. zool. Syst. Evolut.- forsch 27 330-337 Amphisbaenia, Systematics, Evolution Journal Article Bolanos, F.;Robinson, D. C.;Wake, D. B. 1987 A new species of salamander (genus Bolitoglossa) from Costa Rica Revista de Biologica Tropical 35 1 87-92 Amphibia, Caudata, gracilis, description Journal Article Bolaños, Federico;Robinson, Douglas C.;Wake, David B. 1987 A new species of salamander (genus bolitoglossa) from Costa Rica Rev. Biol. Trop. 35 1 87-82 Bolitoglossa gracilis n. sp. Journal Article Bolen, Eric G. 1989 Conservation Biology, wildlife management, and spaceship earth Wildlife Society Bulletin 17 351-354 filed under Capen, David E. Book Section Bonath, K. 1985 Narkose Ippen, Rudolf;Schröder, Hans-Dieter and Elze, Karl Handbuch der Zootierkrankheiten Band 1. Reptilien Berlin Akademie Verlag 28-61 Journal Article Bonhomme, F.;Salvidio, S.;LeBeau, A.;Pasteur, G. 1987 Comparaison génétique tortues vertes (Chelonia mydas) des Oceans Atlantique, Indien, et Pacifique Genetica 74 89-94 Journal Article Bonhomme, F.;Salvidio, S.;LeBeau, A.;Pasteur, G. 1987 Comparaison génétique tortues vertes (Chelonia mydas) des Oceans Atlantique, Indien, et Pacifique [Genetic comparison of green turtles (Chelonia mydas) of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans] Genetica 74 89-94 Book Bonner, Lisa Allen 1988 Limnology of temporary forest pools in north-central Mississippi Mississippi State Ph. D. Dissertation, Mississippi State University xiii, 123 Journal Article Boonman, J. 1985 Gastrotheca riobambae, in the terrarium Lacerta 43 11/12 189-204 marsupial frog, Amphibia, Anura, captivity Journal Article Bork, T.;Schabtach, E.;Grant., P. 1987 Factors guiding optic fibers in developing Xenopus retina Journal of Comparative Neurology 264 147-158 Edited Book Borkin, L. J. 1986 Herpetological Investigations in the Caucasus Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute 196 + 11 plates Book Section Borkin, L. J.;Kuzmin, S. L. 1988 Amphibians: species accounts Vorobieva, E.I. and Darevsky, I.S. Amphibians and Reptiles of Mongolian People's Republic Moscow Nauka Publishing House 30-197 Mongolia Book Section Borkin, L. J. 1988 General account of amphibian distribution Vorobieva, E.I. and Darevsky, I.S. Amphibians and Reptiles of Mongolian People's Republic Moscow Nauka Publishing House 213-229 Mongolia Journal Article Borri, Marco;Agnelli, Paolo;Cesaraccio, Giovanni;Corti, Claudia;Finotello, Pier Luigi;Lanza, Benedetto;Tosini, Gianluca 1988 Preliminary notes on the herpetofauna of the satellite islands of Sardinia Bollettino della Società Sarda di Scienze Naturali 26 149-165 Journal Article Borst, D. E.;McDevitt, D. S. 1987 Eye lens regeneration and the crystallins in the adult newt, Notophthalmus viridescens Exp Eye Res 45 3 419-41 Animal; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Crystallins/*analysis; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Immunoelectrophoresis; Isoelectric Focusing; Isoelectric Point; Lens, Crystalline/*physiology; Molecular Weight; Notophthalmus viridescens; *Regeneration; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Upon lens removal, the adult Eastern Spotted newt, Notophthalmus viridescens, has the capacity to regenerate an ocular lens. Crystallins, proteins characteristic of the vertebrate lens, were studied from normal and 3-month regenerated adult newt lenses. When separated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or Sephadex G-200SF column chromatography, the crystallins from normal and regenerated lenses were fractionated into what appear to be the classical four groups: alpha, beta High, beta Low, and gamma. Upon further examination by immunoelectrophoresis, the first peak contains both alpha and beta crystallins. This study provides evidence that most of the crystallins from the regenerated lenses share biochemical properties with those of the normal lens crystallins based on their native molecular weight, isoelectric point, and the molecular wt of their constituent polypeptides, indicating that the fidelity of gene expression in reactivated iris tissue is high. Some differences are found between normal and regenerated lens crystallins and are most obvious in the beta-crystallin region: the proportion of beta crystallins is decreased in regenerated lenses when the total proteins are fractionated by column chromatography and some of the beta- crystallin polypeptide chains found in normal lenses are missing from regenerated lenses. Iris epithelial cells are normally withdrawn from the cell cycle and are synthesizing a tissue-specific product, melanin. After lentectomy these cells dedifferentiate, redifferentiate into lens cells, and their progeny then synthesize different tissue-specific proteins, crystallins. Little is known about the specific mechanism(s) for the activation of gene expression in eukaryotes, but the regenerating lens suggests itself as a good model in which to study this biological problem. Journal Article Bosc, P.;Le Gall, J.-Y. 1986 Attachement spatial des tortues vertes Chelonia mydas aux plages de l'île de Tomelin (Océan Indien) Oceanologica Acta 9 4 489-495 green; nesting Journal Article Bosch, H. A. J. in den 1985 Snakes of Sulawesi: Checklist, key and additional biogeographical remarks Zoologische Verhandelingen 217 1-50 Snakes; Sulawesi; Checklist; Key; Biogeography; Indopacific region Journal Article Bosch, H. 1986 Experimental life cycle studies of Raillietella Sambon, 1910 (Pentastomida: Cephalobaenida): the fourth stage larva is infective for the definitive host Z. Parasitenkd 72 673-680 Reptilia, serpentes, infection, helminth, pentastomida, Cephalobaenida 210390 MDL DGB Rept 66 Journal Article Boulon, Ralf;Eckert, Karen;Eckert, Scott 1988 Dermochelys coriacea (leatherback sea turtle). Migration Herpetological Review 19 4 18 leatherback Journal Article Bour, R. 1988 Tortoises and insularity: the Seychelles land tortoises Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 112 3/4 401-418 Journal Article Bourdeau, P. 1988 Pathologie des tortues I - II Point Vet 5-19 Reptilia, Testudines, pathology testu,vet Fernl x Journal Article Bourne, W.R.P. 1985 Turtles and pollution Marine Pollution Bulletin 16 5 177-178 leatherback; loggerhead; mortality Journal Article Bouskila, Amos 1985 A trapping technique for capturing large active lizards Journal of the Herpetological Association of Africa 31 2-4 Capture techniques; Uromastyx aegyptius Journal Article Bouskila, Amos 1986 On the danger of spreading of the red eared terrapin, Chrysemys scripta, in natural habitats in Israel Hardun 3 27-30;63 Chrysemys scripta Journal Article Bouskila, Amos 1987 Preliminary observations of the ecology of Stenodactylus doriae Hardun 4 29-40;E9-10 niche partitioning; Bufo viridis; Rana ridibunda; Hyla arborea; Pelobates syriacus; Salamandra salamandra; Triturus vittatus Journal Article Bowen, B. W.;Meylan, A. B.;Avise, J. C. 1989 An odessey of the green sea turtle: Ascension Island revisited Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 86 573-576 56, sea turtle, migration, Brazil Journal Article Bowker, Richard G.;Damschroder, Spencer;Sweet, Ann M.;Anderson, Deborah K. 1986 Thermoregulatory behavior of the North American lizards Cnemidophorus velox and Sceloporus undulatus Amphibia-Reptilia 7 335-346 Journal Article Boyce, W. M.;Kazacos, E. A.;Kazacos, K. R.;Engelhardt, J. A. 1987 Pathology of pentastomid infections (Sebekia mississippiensis) in fish J Wildl Dis 23 4 689-92 Alligators and Crocodiles/parasitology; Animal; Arthropods; Cyprinodontiformes/*parasitology; Fish Diseases/*pathology/parasitology; Parasitic Diseases/pathology/*veterinary; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Differential pathogenesis was observed in two species of fish naturally infected with the pentastome Sebekia mississippiensis. Mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) showed a mild inflammatory response to developing nymphs, whereas swordtails (Xiphophorus helleri) had an extensive granulomatous inflammatory reaction with accompanying hemorrhage, myositis, and myodegeneration. This suggested that certain species of tropical fish reared in the southeastern United States may be at risk to potentially harmful infections with this parasite. Book Boycott, Richard C.;Bourquin, Ortwin 1988 The South African Tortoise Book: A Guise to South African Tortoises, terrapins and Turtles Johannesburg Southern Book x, 148, 14 plates Book Boycott, Richard C.;Bourquin, Ortwin 1988 The South African Tortoise Book: A Guise to South African Tortoises, Terrapins and Turtles Johannesburg Southern Book Publ. x, 148, 14 plates Book Boycott, Richard C.;Bourquin, Ortwin 1988 The South African Tortoise Book: A Guide to South African Tortoises, terrapins and Turtles Johannesburg Southern Book x, 148, 14 plates Journal Article Boycott, Richard C. 1988 Description of a new species of Heleophryne Sclater, 1899 from the Cape Province, South Africa (Anura: Heleophrynidae) Annals of the Cape Provincial Museum (Natural History) 16 11 309-319 Heleophryne hewitti sp. nov. Book Section Boycott, R.C.;Branch, W. 1989 Psammobates oculifer I.R. Swingland, M.W. Klemens The conservation biology of tortoises IUCN 88-90 Book Section Boycott, R.C. 1989 Homopus signatus I.R. Swingland, M.W. Klemens The conservation biology of tortoises IUCN 82-84 Book Section Boycott, R.C. 1989 Homopus boulengeri I.R. Swingland, M.W. Klemens The conservation biology of tortoises IUCN 78-79 Book Böckeler, Wolfgang 1988 A small Guide to Snakes of the Paraguayan Chaco [Viboras del Chaco Paraguayo] [Kleiner Führer über Schlangen des paraguayischen Chaco] Asunción, Paraguay Gráfica Comuneros S.A. 102 Edited Book Böhme, Wolfgang 1986 Handbuch der Reptilien und Amphibien Europas. Band 2. Echsen (Sauria) III (Lacertidae III: Podarcis) Wiesbaden, Germany AULA-Verlag 435 p. Journal Article Böhme, Wolfgang 1987 Nachweis von Vipera lebetina (Linnaeus, 1758) (Serpentes: Viperidae) an der zentralen Südküste der Türkei Salamandra 23 2/3 173-175 Vipera lebetina; Turkey; range extension Journal Article Böhme, Wolfgang 1988 Zur Genitalmorphologie der Sauria: funktionelle und stammesgeschichtliche Aspekte Bonner Zoologische Monographien 27 1-176 Sauria; Phylogeny; Hemipenis; Comparative morphology; Systematics; Zoogeography; Palaeontology Journal Article Böhme, Wolfgang 1988 Brustweisen und milchspritzen gambianischer Frauen gegenüber Chamäleons - eine interdisziplinäre Studie Tier und Museum 1 1 1-9 Folklore; chameleon; Human ethology; mythology Journal Article Böhme, Wolfgang 1988 Brustweisen und Milchspritzen gambianischer Frauen gegenüber Chamäleons - eine interdisziplinäre Studie Tier und Museum 1 1 1-9 Journal Article Bradford, D. F.;Seymour, R. S. 1985 Energy conservation during the delayed-hatching period in the frog Pseudophryne bibroni Physiological Zoology 58 5 491-496 Anura, Myobatrachidae, Pseudophryne bibroni, egg laying, delayed hatching, energy conservation, suspended development, Australia, 174 Journal Article Bradford, D. F.;Seymour., R. S. 1985 Energy conservation during the delayed-hatching period in the frog Pseudophryne bibroni Physiological Zoology 58 491-496 Journal Article Bradford, D. F.;Seymour., R. S. 1988 Influence of environmental PO2 on embryonic Oxygen consumption, rate of development, and hatching in the frog Pseudophryne bibroni. Physiological Zoology 61 475-482 Journal Article Bradford, D. F.;Seymour., R. S. 1988 Influence of water potential on growth and survival of the embryo, and gas conductance of the egg, in a terrestrial breeding frog, Pseudophryne bibroni. Physiological Zoology 61 470-474 Journal Article Bradford, D. F. 1989 Allotopic distribution of native frogs and introduced fishes in high Sierra Nevada lakes of California: implications of the negative effect oish introductions Copeia 1989 775-778 Journal Article Bradford, D. F. 1989 Allotopic distribution of native frogs and introduced fishes in high Sierra Nevada lakes of California: implications of the negative effect of fish introductions Copeia 1989 775-778 Book Bradshaw, S. D. 1986 Ecophysiology of Desert Reptiles Sydney Academic Press xxvi, 324 Journal Article Bradshaw, S. D. 1988 Desert reptiles: A case of adaptation or pre-adaptation? Journal of Arid Environments 14 155-174 Thermoregulation water balance electrolytes Journal Article Bradshaw, S. D.;Owen, F. J.;Saint Girons, H. 1988 Seasonal changes in plasma sex steroid levels in the male tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus, from Stephens Island, New Zealand Gen Comp Endocrinol 70 3 460-5 A unique opportunity, occasioned by the sacrifice of five male tuataras (Sphenodon punctatus), was taken to measure the circulating levels of a number of sex steroids, and other parameters, at different seasons throughout the year on Stephens Island, New Zealand. Male tuataras exhibit continuous spermatocytogenesis throughout the year (H. Saint Girons and D. G. Newman, 1987, N.Z.J.Zool. 14,231-237) but levels of sex steroids showed significant seasonal variation nonetheless, with testosterone concentrations being positively correlated with the height of the epithelium lining the epididymal ducts. Plasma testosterone and 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone levels were highest in February, coincident with the mating season when spermiogenesis is maximal and epididymal ducts are hypertrophied, but DHT concentrations were generally lower and more constant throughout the year. Circulating levels of progesterone, 17 beta-oestradiol, and corticosterone showed no significant changes over the period of sampling which extended from February until August. The tuatara is the only surviving member of the ancient Sub-Order Rhynchocephalia, and it seems likely that testosterone functions as a male sex hormone in this species, as it does in other members of the Class Reptilia. Journal Article Bradshaw, William E.;Holzapfel, Christina M. 1989 Life-historical consequences of density-dependent selection in the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithi American Naturalist 133 6 868-887 Journal Article Brana, F. 1986 Ciclo reproductor y oviparismo de Lacerta vivipara en la cordillera Cantabrica Revista Española de Herpetología 1 275-291 50, Lacerta vivipara, reproduction, Spain, lizard. Lacertidae Journal Article Brana, F.;Bea, A. 1987 Bimodalite de la reproduction chez Lacerta vivipara (reptilia, lacertidae) Bull. Soc. herp. Fr. 44 1-5 reptiles, reproduction, bimodality, oviparity, viviparity, strategy, clutch, France Journal Article Brana, F.;Bea, A.;Girons, H. Saint 1988 Composicion de la dieta y ciclos de alimentacion en Vivpera seoanei Lataste, 1879. Variaciones en relacion con la edad y el ciclo reproductor Munibe 40 19-27 reptiles, snakes, diet, cycles, reproduction, food, Journal Article Branch, W. R. 1986 Hemipenial morphology of African snakes: A taxonomic review. Part 1. Scolecophidia and Boidae Journal of Herpetology 20 3 285-299 Book Branch, Bill 1988 Field Guide to the Snakes and Other Reptiles of Southern Africa Sanibel Island, FL Ralph Curtis 328 Edited Book Branch, William R. 1988 South African Red Data Book - Reptiles and Amphibians Pretoria Foundation for Research Development CSIR vi, 241 p. Book Section Branch, W. 1989 Homopus femoralis I.R. Swingland, M.W. Klemens The conservation biology of tortoises IUCN 80-81 Book Section Branch, W. 1989 Psammobates tentorius I.R. Swingland, M.W. Klemens The conservation biology of tortoises IUCN 91-93 Book Section Branch, W. 1989 South Africa - regional introduction I.R. Swingland, M.W. Klemens The conservation biology of tortoises IUCN 65-67 Book Section Branch, W. 1989 Homopus bergeri I.R. Swingland, M.W. Klemens The conservation biology of tortoises IUCN 75-77 Book Section Branch, W. 1989 Chersina angulata I.R. Swingland, M.W. Klemens The conservation biology of tortoises, IUCN 68-71 Book Section Branch, W. 1989 Homopus areolatus I.R. Swingland, M.W. Klemens The conservation biology of tortoises IUCN 72-74 Journal Article Brandao, C. R. F.;Vanzolini, P. E. 1985 Notes on the incubatory inquilinism between squamata (Reptilia) and the neotropical fungu-growing ant genus Acromyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Papéis Avulsos Zoology (São Paulo) 36 3 31-36 reptiles, reproduction, snakes, eggs, behavior, incubation, Journal Article Brandon, Ronald A.;Huheey, James E. 1985 Salamander skin toxins, with special reference to Nectrurus lewisi Brimleyana 10 75-82 Journal Article Brandon, R. A.;J. Jacobs, A. Wynn;Sever., D. M. 1986 A naturally metamorphosed Tennessee cave salamander Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science 61 1-2 Journal Article Brandon, Ronald A.;Jacobs, Jeremy;Wynn, Addison H.;Sever, David M. 1986 A naturally metamorphosed Tennessee Cave Salamander (Gyrinophilus palleucus) Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science 61 1-2 Journal Article Brannian, R.E. ;al., et 1987 Anesthetic induction of kinosternid turtles with halothane J.Zoo Anim.Med. 18 2-3 115-117 Reptilia, testudines, anesthesia, halothane 090590 MDL DGB Journal Article Brannian, R.E.;al.;et 1987 Anesthetic induction of kinosternid turtles with halothane J.Zoo Anim.Med. 18 2-3 115-117 Reptilia, testudines, anesthesia, halothane 090590 MDL DGB Journal Article Braswell, A. L.;R. E. Ashton, Jr. 1985 Distribution, ecology, and feeding habits of Necturus lewisi (Brimley). Brimleyana 10 13-35 Journal Article Brattstrom, B. H. 1988 Habitat destruction in California with special reference to Clemmys marmorata: a perspective Proceedings of the Conference on California Herpetology 13-24 reptiles, turtles, conservation Book Section Brattstrom, Bayard H. 1988 Habitat destruction in California with special reference to Clemmys marmorata: a perspective De Lisle, Harold F.;Brown, Philip R.;Kaufman, Bonnie and McGurty, Brian M. Proceedings of the Conference on California Herpetology, Special Publication No. 4 Van Nuys, CA Southwestern Herpetologists Society 13-24 Xantusia; Clemmys marmorata; Thamnophis couchi gigas; Phrynosoma platyrhinos; Hydromantes; Coleonyx switaki; Dipsosaurus dorsalis; Lampropeltis zonata; Ambystoma macrodactylum croceum; Lichanura trivirgata; Charina bottae Journal Article Brattstrom, Bayard H. 1988 Book review: Fauna of Australia. Vol. 1A, General Articles Copeia 1988 3 809-810 Book Section Brattstrom, Bayard H. 1988 Habitat destruction in Califronia with special reference to Clemmys marmorata: a perspective De Lisle, H. F.;Brown, P. R.;Kaufman, B. and McGurty, B. M. Proceedings of the Conference on Calironia Herpetology Van Nuys, CA Southwestern Herpetologists Society 13-24 Journal Article Brattstrom, Bayard H. 1989 Predation of Bald Eagles (Haiaeetus leucocephalus) on American Coots (Fulica americana) Journal of Raptor Research 23 1 16-17 Journal Article Braun, J.;Brooks, G.R.J. 1987 Box turtles (Terrapene carolina) as potential agents for seed dispersal Amer. Midl. Naturalist 117 2 312-318 Journal Article Braune, S. e.a. 1989 A novel herpes virus-associated disease in tortoises Tierarztl. Prax. 17 416-419 Reptilia, testudines, infection, virus, herpes, diphteroid-necrotizing stomatitis, clinical signs, diagnosis 270390 MDL DGB Rept 104 Journal Article Brauth, S. E.;Kitt, C. A.;Price, D. L.;Wainer, B. H. 1985 Cholinergic neurons in the telencephalon of the reptile Caiman crocodilus Neurosci Lett 58 2 235-40 Acetylcholinesterase/metabolism; Animal; Choline Acetyltransferase/metabolism; Cholinergic Fibers; Reptiles/*anatomy & histology; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Telencephalon/*cytology/enzymology Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunohistochemistry was used to characterize the distribution of cholinergic neurons in the telencephalon of the reptile, Caiman crocodilus. ChAT-positive cell bodies were observed within the small-celled portion of the ventrolateral area of the telencephalon (VLA s.c.), a region previously considered comparable to the mammalian caudate nucleus and putamen. A large field of cholinergic neurons was observed within the ventral paleostriatum (VP), a region comparable to the substantia innominata and ventral pallidum of mammals. Cholinergic neurons were also observed within cranial motor nuclei of the brainstem, within the isthmic nucleus and within portions of the lateral reticular formation of the pons and medulla. A rich plexus of cholinergic fibers was observed within the intermediate and deep layers of the optic tectum. The results of this study indicate that many aspects of cholinergic system organization are similar in caiman and mammals, and suggest a common derivation of these systems from ancestral forms. Journal Article Brauth, S. E. 1988 Catecholamine neurons in the brainstem of the reptile Caiman crocodilus J Comp Neurol 270 3 313-26 Alligators and Crocodiles/*physiology; Animal; Brain Stem/cytology/immunology/*physiology; Catecholamines/*physiology; Diencephalon/cytology/immunology; Immunochemistry; Medulla Oblongata/cytology/immunology; Mesencephalon/cytology/immunology; Neurons/immunology/*physiology; Pons/cytology/immunology; Reptiles/*physiology; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase/immunology Immunohistochemical methods were used to map the distribution of neurons exhibiting tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity (TH) in the brainstem of the reptile Caiman crocodilus. The results reveal that many catecholamine systems previously described in mammalian and avian species are present in the brainstem of the caiman. Within the medulla, many immunoreactive neurons surround the central canal. This neuronal field extends rostrally to the level of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. Many TH neurons overlap the region of the solitary nucleus, and an extensive system of fibers derived from these neurons extends ventrally and laterally into the region immediately bordering the descending nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. Some TH neurons are also present in the ventrolateral tegmentum of the medulla at this level. A large number of TH cells are present in the pons and midbrain. These include the locus coeruleus, nucleus subcoeruleus ventralis, nucleus subcoeruleus dorsalis, substantia nigra (Brauth et al., '83), and area ventralis of Tsai. The subcoeruleus nuclei are considerably larger in the caiman than in other reptilian species including turtles and lizards and closely resemble the subcoeruleus nuclei of birds in terms of position and anterior-posterior extent. Within the diencephalon, numerous small, intensely staining, TH-immunoreactive and CSF- contacting neurons were observed within the preoptic recess and in close proximity to the ventricular wall at rostral hypothalamic and preoptic levels. Many intensely stained, immunoreactive cell bodies were observed in the medial hypothalamus similar in position to the A13 cell group of mammals. In the subthalamus, TH neurons completely surround the ventral peduncle of the forebrain bundle (which contains fibers of the ansa lenticularis) and extend into the ventromedial and ventrolateral thalamic areas. A rich plexus of TH-positive axons and terminals invests the external layer of the median eminence. Journal Article Brauth, S. E.;Kitt, C. A.;Gerfen, C. R. 1988 Calcium binding protein in the basal ganglia system of a non-mammalian vertebrate: an immunohistochemical study in the reptile Caiman crocodilus Brain Res 452 1-2 367-72 Alligators and Crocodiles/*metabolism; Animal; Basal Ganglia/*analysis; Brain Mapping; Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent/*analysis; Immunohistochemistry; Molecular Weight; Nerve Fibers/analysis; Reptiles/*metabolism; Substantia Nigra/*analysis; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. In Caiman, calbindin D28K immunoreactivity (CaBP) was observed within many neurons of the substantia nigra (SN) but only in the caudal portion of the area ventralis of Tsai (AVT). A dense CaBP fiber plexus showing some regional inhomogeneity was observed in the dorsolateral portion of the telencephalic ventrolateral area (VLA). These results are consistent with previous reports that the SN and AVT project to the dorsolateral and medial portions of the VLA, and strongly support the theory that the caiman VLA contains cell populations homologous to those found in the mammalian corpus striatum. Book Section Brauth, S.E. 1988 The organization and projections of the paleostriatal complex of Caiman crocodilus Schwerdtfeger, W.K. and Smeets, W.J.A.J. The forebrain of reptiles: Current concepts of structure and function. Frankfurt, West Germany, August 13-14, 1987 International Symposium on Recent Advances in Understanding the Structure and Function of the Forebrain in Reptiles. 60-76 CCR, anatomy, Book Section Brazaitis, P. 1986 An assessment of the current crocodilian hide and product market in the United States Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 7th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. ISBN 2-88032-306-1 xxviii + 446 pp. 379-383 AM, CCR, CL, CNL, MN, utilization, US Book Section Brazaitis, P. 1986 Biochemical techniques: New Tools for the forensic identification of crocodilian hides and products Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 7th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. ISBN 2-88032-306-1 xxviii + 446 pp. 384-388 techniques Book Section Brazaitis, P. 1986 Management, reproduction and growth of Caiman crocodilus yacare at the New york Zoological Park Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 7th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. ISBN 2-88032-306-1 xxviii + 446 pp. 389-397 CY, captive breeding, reproduction, Book Section Brazaitis, Peter 1987 The identification of crocodilian skins and products Webb, Grahame J. W.;Manolis, S. Charlis and Whitehead, Peter J. Wildlife Management: Crocodiles and Alligators Chipping Norton, NSW Surrey Beatty & Sons Pty Ltd 373-386 Book Section Brazaitis, Peter 1989 The trade in crocodilians Ross, Charles A. Crocodiles and Alligators New York Facts on File 196-201 Book Section Brazaitis, P. 1989 The forensic identification of crocodilian hides and products Crocodiles: their ecology, management and conservation. A special publication of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Gland, Switzerland. ISBN 2-88032-987-6. iv + 308 pp. 17-43 CROC, identification, utilization, Book Section Brazaitis, P. 1989 The caimans of the Pantanal: past, present, and future Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 8th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. ISBN 2-88032-908-X. xiv + 204 pp. 119-124 Journal Article Breckenridge, W. R.;Nathanael, S.;Pereira, L. 1987 Some aspects of the biology and development of Ichthyophis glutinosus (Amphibia: Gymnophiona) Journal of Zoology 211 3 437-450 Subterranean Amphibian; Larval Mortality; Morphology; Metamorphosis; Skin Thickness; Skin Secretion; Mucosubstance; Stratum Corneum; Scales; Leydig Cell; Length; Weight Specimens of Ichthyophis glutinosus hatched in the laboratory were studied over a three-year period. Larval mortality during the early period of development was very high, with only three out of an initial number of 19 larvae surviving to the present. The aquatic larvae change gradually into terrestrial burrowing forms within 48-50 weeks after hatching. The larval condition is characterized morphologically by a more rounded head with sense organs, prominent eyes and a tail fin, whereas the post-metamorphic form has a more pointed head, reduced eyes, tentacles, nuchal collars and yellow lateral stripes. Examination by light microscopy shows the larval skin to be thinner than adult skin and lacking a keratinized stratum corneum and calcified scales. Leydig cells found only in larval skin elaborate a secretion which is a periodate reactive acidic mucosubstance with a protein component. They decrease in number and disappear at metamorphosis. Length and weight increases of the larva are gradual but after metamorphosis are marked by weight increases being greater than increase in length. Metamorphosis itself is gradual, spread over an appreciably long period, and is not as dramatic as in anurans. Journal Article Breckenridge, Robin;Dufton, Mark J. 1987 The structural evolution of cobra venom cytotoxins Journal of Molecular Evolution 26 274-283 Journal Article Breden, F. 1987 The effect of post-metamorphic dispersal on the population genetic structure of Fowler's toad, Bufo woodhousei fowleri Copeia 2 386-395 Amphibia, toad, Anura, breeding, migration, genetics, Bufonidae Journal Article Breitenbach, G. L. 1986 Odds against the snapper Michigan Natural Resources 55 5 46-53 reptiles, turtles, Chelydra serpentina, michigan Journal Article Breßeler, Helga 1989 Bibliographie Herpetologischer Bibliographien I. Amphibia, Reptilia. Bibliography on Herpetological Bibliographies I. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 116 1-214 Journal Article Breuil, Michel;Parent, Georges-Henri 1987 Essai de caractérisation du triton alpestre hellénique Triturus alpestris veulchiensis. I. Historique et présentation de nouvelles données. [An attempt to characterize the Hellenic alpine newt Triturus alpestris veluchiensis. I. Historic data and the presentation of new data] Alytes 6 3-4 131-151 Journal Article Briden, S.;Flemstrom, G. 1989 Alkaline secretion by Necturus proximal duodenal mucosa Acta Physiol Scand 137 4 481-7 Action Potentials/drug effects; Animal; Bicarbonates/*metabolism; Bucladesine/pharmacology; Dinitrophenols/pharmacology; Dinoprostone/pharmacology; Duodenum/drug effects/*physiology; Furosemide/pharmacology; Indomethacin/pharmacology; Intestinal Mucosa/drug effects/*secretion; Necturus maculosus; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Uncoupling Agents Proximal duodenum from the amphibian Necturus was stripped of muscle layers and the mucosa was mounted as a tube for studies of alkali transport or as a flat sheet for intracellular impalement by voltage- sensitive glass micro-electrodes. The mucosa alkalinized the unbuffered luminal perfusate at a high rate (3.4 muequiv. cm-1 h-1) and developed a transepithelial electric potential difference of 5.7 mV (lumen negative). Transport was inhibited by 2,4-dinitrophenol (10(-4) M) and by furosemide (10(-3) M) and SITS (10(-3) M) on the seros but not on the mucosal side, indicating dependence on tissue metabolism and on serosal membrane Cl-/HCO3- exchange. Prostaglandin E2 (10(-7)-10(-5) M) and dibutyryl cyclic AMP (10(-6)-10(-4) M) had no effects on the secretion or transepithelial electrical potential difference. removal of serosal HCO3- decreased luminal alkalinization by 75%, indicating a contribution by passive migration of HCO3- and/or a dependence of transcellular transport on the nutrient supply of this ion. Administration of HCO3- (17.8 mM) to the luminal perfusate affected neither the transepithelial nor transmembrane electrical potential differences nor the resistance ratio. It is thus unlikely that the luminal membrane possesses any major HCO3- conductance. Journal Article Briden, S. 1989 Electrophysiological characteristics of the Necturus proximal duodenal mucosa: effects of ion substitutions Acta Physiol Scand 137 4 469-79 Amiloride/administration & dosage; Animal; Cell Membrane Permeability/*physiology; Duodenum/*physiology; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Intestinal Mucosa/*physiology; Membrane Potentials/physiology; Necturus maculosus; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Voltage-sensitive glass micro-electrodes were used to determine the electrical characteristics of Necturus proximal duodenal epithelium. Some comparative experiments with amiloride were performed with gastric antrum. The apical and the basolateral cell membrane potential differences in duodenum averaged -32 mV and -34 mV (cell negative) respectively. The transepithelial potential difference was -2 mV (lumen negative). The EMF across the apical cell membrane was -29 mV and that across the basolateral cell membrane -39 mV. The transepithelial resistance (Rt) of 63 omega cm2 and the paracellular pathway resistance (Rs) of 80 omega cm2 are of magnitudes similar to that previously reported for more distal amphibian small intestine. The apical and basolateral cell membrane resistances, however, were lower than those reported for distal small intestine. Ion permeabilities for Na+, K+ and Cl- across the apical cell membrane were calculated from ion substitution experiments. The permeability sequence across the apical cell membrane was PK:PCl:PNa 3.02:1.31:1.00. Luminal amiloride (10(- 4)M) was without significant effect, further indicating a low duodenal membrane conductance for Na+. The low conductances for K+, Na+ and Cl- suggest that the major ion transport modes across the apical duodenal cell membrane are electroneutral in nature. In contrast, amiloride caused a marked increase in the transmembrane potentials in the antrum. Journal Article Briggs, Jeffrey L. 1987 Breeding biology of the cascade frog, Rana cascadae, with comparisons to R. aurora and R. pretiosa Copeia 1987 1 241-245 Anura, Ranidae, Rana cascadae, Rana aurora, Rana pretiosa, populations, hibernation, emergence, calling, amplexus, oviposition, reproduction, mating system, USA, Oregon, 219 Journal Article Briggs, J. L.;Sr. 1987 Breeding biology of the Cascade frog, Rana cascadae, with comparisons to R. aurora and R. pretiosa. Copeia 1987 241-245 Journal Article Bringsøe, Henrik 1987 Buchbesprechung: Ergebnisse des 1. Symposiums "Herpetologica Canariensis" [Book Review: Ergebnisse des 1. Symposiums "Herpetologica Canariensis"] Sauria 9 4 24 Journal Article Brinkman, Donald;Eberth, David A. 1986 The anatomy and relationships of Stereophallodon and Baldwinonus (Reptilia, Pelycosauria) Breviora 485 1-34 Journal Article Brisbin, L.;Ross, C. A.;DOwnes, M. C.;Staton, M. A.;Gammon, B. R. 1986 A bibliography of the american alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) Savannah River National Environmental Research Park SRO-NERP-13 1-310 Savannah River Site, SREL, NERP Journal Article Brisbin, I. Lehr;Ross, Charles A.;Downes, M. C.;Staton, Mark A.;Gammon, Brad R. 1986 A bibliography of the american alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) Savannah River National Environmental Research Park SRO-NERP-13 1-310 Book Section Brisbin, I. Lehr 1989 Out in the cold Ross, Charles A. Crocodiles and Alligators New York Facts on File 50 Book Section Brisbin, I.L., Jr.;McDonald, M.A. 1989 Genetic patterns and the conservation of crocodilians: a review of strategies and options Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 8th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. ISBN 2-88032-908-X. xiv + 204 pp. 156-168 genetics, management, conservation, Book Section Brisbin, I.L., Jr. 1989 Radiocesium levels in a population of American alligators: a model for the study of environmental contaminants in free-living crocodilians Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 8th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. ISBN 2-88032-908-X. xiv + 204 pp. 60-73 Journal Article Britten, Roy J. 1986 Rates of DNA sequence evolution differ between taxonomic groups Science 231 1393-1398 Book Broadley, D. G.;Cock, E. V. 1989 Snakes of Zimbabwe Harare Longman Zimbabwe iv + 152 Book Section Broadley, D.G. 1989 Geochelone sulcata I.R. Swingland, M.W. Klemens The conservation biology of tortoises IUCN 47-48 Book Section Broadley, D.G. 1989 Malacochersus tornieri I.R. Swingland, M.W. Klemens The conservation biology of tortoises IUCN 62-64 Book Section Broadley, D.G. 1989 Kinixys erosa I.R. Swingland, M.W. Klemens The conservation biology of tortoises IUCN 56-57 Book Section Broadley, D.G. 1989 Kinixys belliana I.R. Swingland, M.W. Klemens The conservation biology of tortoises IUCN 49-55 Book Section Broadley, D.G. 1989 Geochelone pardalis I.R. Swingland, M.W. Klemens The conservation biology of tortoises IUCN 43-46 Book Section Broadley, D.G. 1989 Kinixys homeana I.R. Swingland, M.W. Klemens The conservation biology of tortoises IUCN 58-59 Book Section Broadley, D.G. 1989 Kinixys natalensis I.R. Swingland, M.W. Klemens The conservation biology of tortoises IUCN 60-61 Journal Article Brodie, E. D. Jr.;D. R. Formanowicz, Jr. 1987 Antipredator mechanisms of larval anurans: Protection of palatable individuals Herpetologica 43 3 369-373 Amphibia, Anura, Bufo americanus, schooling, predators, survivorship, defense, Bufonidae Journal Article Brodie, E. D., Jr. 1987 Antipredator mechanisms of larval anurans: protection of palatable individuals Herpetologica 43 369-373 Journal Article Brodie, E. D., Jr.;D. R. Formanowicz, Jr. 1987 Antipredator mechanisms of larval anurans: protection of palatable individuals Herpetologica 43 369-373 Journal Article Brodie, Edmund D., Jr.;Formanowicz Jr., D. R. 1987 Antipredator mechanisms of larval anurans: protection of palatable individuals Herpetologica 43 3 369-373 larvae, Bufo americanus, Amphibia, Anura, tadpole Journal Article Brodie, E. D. III 1989 Behavioral modifications as a means of reducing the cost of reproduction American Naturalist 134 2 225-238 life history, behavior, Thamnophis, Journal Article Brodie, E. D. III;Ducey, P. K. 1989 Allocation of reproductive investment in the redbelly snake Storeria occipitomaculata American Midland Naturalist 122 51-58 reptiles, snakes, reproduction, egg, model, optimal egg size Journal Article Brodie, E. D. III 1989 Genetic correlations between morphology and antipredator behavior in natural populations of the garter snake Thamnophis ordinoides Nature 342 6249 542-543 reptiles, snakes, heritability Journal Article Brodie, Edmund D., III 1989 Genetic correlations between morphology and antipredator behavior in natural populations of the garter snake Thamnophis ordinoides Nature 342 542-543 Journal Article Brodie, Edmund D., Jr. 1989 Salamander antipredator strategies against snake attack: biting by Desmognathus Herpetologica 45 2 167-171 Desmognathus, Salamander, antipredator, Amphibia, Urodela, Caudata Book Brodmann, Peter 1987 Die Giftschlangen Europas und die Gattung Vipera in Afrika und Asien Bern, Switzerland Kümmerley + Frey 148 Journal Article Bromley, S. E.;Gall, J. G. 1987 Transcription of the histone loci on lampbrush chromosomes of the newt Notophthalmus viridescens Chromosoma 95 6 396-402 Animal; *Chromosome Mapping; Chromosomes/ultrastructure; Histones/*genetics; Notophthalmus viridescens/*genetics; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; Salamandridae/*genetics; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; *Transcription, Genetic We have investigated transcription of the histone gene cluster on lampbrush chromosomes of the newt Notophthalmus viridescens. Clusters of the five histone genes are separated by long tracts of a DNA repeat called satellite 1. Previous in situ hybridization results demonstrated the presence of histone gene coding regions, intergene spacers, and flanking satellite repeats in giant transcription units on lampbrush chromosomes. These results suggested a model in which transcription initiates at histone gene promoters and continues through the rest of the gene cluster into satellite repeats. The readthrough transcription model predicts that spacer regions upstream of the first promoter in the gene cluster should be absent from nascent transcripts on chromosome loops. We have used such upstream spacer probes for in situ hybridization to lampbrush chromosomes. Contrary to our expectation, the results show that upstream spacer regions are transcribed, and indicate that transcription often initiates upstream of the first histone gene promoter. The relationship of giant transcription units in oocyte nuclei to cytoplasmic histone mRNA is discussed. Journal Article Brooks, B. 1987 Broward's sea turtle watchers Fla. Nat. 60 1 6-8 Edited Book Brower, Lincoln P. 1988 Mimicry and the Evolutionary Process Chicago University of Chicago Press viii, 127 p. Journal Article Brown, Walter C.;Parker, Fred 1985 Three new lizards of the genus Emoia (Scincidae) from southern New Guinea Breviora 480 1-12 Journal Article Brown, P. S.;Hayner, A. M.;Bania, T. C.;Brown, S. C. 1985 Sensitivity and specificity of salamandrid integumental transepithelial potential to prolactin Gen Comp Endocrinol 59 1 56-63 Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Resistance; Electrophysiology; Epithelium/drug effects; Notophthalmus viridescens; Prolactin/*pharmacology; Salamandridae/*physiology; Skin/*drug effects; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Time Factors The effects of ovine prolactin (oPRL), bovine growth hormone (bGH) and human placental lactogen (hPL) on in vivo integumental transepithelial potential (TEP) were examined in two salamandrid urodeles, adult terrestrial-phase Taricha granulosa and the juvenile red-eft stage of Notophthalmus viridescens. TEP in efts treated with 1.0 microgram oPRL/2 days fell from 73.3 +/- 6.1 to 15.2 +/- 5.5 mV by Day 7 (P less than 0.001), whereas the TEP of efts treated with either 1.0 or 10 micrograms bGH/2 days remained at control levels for as long as 24 days. TEP in efts treated with a single dose of 10 micrograms oPRL dropped from 65.74 +/- 4.1 to 23.0 +/- 3.4 mV (P less than 0.01) in 3 days. Efts treated with various doses of oPRL showed a linear log total dose response over the range of 0.05 to 10.0 micrograms oPRL/animal, with a minimum detectable total dose of 0.4 micrograms/g (0.01 IU/g). In the same experiments, tail height increased by Day 7 in efts treated every other day with 10.0 micrograms oPRL, but not 1.0 microgram oPRL or either 1.0 or 10.0 micrograms bGH/2 days. In Oregon newts injected every other day with 10 micrograms oPRL, TEP decreased by 33% in 8 days (P less than 0.05), whereas in animals treated with 10 micrograms bGH/2 days, TEP did not change from control values even after 23 days. TEP in Oregon newts receiving a single dose of 100 micrograms oPRL dropped to 68% of initial values within 2 days (P less than 0.05), but subsequently recovered to control values 3 weeks after the last injection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Journal Article Brown, W. C.;Alcala, A. C. 1986 Comparison of the herpetofaunal species richness of Negros and Cebu Islands, Philippines Silliman Journal 33 1-4 74-86 reptiles, amphibians, comparative, fauna, island differences, species list Journal Article Brown, Walter C.;Allison, Allen 1986 A new lizard of the genus Emoia (Scincidae) from Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 26 47-51 Journal Article Brown, S. C.;E. A. Horgan, L. M. Savage;Brown., P. S. 1986 Changes in body water and plasma constituents during bullfrog development: effects of temperature and hormones Journal of Experimental Zoology 237 25-33 Journal Article Brown, William S. 1987 Hidden life of the timber rattler National Geographic 19487 7 128-138 crotalus horridus Journal Article Brown, William S. 1987 Hideen life of the timber rattler National Geographic July 128-138 crotalus horridus Journal Article Brown, P. D.;Loo, D. D.;Wright, E. M. 1988 Ca2+-activated K+ channels in the apical membrane of Necturus choroid plexus J Membr Biol 105 3 207-19 Animal; Barium/pharmacology; Calcium/*pharmacology; Cell Membrane/physiology; Choroid Plexus/*physiology/ultrastructure; Electric Conductivity; Epithelium/physiology/ultrastructure; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Membrane Potentials; Necturus/*physiology; Necturus maculosus/*physiology; Potassium Channels/drug effects/*metabolism; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Tetraethylammonium Compounds/pharmacology The properties of Ca2+-activated K+ channels in the apical membrane of the Necturus choroid plexus were studied using single-channel recording techniques in the cell-attached and excised-patch configurations. Channels with large unitary conductances clustered around 150 and 220 pS were most commonly observed. These channels exhibited a high selectivity for K+ over Na+ and K+ over Cs+. They were blocked by high cytoplasmic Na+ concentrations (110 mM). Channel activity increased with depolarizing membrane potentials, and with increasing cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentrations. Increasing Ca2+ from 5 to 500 nM, increased open probability by an order of magnitude, without changing single-channel conductance. Open probability increased up to 10-fold with a 20-mV depolarization when Ca2+ was 500 nM. Lowering intracellular pH one unit, decreased open probability by more than two orders of magnitude, but pH did not affect single-channel conductance. Cytoplasmic Ba2+ reduced both channel-open probability and conductance. The sites for the action of Ba2+ are located at a distance more than halfway through the applied electric field from the inside of the membrane. Values of 0.013 and 117 mM were calculated as the apparent Ba2+ dissociation constants (KD(0 mV] for the effects on probability and conductance, respectively. TEA+ (tetraethylammonium) reduced single-channel current. Applied to the cytoplasmic side, it acted on a site 20% of the distance through the membrane, with a KD(0 mV) = 5.6 mM. A second site, with a higher affinity, KD(0 mV) = 0.23 mM, may account for the near total block of channel conductance by 2 mM TEA+ applied to the outside of the membrane. It is concluded that the channels in Necturus choroid plexus exhibit many of the properties of "maxi" Ca2+-activated K+ channels found in other tissues. Journal Article Brown, Lauren E.;Rose, George B. 1988 Distribution, habitat, and calling season of the Illinois Chorus Frog (Pseudacris streckeri illinoensis) along the lower Illinois River Illinois Natural History Survey Biological Notes 132 1-13 Journal Article Brown, Susan G.;Sakai, Toni Jean Y. 1988 Social experience and egg development in the parthenogenic gecko, Lepidodactylus lugubris Ethology 79 317-323 Journal Article Brown, D. R.;Everett, A. W.;Bennett., M. R. 1989 Compartmental and topographical distributions of axons in nerves to the amphibian (Bufo marinus) gluteus muscle Journal of Comparative Neurology 284 231-241 Journal Article Brown, H. A. 1989 Developmental anatomy of the tailed frog (Ascaphus truei): a primitive frog with large eggs and slow development Journal of Zoology 217 525-537 Journal Article Brown, H. A. 1989 Tadpole development and growth of the Great Plains spadefoot toad, Scaphiopus intermontanus, from central Washington. Canadian Field Naturalist 103 531-534 Journal Article Browner, R. H.;Marbey, D. 1988 The nucleus magnocellularis in the red-eared turtle, Chrysemys scripta elegans: Eighth nerve endings and neuronal types Hearing Research 33 3 257-272 Auditory System; End Bulbs Of Held; Horseradish Peroxidase; Golgi-Kopsch Technique Eighth nerve endings and neuronal types in the nucleus magnocellularis were analyzed in the red-eared turtle (Chrysemys scripta elegans). One group of turtles had horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injected into the surgically exposed inner ear. Following injection the animals survived for 3-5 days and then their 8th nerve fibers and endings were analyzed. A second group of turtles were impregnated by the Golgi-Kopsch technique. This also demonstrated 8th nerve endings and neurons in the nucleus magnocellularis. A third group had brains stained with cresyl violet to demonstrate normal morphology. Two types of neurons were present in the nucleus magnocellularis; bushy and stellate. Bushy neurons had a single primary dendrite with little branching and spines. Stellate neurons had 3-5 primary dendrites with secondary order branching and dendritic spines. Thick 8th nerve axons gave rise to endbulbs of Held and their axons formed bouton-type ending. Endbulbs of Held were presently only on bushy neurons while bouton-type terminals were only on stellate neurons. Endbulbs of Held had two patterns; one group was cup-shaped and surrounded approximately 1/2 of the soma without appendages. A second type had a smaller cup with 3-5 extensions to other parts of the cell. Stellate neurons had terminal boutons adjacent to the cell membrane. They appeared in some situations as a necklace surrounding the neurons. Journal Article Brownlie, J. 1988 A disjunct population of the blue-spotted salamander, Ambystoma laterale, in southwestern Nova Scotia Canadian Field Naturalist 102 2 263-264 Journal Article Bruce, Richard C. 1985 Larval periods, population structure and the effects of stream drift in larvae of the salamanders Desmognathus quadramaculatus and Leurognathus marmoratus in a southern Appalachian stream Copeia 1985 4 847-854 Journal Article Bruce, R. C. 1985 Larval periods, population structure and the effects of stream drift in larvae of the salamanders Desmognathus quadramaculatus and Leurognathus marmoratus in a southern Appalachian stream. Copeia 1985 847-854 Journal Article Bruce, R. C. 1988 An ecological life table for the salamander Eurycea wilderae Copeia 1988 15-26 Journal Article Bruce, R. C. 1988 Life history variation in the salamander Desmognathus quadramaculatus Herpetologica 44 218-227 Journal Article Bruce, R. C. 1989 Life history of the salamander Desmognathus monticola, with a comparison of the larval periods of D. monticola and D. ochrophaeus. Herpetologica 45 144-155 Book Bruno, Silvio 1986 Tartarughe e Sauri d'Italia Firenze Giunti 256 p. Journal Article Brush, J. S.;Narins, P. M. 1989 Chorus dynamics of a neotropical amphibian assemblage: comparison of computer simulation and natural behaviour. Animal Behaviour 37 33-44 Amphibia, anuran communication, Hylidae, Leptodactylidae, Eleutherodactylis coqui acoustic communication, calls-timing, models, predation, sexual selection, Journal Article Brutelschiess, Jürgen;Beutelschiess, Christa 1985 Der selbstbau von glasterrarien. [Building an aquarium] Sauria 7 3 17-20 cage construction Journal Article Brygoo, E. R. 1985 Les Gerrhosaurinae de Madagascar Sauria (Cordylidae) Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Série A, Zoologie 134 1-65 Madagascar; Gerrhosaurinae; Tracheloptychus; Zonosaurus Journal Article Brygoo, Édouard R. 1987 Les Ophisaurus (Sauria, Anguidae) d'Asie orientale Bull. Mus. natn. Hist. nat., Paris 4 sér 9 3 727-750 Journal Article Brygoo, Édouard. R. 1989 Les types d'Iguanidés (Reptiles, Sauriens) du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle Catalogue critique Bulletin du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris 4 sér., 11 3 1-112 Journal Article Buch, Sashank M. 1989 A record banded racer (Argyrogena fasciata) Hamadryad 14 2 29 Argyrogena fasciata Journal Article Buchan, A. M. J. 1985 Regulatory peptides in the amphibian pancreas Canadian Journal of Zoology 63 2121-2124 Journal Article Buffetaut, E. 1985 The place of Gavialis and Tomistoma in eusuchian evolution: a reconciliation of paleontological and biochemical data N. jb. Geol. Palaont. Mh 12 707-716 GG, TS, fossil, anatomy, taxonomy, Book Section Buffetaut, Eric 1989 Evolution Ross, Charles A. Crocodiles and Alligators New York Facts on File 26-41 Journal Article Buhle, Manfred 1985 Das Washingtoner Artenschutzübereinkommen. [The Washington Species protection agreement] Sauria 7 3 14 Book Buide, Mario 1985 Reptiles de Cuba Havana, Cuba Gente Nueva 90 Journal Article Bull, J. J. 1985 Sex ratio and nest temperature in turtles: comparing field and laboratory data Ecology 66 4 1115-1122 sex ratio Journal Article Bull, J. J.;Legler, J.M.;Vogt, R.C. 1985 Non-temperature dependent sex determination in two suborders of turtles Copeia 1985 3 784-786 tsd Journal Article Bull, JJ. 1987 Temperature sensitive periods of sex determinations in a lizard: similarities with turtles and crocodilians. J. Exp. Zool. 214 1 143- Reptiles, sauria, techniques; sex determination, estrus detection PREX Journal Article Bull, J. J. 1987 Temperature-sensitive periods of sex determination in a lizard: similarities with turtles and crocodilians Journal of Experimental Zoology 241 143-148 Journal Article Bull, J. J. 1987 Temperature-sensitive periods of sex determination in a lizard: similarities with turtles and crocodiles Journal of Experimental Zoology 241 143-148 tsd; lizard Journal Article Bull, J. J.;Gutzke, W. H. N.;Bulmer, M. G. 1988 Nest choice in a captive lizard with temerpature-dependent sex determination J. Evol. Biol. 2 177-184 Journal Article Bull, J. J.;Gutzke, W. H.;Crews, D. 1988 Sex reversal by estradiol in three reptilian orders Gen Comp Endocrinol 70 3 425-8 Alligators and Crocodiles/*physiology; Animal; Estradiol/administration & dosage/*pharmacology; Female; Injections; Lizards/*physiology; Male; Reptiles/*physiology; *Sex Reversal, Gonadal; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Turtles/*physiology Administration of exogenous estradiol caused embryos to develop ovaries rather than testes in alligators, softshell turtles, and leopard geckos. Alligators and leopard geckos are known to have environmental sex determination; softshell turtles lack both environmental sex determination and heteromorphic sex chromosomes. Sensitivity to gonadal feminization by estradiol thus appears to be widespread in amniotes. Journal Article Bull, J. J.;Charnov, E.L. 1988 How fundamental are Fisherian sex ratios? Oxford something 96-135 sex ratio; tsd Journal Article Bull, C. M.;Burzacott, D.;Sharrad, R. D. 1989 No competition for resources between two tick species at their parapatric boundary. Oecologia 79 4 558-562 Reptilia, sauria, Trachydosaurus rugosus, infection, ectoparasite, Ixodidae, parapatry, Aponomma hydrosauri, Amblyomma limbatum; ecology Aponomma hydrosauri and Amblyomma limbatum are tick species with the same major host species, the sleepy lizard (Trachydosaurus rugosus), but with parapatric distributions in South Australia. Near Mt. Mary one species is abruptly replaced by the other over 1 km. There is substantial overlap in feeding sites on the hosts. This suggested that interspecific competition, during feeding, may be an important mechanism preventing further overlap of the distributions of the 2 species. However, in the overlap region there was no resource shortage, and each species infested hosts independently of the other species. Also in laboratory experiments at the highest densities encountered in the field, larvae and nymphs of each species attached and engorged equally well whether alone or mixed with the other species. These data refuted the hypothesis of interspecific competition between the 2 species while feeding. Journal Article Bull, J.J.;Bulmer, M.G. 1989 Longevity enhances selection of environmental sex determination Heredity 63 sex ratio Journal Article Bull, J. J.;Charnov, E.L. 1989 Enigmatic reptilian sex ratios Evolution 43 7 1561-1566 tsd; sex ratio Journal Article Bull JJ. 1987 Temperature sensitive periods of sex determinations in a lizard: similarities with turtles and chocodilians. J.Exp.Zool 214 (1) 143- *repriles; lizards/*techniques; sex determinations; estrus detection Book Section Burbidge, Andrew A. 1987 The management of crocodiles in Western Australia Webb, Grahame J. W.;Manolis, S. Charlis and Whitehead, Peter J. Wildlife Management: Crocodiles and Alligators Chipping Norton, NSW Surrey Beatty & Sons Pty Ltd 125-127 Book Section Burbridge, A.A. 1987 The management of crocodiles in Western Australia Webb, G.J.W.;Manolis, S.C. and Whitehead, P.J. Wildlife management: Crocodiles and alligators Chipping Norton, New South Wales, Australia. 522 pp. Surrey Beatty and Sons Pty Ltd. 125-127 CPR, CJ, management, Australia Journal Article Burge, Betty L.;Stewart, Glenn R.;Roberson, Jan E.;Kirtland, Karen;Baxter, Ronald J.;Pearson, Daniel C. 1985 Excavation of winter burrows and relocation of desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) at the twentynine Palms Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1985 32-39 Journal Article Burge, Betty L. 1986 Recent threats to the desert tortoise in Nevada Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1986 12-19 Journal Article Burger, J.;Zappalorti, R. T. 1986 Nest site selection by pine snakes, Pituophis melanoleucus, in the New Jersey Pine Barrens Copeia 1986 1 116-121 Reptiles, snakes, nesting, reproduction, eggs, clutch size, behavior Journal Article Burger, Joanna;Zappalorti, Robert T.;Gochfeld, Michael 1987 Developmental effects of incubation temperature on hatchling pine snakes Pituophis melanoleucus Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 87A 3 727-732 physiology morphology Journal Article Burger, Joanna;Zappalorti, Robert T. 1988 Effects of incubation temperature on sex ratios in pine snakes: differential vulnerability of males and females American Naturalist 132 4 492-505 Journal Article Burger, J.;Zappalorti, R.T. 1988 Effects of incubation temperatures on sex ratios in pine snakes: differential vulnerability of males and females American Naturalist 132 4 492-505 tsd Journal Article Burger, J. 1989 Following of conspecific and avoidance of predator chemical cues by pine snakes (Pituophis melanoleucas) Journal of Chemical Ecology 15 3 102, Pituophis, chemical communication, odor, prey, predator Journal Article Burger, Joanna 1989 Following of conspecific and avoidance of predator chemical cues by pine snakes (Pituophis melanoleucus) Journal of Chemical Ecology 15 3 799-806 Journal Article Burger, Joanna 1989 Incubation temperature has long-term effects on behaviour of young pine snakes (Pituophis melanoleucus) Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 24 201-207 behavior Journal Article Burger, J. 1989 Incubation temperatures has long-term effects on behaviour of young pine snakes (Pituophis melanoleucus) Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology 24 201-207 tsd; sex ratio; fitness; GSD Journal Article Burggren, Warren 1985 Gas exchange, metabolism, and "ventilation" in gelatinous frog egg masses Physiological Zoology 58 5 503-514 Anura, Ranidae, Rana palustris, egg masses, gas exchange, metabolism, convective ventilation, ahypoxic egg mass centers, USA, Massachusetts, 183 Journal Article Burggren, W. W. 1985 Gas exchange, metabolism, and ventilation in gelatinous frog egg masses. Physiological Zoology 58 503-514 Journal Article Burggren, W. W. 1985 Gas ex-change, metabolism, and ventilation in gelatinous frog egg masses. Physiological Zoology 58 503-514 Journal Article Burggren, W. W.;Feder., M. E. 1986 Effect of experimental ventilation of the skin on cutaneous gas exchange in the bullfrog Journal of Experimental Biology 121 445-449 Journal Article Burggren, W. W.;Doyle., M. 1986 Ontogeny of regulation of gill and lung ventilation in the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana. Respiratory physiology 66 279-291 Journal Article Burggren, W. W.;Dupre, R. K.;Wood, S. C. 1987 Allometry of red cell oxygen binding and hematology in larvae of the salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum Respir Physiol 70 1 73-84 Animal; Body Weight; Electrophoresis, Agar Gel; *Erythrocyte Indices; Hematocrit; Hemoglobins/analysis; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Larva/physiology; Oxyhemoglobins/*metabolism; Salamandra/*embryology Very few studies have attempted to relate blood characteristics to body mass within, rather than between, species. Thus, respiratory and hematological properties of the blood of larval tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum) have been measured in animals ranging in body mass from approximately 2 to 112 g. This amphibian species was chosen because larvae of very different body mass may be of similar developmental stage, minimizing interference from ontogenetic factors. Mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular Hb, hematocrit, blood Hb concentration, blood O2 capacity and Hill's n were all positively correlated with body mass (P less than 0.005). Blood O2 affinity (P50) and Bohr shift were not significantly correlated with body mass (P greater than 0.20). The findings are discussed in the context of the general effect of body mass upon metabolic rate in vertebrates, as well as environmental and biological factors specific to larvae of the tiger salamander. Journal Article Burggren, W. W. 1987 Form and function in reptilian circulations American Zoologist 27 5-19 circulatory system, monitors, turtles, crocodilians, Varanids Journal Article Burghardt, G. M.;Rand, A. S. 1985 Group size and growth rate in hatchling green iguanas (Iguana iguana) Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 18 101-104 reptiles, lizards, development, Panama, Journal Article Burghardt, G. M.;Goss, S. E.;Schell, F. M. 1988 Comparison of earthworm- and fish-derived chemicals elicting prey attack by garter snakes (Thamnophis) Journal of Chemical Ecology 14 3 855-881 chemoreception, garter snakes, Thamnophis sirtalis, chemical cues, vomeronasal system, Lubricus terrestris, Pimephales promelas Book Section BURKE, T. 1986 Reptile anesthesia. J.FOWLER, M.E. Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania W.B. Saunders Co. 153-155 Reptilia, testudines, serpentes, sauria, anesthesia Book Section Burke, T. 1986 Reptile anesthesia. J.FOWLER, M.E. Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania W.B. Saunders Co. 153-155 Reptilia, testudines, serpentes, sauria, anesthesia Journal Article Burke, R. L.;Hawkins, R. 1987 Gopher tortoises and the private landowner Gainesville Herpetol. Soc. Newsl. 4 1 26-27 Thesis Burke, R.L. 1987 An experimental relocation and reintroduction of a gopher tortoise population 49 Journal Article Burke, Russell L.;Humphrey, Stephen R. 1987 Rarity as a criterion for endangerment in Florida's fauna Oryx 21 2 97-102 Journal Article Burke, Terry 1989 DNA fingerprinting and other methods for the study of mating success Trends in Ecology & Evolution 4 5 139-144 Journal Article Burke, R. L.;Noss, M. 1989 Life history notes: Gopherus polyphemus (gopher tortoise). Mortality Herpetol. Rev. 20 54-55 Gopherus polyphemus Journal Article Burke, R.L. 1989 Florida gopher tortoise relocation: an overview and case study Biol. Conserv. 48 295-309 Journal Article Burke, Russell L. 1989 Florida gopher tortoise relocation: overview and case study Biological Conservation 48 295-309 Journal Article Burken, R. B.;Wertz, P.W.;Downing, D. T. 1985 A survey of polar and nonpolar lipids extracted from snake skin Comp. Biochem. Phyisol. 81B 2 315-318 Journal Article Burken, R. R.;Wertz, P. W.;Downing, D. T. 1985 The effect of lipids on transepidermal water permeation in snakes Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 81A 2 213-216 Journal Article Burkhardt, D. A.;Gottesman, J.;Thoreson, W. B. 1988 Prolonged depolarization in turtle cones evoked by current injection and stimulation of the receptive field surround Journal of Physiology 407 329-348 Pseudemys Scripta Elegans; Photoreceptor; Graded Depolarization; Depolarizing Spikes 1. Responses evoked by stimulation of the receptive field surround were recorded intracellularly from cone photoreceptors in the retina of the turtle (Pseudemys scripta elegans). 2. A distinctive depolarizing response was evoked by flashing an annulus of light while steady illuminating the centre of the receptive field. The response, here called the prolonged 'depolarization', was found in 67% of a sample of 125 cones and could reach some 20 mV in amplitude. 3. The prolonged deplarization is characterized by a set of properties which include:the capacity to persist up to 17 s after the flash, a stereotypical waveform, a long period of temporal facilitation, a very narrow dynamic range, and a long refractory period (30-45 s). 4. Depolarizing current pulses (0.01-0.1 nA) evoke a prolonged depolarization which is similar to and functionally interchangeable with that evoked by light. The prolonged depolarization is thus apparently generated by a voltage-sensitive mechanism intrinsic to the cone. 5. Brief depolarizing spikes were recorded in a small fraction of cones. The spikes appear to be dissociable from the prolonged depolarization although both might arise from similar regenerative mechanisms. 6. The prolonged depolarization is typically preceded by a graded, stimulus-locked depolarization which can also be recorded in isolation by flashing annuli of low intensity. The graded depolarization is probably a manifestation of the depolarizing influence arising from synaptic feed-back from horizontal cells first described by Baylor, Fuortes & O'Bryan (1971). 7. It is suggested that the graded depolarization triggers the prolonged depolarization and that complex responses arise from the interaction of these disparate components. Journal Article Burley, R. W.;Back, J. F.;Wellington, J. E.;Grigg, G. C. 1987 Protein of the albumen and vitelline membrane of eggs of the estuarine crocodile, Crocodylus porosus Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 88B 3 863-867 Journal Article Burley, R.W.;Back, J.F.;Wellington, J.E.;Grigg, G.C. 1987 Proteins of the albumen and vitelline membrane of eggs of the estuarine crocodile, Crocodylus porosus Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 88B 863-867 CPR, physiology, biochemistry, reproduction, Australia Journal Article Burny, Joël;Parent, Georges H. 1985 Les grenouilles vertes de le Belgique et des régions limitrophes. Données chorologiques et écologiques. [The green frogs of Belgium and the neighboring regions. Distribution data and ecology] Alytes 4 1 12-33 Rana lessonae esculenta ridibunda protection habitat Journal Article Bursey, C. R. 1986 Histological aspects of natural eustrongyloid infections of the northern water snake, Nerodia sipedon J Wildl Dis 22 4 527-32 Animal; Muscular Diseases/pathology/parasitology/*veterinary; Nematode Infections/pathology/*veterinary; Snakes/*parasitology; Virginia Encapsulated as well as unencapsulated fourth stage larvae of Eustrongylides sp. were found in four northern water snakes, Nerodia sipedon, from Virginia. Unencapsulated nematodes occurred within muscle, subcutaneous tissue and in the coelom. Encapsulated nematodes occurred in three forms: recently encapsulated, degenerating, or sclerotic; they were found on the mesentery, in muscle and subcutaneous tissue. Encapsulation was associated with muscular hypotrophy, fibroplasia and eosinophilia. Journal Article Burton, P. R. 1985 Ultrastructure of the olfactory neuron of the bullfrog: the dendrite and its microtubules Journal of Comparative Neurology 242 147-160 Journal Article Burton, Thomas C. 1986 A reassessment of the Paupuan subfamily Asterophryinae (Anura:Microhylidae) Rec S Aust Mus 19 405-450 Amphibia, microhyla, Asterophrys, Barygenys, Hylophorbus, Pherohapsis, Phrynomantis, Xenobatrachus, Xenorhina, Choerophryne, Cophixalus, Coopiula, Genophryne, Oreophryne, Sphenophryne, systematics, phylogenetics, ecology, osteology, morphology, myology, taxonomy Journal Article Burton, R. F. 1986 The role of imidazole ionization in the control of breathing Comp Biochem Physiol A 83 2 333-6 Alligators and Crocodiles/*physiology; Animal; Cats/*physiology; Chickens/*physiology; Comparative Study; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Imidazoles/*metabolism; Reptiles/*physiology; *Respiration; Species Specificity; Temperature; Turtles/*physiology Interacting effects of pH and temperature on ventilation in turtles and alligators have suggested that pH is monitored in terms of imidazole ionization, but the view that this is true in alligators and ectotherms generally has been attacked. Published evidence re-interpreted here indicates that this "alphastat control" could indeed operate in turtles, alligators, chickens (i.e. intrapulmonary chemoreceptors) and perhaps cats. Nevertheless, studies on temperature effects cannot distinguish with certainty between imidazole and some amino groups in this context. Journal Article Bury, R. B. 1986 Feeding ecology of the turtle, Clemmys marmorata Journal of Herpetology 20 4 515-521 reptiles, turtles, diet, food, predation, prey, sexual dimorphism, Journal Article Bury, R.B.;Smith, E.L. 1986 Aspects of the ecology and management of the toroise Gopherus berlandieri at Laguan at Ascosa, Texas Southwest. Nat. 31 3 387-394 Journal Article Bury, R. Bruce;Smith, Elizabeth L. 1986 Aspects of the Ecology and management of the tortoise Gopherus berlandieri at Laguna Atascosa, Texas Southwestern Naturalist 31 3 387-394 Journal Article Bury, R. B.;Corn, P. S. 1987 Evaluation of pitfall trapping in northwestern forests: trap arrays with drift fences J. Wildl. Manage. 51 1 112-119 methods, traps, pitfalls, Oregon, Washington, technique Journal Article Bury, R. B. 1987 Off-road vehicles reduce tortoise numbers and well-being Research Information Bulletin 87 6 reptiles, turtles, Gopherus agassizii, California, conservation Journal Article Bury, R. Bruce;Corn, Paul Stephen 1987 Evaulation of pitfall trapping in northwestern forests: Trap arrays with drift fences Journal of Wildlife Management 51 1 112-119 Book Section Bury, R. B.;Morafka, D. J.;McCoy, C. J.;Lieberman, S. S. 1988 Distribution, abundance and status of the Bolson tortoise Book Section Bury, R.B.;McCoy, D.J. Morafka & C.J. 1988 Distribution, abundance and status of the Bolson tortoise D.J. Morafka, C.J. McCoy The ecogeography of the Mexican Bolson tortoise (Gopherus flavomarginus): derivation of its endangered status and recommendations for its conservation [Part 1] Pittsburgh, PA Carnegie Mus. Of Nat. Hist. 5-30 Journal Article Busack, S. D.;Maxson, L. R.;Wilson, M. A. 1985 Pelobates varaldii (Anura: Pelobatidae): A morphologically conservative species Copeia 1985 1 107-112 amphibians, frogs, morphology, genetics, Spain, Morocco, immunology, divergence, distribution Journal Article Busack, S. D. 1986 Biochemical and morphological differentiation in Spanish and Morroccan populations of Discoglossus and the description of a new species from southern Spain (Amphibia, Anura, Discoglossidae) Annals of Carnegie Museum 55 3 41-61 amphibians, frogs, morphology, evolution, distribution, species description, electrophoresis, proteins Journal Article Busack, S. D. 1986 Biogeographic analysis of the herpetofauna separated by the formation of the Strait of Girbraltar National Geographic Research 2 1 17-36 reptiles, amphibians, Spain, Africa, zoogeography, variation, genetic distance, proteins, electrophoresis Journal Article Busack, S. D. 1986 Taxonomic implications of biochemical and morphological differentiationin Spanish and Moroccan populations of three-toed skinks, Chalcides chalcides (Lacertilia, Scincidae) Herpetologica 42 2 230-236 reptiles, lizards, taxonomy, morphology, Spain, Morocco, electrophoresis, proteins, body size Journal Article Busack, Stephen D. 1986 Biochemical and morphological differentiation in Spainish and Moroccan populations of Discoglossus and the description of a new species from southern Spain (Amphibia, Anura, Discoglossidae) Annals of Carnegie Museum 55 3 41-61 Systematics; Spain; Morocco; Distribution; New speices; Electrophoresis; Discoglossus jeanneae n. sp. Journal Article Busack, S. D. 1987 Reproduction in a Spanish population of Acanthodactylus erythrurus (Reptilia: Lacertilia: Lacertidae) Annals of Carnegie Museum 56 3 97-102 reptiles, lizards, Spain, clutch size, eggs, body size, Journal Article Busack, Stephen D.;Klosterman, Lorrie L. 1987 Reproduction in a Spainish population of Acanthodactylus erythrurus (Reptilia: Lacertilia: Lacertidae) Annals of Carnegie Museum 56 3 97-102 Spain; Reproduction; Acanthodactylus erythrurus Journal Article Busack, Stephen D. 1988 Evolutionary relationships of salamanders in the genus Triturus: the view from immunology Herpetologica 44 3 307-316 Journal Article Busbey, A.B., III. 1989 Form and function of the feeding apparatus of Alligator mississippiensis J. Morphol. 202 1 99-127 AM, anatomy, food, The architecture of the jaw muscles and their tendons of Alligator mississippiensis is described and their function examined by electromyography. Alligator grabs its prey with forward lunges or rapid lateral movements of the head. It does not engage in regular masticatory cycles. Prey is manipulated by inertial movements and the tongue does not appear to play any role in transport. The Mm. adductor mandibulae externus, adductor mandibulae posterior, and pterygoideus activate bilaterally and simultaneously during rapid closing or crushing. The M. pterygoideus does not act during prey holding whereas the Mm. adductor mandibulae externus, adductor mandibulae posterior continue to be active. The Mm. depressor mandibulae and intramandibularis are variably active during both jaw opening and closing. Journal Article Bush, Brian 1987 Cannibalism and lizard predation in Skink lizards Herpetofauna 17 1-2 12-13 Hemiergis peronii; Omolepida branchialis; Morethia adelaidensis; Ctenotus leonhardii; Cannibalism; Predation Journal Article Bush, Brian 1988 An unsuccessful breeding record for the Western Australian carpet python, Morelia spilota imbricata Herpetofauna 18 1 30-31 Morelia spilota imbricata Journal Article Bush, Brian 1989 Polymorphism in captive bred siblings of the snake, Pseudonaja nuchalis Herpetofauna 19 2 28-32 Psudonaja nuchalis; Color polymorphism Book Section Buskirk, J. 1985 The endangered Egyptian tortoise, Testudo kleinmanni: status in Egypt and Israel McKeown, Caporaso, Peterson Ninth International Herpetological Symposium on Captive Propagation and Husbandry 35-52 Journal Article Buskirk, James R. 1988 Book Review: The Turtles of Thailand Vivarium 1 2 24;48 Book Review Journal Article Buskirk, James R. 1989 Field observations on Phrynops williamsi and other Uruguayan chelonians Vivarium 1 4 8-11 Phrynops williamsi Journal Article Buskirk, James R. 1989 New locality records for Chinese non-marine chelonians Chinese Herpetological Research 2 1 65-68 China Chinemys reevesii nigricans Cistoclemmys flavomarginata cuora galbinifrons hainanensis pani mauremys mutica clemmys Oscadia sinensis Sacalia bealei quadriocellata platysternon megacephalum testudo horsfieldii manouria impressa trionyx Journal Article Bussarawit, Somchai;Rasmussen, A. R.;Andersen, M. 1989 A preliminary study on sea snakes (Hydrophiidae) from Phuket Harbour, Phuket Island, Thailand Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society 37 2 209-225 Journal Article Bustard, Robert 1989 Keeping and breeding oviparous chameleons British Herpetological Society Bulletin 27 1-12 + 4 plates Journal Article Buth, D. G.;Murphy, R. W.;Miyamoto, M. M.;Lieb, C. S. 1985 Creatine kinases of amphibians and reptiles: evolutionary and systematic aspects of gene expression Copeia 1985 2 279-284 reptiles, biochemical, electrophoresis, Journal Article Buth, Donald G.;Murphy, Robert W.;Miyamoto, Michael M.;Lieb, Carl S. 1985 Creatine kinases of Amphibians and reptiles: evolutionary and systematic aspects of gene expression Copeia 1985 2 279-284 Book Section Butler, W. Harry 1987 "Living with crocodiles" in the Northern Territory of Australia Webb, Grahame J. W.;Manolis, S. Charlis and Whitehead, Peter J. Wildlife Management: Crocodiles and Alligators Chipping Norton, NSW Surrey Beatty & Sons Pty Ltd 229-231 Journal Article Butler, R.W.;W.A. Nelson, T.A. Henwood 1987 A trawl survey method for estimating loggerhead turtle, Caretta caretta, abundance in five eastern Florida channels and inlets U.S. Natl. Mar. Serv. Fish. Bull 85 447-453 Journal Article Butlin, Roger 1987 Speciation by reinforcement Trends in Ecology and Evolution 2 1 8-13 Speciation, character displacement, natural selection Journal Article Butterfield, B. P.;Meshaka, W. E.;Trauth., S. E. 1989 Fecundity and egg mass size of the Illinois chorus frog, Pseudacris streckeri illinoensis (Hylidae), from northeastern Arkansas. Southwest Naturalist 34 556-557 Thesis Byles, R.A. 1988 The behavior and ecology of sea turtles, Caretta caretta and Lepidochelys kempi, in the Chesapeake Bay Journal Article Byzov, A. L.;Shura Bura, T. M. 1985 Local nonuniformities in the horizontal cell syncytium of the turtle retina Neirofiziologiya 17 2 239-245 Microelectrode; Fluorescent Dye; Electric Coupling Electrical coupling between horizontal cells of the turtle retina was investigated by means of 2 microelectrodes (current and recording ones) penetrating neighboring cells at a fixed distance from each other. The morphologic coupling was revealed by means of a fluorescent dye, Lucifer Yellow. The electrical coupling was confirmed between elements of similar type (L-i - axonal terminals or L-2 - cell bodies or R/G type cells) and no coupling was found between elements of different types, though L-1 and L-2 are directly connected through thin axons. In the L-1 syncytium the electrical coupling at small ( ltoreq 50 mu-m) but fixed instances between microelectrode could differ several times depending on the minimal displacement of microelectrodes. This local nonuniformity of coupling can be explained on the basis of structural nonuniformities in the L-1 (axon terminal) network. It is unlikely however that the structural nonuniformities can influence the functional properties of horizontal cell network when the retina is adequately stimulated (by light). Journal Article Cabanac, M. 1985 Strategies adopted by juvenile lizards foraging in a cold environment Physiological Zoology 58 3 262-271 Journal Article Cabrera, Mario R.;Bee de Speroni, Noemí T. 1986 Composicion y distribucion de la lacertofauna de la Provincia de Cordoma, Argentina. II. Amphisbaenidae, Anguidae e Iguanidae Historia Natural 6 1 1-12 Journal Article Cabrera, M. R. 1987 Una técnica para el contraste de piezas osteológicas Boletín de la Asociación Herpetológica Argentina 3 3 9 Book Cabrera, Mario R. 1989 Relaciones feneticas y filogeneticas entre los Iguanidae (Reptilia: Sauria) de la Provincia de Cordoba, en base a morfologia Córdoba, Argentina Dissertation from the Univerdidad Nacional de Córdoba 134 p. Journal Article Cadle, J. E. 1985 The neotropical colubrid snake fauna (Serpentes: Colubridae): Lineage components and biogeography Systematic Zoology 34 1 1-20 reptiles, snakes, tropics, xenodontine, Central America, South America, vicariance, West Indies Journal Article Cadle, John E. 1985 The neotropical colubrid snake fauna (Serpentes: Colubridae): lineage components and biogeography Systematic Zoology 34 1 1-20 xenodontine neotropics central america south vicariance west indies Book Section Cadle, J. E. 1987 Geographic distribution: Problems in phylogeny and Zoogeography Seigel, R. A. and Collins, J. T. and Novak, S. S. Snakes: Ecology and Evolutionary Biology New York Macmillan Publishing Company 77-105 geographic distribution, phylogeny, zoogeography, ecology, evolutionary biology Journal Article Cadle, John E. 1988 Phylogenetic relationships among advanced snakes University of California Publications in Zoology 119 i-ix, 1-77 Book Cadle, John E. 1988 Phylogenetic Relationships Among Advanced Snakes: A Molecular Perspective Berkley University of california Press 119 77 Journal Article Cadle, John E. 1988 Phylogenetic relationships among advanced snakes: A molecular perspective University of California Publications in Zoölogy 119 x + 1-77 Phylogeny; Snakes Journal Article Cadle, John E. 1989 A new species of Coniophanes (Serpentes: Colubridae) from northwestern Peru Herpetologica 45 4 411-424 Colubridae, Coniophanes, Coniophanes longinquis, Coniophanes dromiciformis, Peru, Suth America Journal Article Caine, E.A. 1986 Carapace epibionts of nesting loggerhead sea turtles: Atlantic coast of U.S.A. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 95 15-26 Journal Article Caldwell, J. P. 1986 Selection of egg deposition sites: A seasonal shift in the southern leopard frog, Rana sphenocephala Copeia 1986 1 249-253 amphibians, frogs, reproduction, behavior Journal Article Caldwell, J. P. 1986 A description of the tadpole of Hyla smithii with comments on tail coloration Copeia 1986 4 1004-1006 Anura, Hylidae, Hyla smithii, tadpoles, description, taxonomy, tail coloration, C. America, Mexico, 67 Journal Article Caldwell, Janalee P. 1986 Selection of egg deposition sites: a seasonal shift in the southern leopard frog, Rana sphenocephala Copeia 1986 249-253 Journal Article Caldwell, J. P. 1986 Selection of egg deposition sites: a seasonal shift in the southern leopard frog, Rana sphenocephala. Copeia 1986 249-253 Journal Article Caldwell, Janalee P. 1987 Demography and life history of two species of chorus frogs (Anura: Hylidae) in South Carolina Copeia 1987 1 114-127 Journal Article Caldwell, J. P.;Lopez, P. T. 1989 Foam-generating behavior in tadpoles of Leptodactylus mystaceus Copeia 1989 2 498-502 amphibians, reproduction, foam nests Journal Article Caldwell, J. P. 1989 Structure and behavior of Hyla geographica tadpole schools, with comments on classification of group behavior in tadpoles Copeia 1989 4 938-950 amphibians, Brazil, tadpoles, behavior, schooling, aggregations, Journal Article Caldwell, J. P. 1989 Structure and behavior of Hyla geographica tadpole schools with comments on classification of group behavior in tadpoles Copeia 1989 938-948 Journal Article Caldwell, J. P.;Lopez., P. T. 1989 Foam-generating behavior in tadpoles of Leptodactylus mystaceus Copeia 1989 498-502 Journal Article Caminas, J.A. 1988 Incidental captures of Caretta caretta (L.) with surface long-lines in the western Mediterranean Rapp. Comm. int. Mer M\'edit. 31 2 285 Journal Article Camp, C. D. 1988 Aspects of the life history of the southern red-backed salamander Plethodon serratus Grobman in the southeastern United States American Midland Naturalist 119 93-100 Book Campbell, George R.;Winterbotham, Ann L. 1985 Jaws Too! The Natural History of Crocodilians with Emphasis on Sanibel Island's Alligators Ft. Myers, FL Sutherland 267 Journal Article Campbell, J. A. 1985 A new species of highland pitviper of the genus Bothrops from southern Mexico Journal of Herpetology 19 1 48-54 Bothrops, new Journal Article Campbell, J.W., D.D. Smith Jr., J.E. Vorhaben 1985 Avian and mammalian mitochondrial ammonia detoxifying systems in tortoise liver Science 228 4697 349-351 Journal Article Campbell, James W.;Smith, Darwin D., Jr.;Vorhaben, Jean E. 1985 Avian and mammalian mitochondrial ammonia-detoxifying systems in tortoise liver Science 228 349-351 Journal Article Campbell, J. W.;Vorhaben, J. E.;Smith, Dd, Jr. 1987 Uricoteley: its nature and origin during the evolution of tetrapod vertebrates J. Exp. Zool. 243 3 349-363 ecretion, metabolism, osmoregulation, physiology, The hepatic mechanism for detoxication of ammonia formed during amino acid gluconeogenesis in uricotelic vertebrates requires the intramitochondrial synthesis of glutamine by glutamine synthetase. This glutamine then serves as a precursor of uric acid in the cytosol. The evolutionary development of uricoteley thus required the localization of glutamine synthetase in liver mitochondria. The mechanism for the mitochondrial import of glutamine synthetase in uricotelic vertebrate liver is not yet known. Tortoises, extant relatives of the stem reptiles, possess both the ureotelic and uricotelic hepatic systems. It therefore seems likely that the genetic events allowing the mitochondrial localization of glutamine synthetase in liver occurred in the amniote amphibian ancestors of the stem reptiles. The selection of ureoteley by the theropsids and of uricoteley by the sauropsids were major events in the divergence and subsequent evolution of these two lines. Once established in the sauropsid line, uricoteley has persisted through to the higher reptiles, crocodilians, and birds. Uricoteley was in part responsible for the radiation of the archosaurs during the Triassic as a water-conserving mechanism in the adult, thereby allowing them to invade the arid environments of that period. Contrary to dogma, uricoteley was probably of minor significance in the development of the cleidoic egg. Neither mammalian nor avian embryonic liver tissues catabolize amino acids to any great extent, so it is inappropriate to attribute to them a kind of "waste" nitrogen metabolism. Journal Article Campbell, Jonathan A. 1988 The distribution, variation, natural history, and relationships of Porthidium barbouri (Viperidae) ACTA Zool. MEX. 26 1-32 bothrops Journal Article Campbell, Jonathan A. 1988 Crotalus transversus Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 450 1-3 Journal Article Campbell, Jonathan A.;Vannini, Hay P. 1988 Preliminary checklist of the herpetofauna of Finca el Faro, El Palmar, Quezaltenango, Guatemala Fundacion Interamericana de Investigacion Tropical 1 1-9 Reptilia, Amphibia, checklist, Caecciliidae, Plethodontidae, Leptodactylidae, Bufonidae, Hylidae, Ranidae, Dermophis, Bolitoglossa, Oedipina, Eleutherodactylus, Leptodactylus, syrrophus, Bufo, Agalychnis, Plectrohyla, Ptychohyla, Smilisca, Rana, Turtles, Emydidae, Rhinoclemmys, Iguanidae, Basiliscus, Corytophanes, Iguana, Norops, Scincidae, sphenomorphus, Teiidae, Ameiva, Boidae, Boa, Colubridae, Adelphicos, Coniophanes, Dryadophis, Drymarchon, Drymobius, Drymobius, Geophis, Imantodes, Lampropeltis, Leptodeira, Ninia, Pliocercus, Rhadinaea, Scaphiodontophis, Sibon, Zenodon, Elapidae, Micrurus, distribution, elevation Book Section Campbell, G. R. 1988 The turtles and tortoises of Sanibel The nature of things on Sanibel Sarasota, Fla. Pineapple Press, Inc. 106-114 Journal Article Campbell, Jonathan A.;Vannini, Jay P. 1988 lista preliminar de la herpetofauna de Finca el Faro, el Palmar, Quezaltenango, Guatemala. Preliminary checklist of the herpetofauna of Finca el Faro, el Palmar, Quezaltenango, Guatemala Fundacion Interamericana de Investigacion Tropical, Publicacion Ocasional 1 1-10 Journal Article Campbell, Jonathan A.;Brodie, Edmund D., Jr 1988 A new colubrid snake of the genus Adelphicos from Guatemala Herpetologica 44 4 416-422 Adelphicos ibarrorum sp. nov. Book Campbell, Jonathan A.;Lamar, William W. 1989 The Venomous Reptiles of Latin America Ithaca, NY Comstock Publishing Associates 425 Latin America; South America; Venomous Journal Article Campbell, Jonathan A.;Lamar, William W.;Hillis, David M. 1989 A new species of dimutive Eleutherodactylus (Leptodactylidae) from Oaxaca, Mexico Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 102 2 491-499 Journal Article Campbell, Jonathan A.;Lamar, William W.;Hillis, David M. 1989 A new species of diminutive Eleutherodactylus (Leptodactylidae) from Oaxaca, Mexico Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 102 2 491-499 new species; Mexico; Eleutherodactylus polymniae n. sp. Journal Article Campbell, Jonathan A.;Whitmore, Donald H., Jr. 1989 A Comparison of the skin keratin biochemistry in vipers with comments on its systematic value Herpetologica 45 2 242-249 phlylogenetics agkistrodon Journal Article Campbell, Jonathan A.;Vannini, Jay P. 1989 Listado preliminar de la herpetofauna de Finca el Faro, El Palmar, Wuezaltenango, Guatemala Fundacion Interamericana de Investigacion Tropical 1 1-10 Amphibia, Reptilia, survey, checklist, Guatemala Journal Article Campbell, J. A.;Whitmore, Donald H. 1989 A comparison of the skin keratin biochemistry in vipers with comments on its systematic value Herpetologica 45 2 242-249 keratin, skin, vipers, systematic, biochemistry Journal Article Campbell, J. A.;Brodie, E. D.;Barker, D. G.;Price, A. H. 1989 An apparent natural hybrid rattlesnake and Crotalus willardi (viperdae) from the Peloncillo mountains of Southwestern New Mexico Herpetologica 45 3 344-349 viperdae, crotalidae, rattlesnakes, Crotalus willardi, hybridizartion, Peloncillo mountains, New Mexico Journal Article Campbell, J. A.;Formanowicz, Daniel R.;Brodie, Edmund D. 1989 Potential impact of rattlesnake roundups on natural populations The Texas Journal of Science 41 3 310-317 roundup, rattlesnake Journal Article Campbell, Jonathan A.;Hillis, David M.;Lamar, William W. 1989 A new lizard of the genus Norops (Sauria: Iguanidae) from the cloud forest of Hidalgo, México Herpetologica 45 2 232-242 Norops naufragus n. sp. Book Campbell, Jonathan A.;Lamar, William W. 1989 The Venomous Reptiles of Latin America Ithaca, NY Comstock Publishing Associates 425 p. Journal Article Campeny, R.;Casinos., A. 1989 Densities and buoyancy in tadpoles of midwife toad, Alytes obstetricans Zoologischer Anzeiger 223 6-12 Book Section Campeny i Valls, Roser 1989 Marcado temporal de larvas de Anfibios con Colorantes vitales Fontanet, Xavier and Horta, Nati Treballs d'Ictiologia i Herpetologia Barcelona Societat Catalana d'Ictiologia i Herpetologia 78-85 Amphibians; larvae; marking; coloration Book Section Campeny i Valls, Roser 1989 Alteraciones morphologicas de las extremidades en las larvas de Bufo bufo spinosus Fontanet, Xavier and Horta, Nati Treballs d'Ictiologia i Herpetologia Barcelona Societat Catalana d'Ictiologia i Herpetologia 181-185 Clinodactily; femur; morphology Journal Article Camper, Jeffrey D.;Dixon, James R. 1988 Evaluation of a microchip marking system for amphibians and reptiles Texas Parks and Wildlife Dept., Res. Publ. 7100-159 1-22 pit tags Journal Article Camper, Jeffrey D. 1988 The status of three uncommon salamanders (Amphibia: Caudata) in Iowa Journal of the Iowa Academy of Sciences 95 4 127-130 ambystoma texanum laterale notophthalmus viridescens distribution habitat Journal Article Camper, Jeffrey D.;Dixon, James R. 1988 Evaluation of a microchip marking system for amphibians and reptiles Texas Parks & Wildlife Dept., Res. Publ. 7100 159 1-22 Journal Article Canfield, P. J. 1985 Characterization of the blood cells of Australian crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus [Schneider] and C johnstoni [Krefft]) Anat Histol Embryol 14 3 269-88 Alligators and Crocodiles/*blood; Animal; Australia; Blood Cells/classification/*cytology/enzymology; Comparative Study; Histocytochemistry; Microscopy; Microscopy, Electron; Reptiles/*blood; Staining/methods Book Cann, John 1986 Snakes Alive! Snake Experts & Antidote Sellers of Australia Kenthurst kangaroo Press xiv +176 Australia; Biography Book Cann, John 1986 Snakes Alive! Snake experts & Antidote Sellers of Australia Kenthurst, NSW Kangaroo Press 176 Journal Article Cannatella, D. C. 1985 The systematic status of Syrrhophus juninensis Shreve (Anura: Leptodactylidae) Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 98 4 774-777 Amphibians, frogs, relationships, phylogenetics, systematics, Phrynopus, Telmatobius, Peru Thesis Cannatella, David C. 1985 A phylogeny of primitive frogs (Archaeobatrachians) 1-403 Journal Article Cannatella, D. C. 1986 A new genus of bufonid (Anura) from South America, and phylogenetic relationships of the neotropical genera Herpetologica 42 2 197-205 Amphibians, frogs, frostius, phylogeny, cladograms Journal Article Cannatella, D. C.;Lamar, W. W. 1986 Synontmy and distribution of Centrolenella orientalis with notes on its life history (Anura: Centrolenidae) Journal of Herpetology 20 3 307-317 Amphibians, frogs, Venezuela, Columbia, life history, morphology, classification Journal Article Cannatella, David C.;Lamar, William W. 1986 Synonymy and distribution of Centrolenella orientalis with notes on its life history (Anura: Centrolenidae) Journal of Herpetology 20 307-317 Amphibia, Anura, Centrolenella orientalis, life history, Venezuela Journal Article Cannatella, David C. 1986 A new species of Osornophryne (Anura: Bufonidae) from the Andes of Ecuador Copeia 1986 618-622 Amphibia, Anura, Osornophryne talipes, Osornophryne percrassa, Osornophryne bufoniformis, Ecuador Journal Article Cannatella, David, C.;Trueb, Linda 1988 Evolution of pipoid frogs: Intergeneric relationships of the aquatic frog family Pipidae (Anura) Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 94 1-38 Anura, Pipidae, frogs, phylogeny, Pipa, Hymenochirus, Xenopus, Silurana, frog evolution, anatomy, 18 Journal Article Cannatella, David C.;Trueb, Linda 1988 Evolution of pipoid frogs: Morphology and phylogenetic relationships of Pseudhymenochirus Journal of Hepetology 22 4 439-456 7, Pipidae, Pseudhymenochirus merlini, evolution, morphology, phylogenetics, frogs, phylogeny Journal Article Cannatella, David;Trueb, Linda 1988 Evolution of pipoid frogs: intergeneric relationships of the aquatic frog family Pipidae (Anura) Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 94 1-38 Journal Article Cannatella, David C. 1988 Evolution of pipoid frogs: Morphology and phylogenetic relationships of Pseudyymenochirus Journal of Herpetology 22 439-456 Amphibia, Anura, Pseudhymenochirus, Pipa parva, Pipa pipa, Xenopus, Silurana, Hymenochirus, systematics, phylogenetics, morphology, Journal Article Cannatella, D. C.;Trueb., L. 1988 Evolution of pipoid frogs: intergeneric relationships of the aquatic frog family Pipidae (Anura) Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 94 1-38 Journal Article Cannatella, D. C.;Trueb., L. 1988 Evolution of pipoid frogs: morphology and phylogenetic relationships of Pseudhymenochirus Journal of Herpetology 22 439-456 Book Section Cannatella, David 1989?On the monophyly of discoglossoid frogs Splechtna and Hilgers Trends in vertbrate morphology Stuttgart New York Gustav Fischer 230-231 amphibia, anura, discoglossidae, archeobatrachian, systematics, phylogeny, discoglossus Journal Article Cannatella, David C. 1989 On the monophyly of discoglossid frogs Fortschritte der Zoologie 35 230-231 Amphibia, anura, phylogenetics, characters, Ascaphus, Leiopelma, caudata, Journal Article Cannatella, David C.;de Queiroz, Kevin 1989 Phylogenetic systematics of the Anoles: Is a new taxonomy warranted? Systematic Zoology 38 1 57-69 Journal Article Capen, David E. 1989 Political unrest, progressive research, and professional education Wildlife Society Bulletin 17 335-337 Journal Article Capovilla, M.;Hare, W. A.;Owen, W. G. 1987 Voltage gain of signal transfer from retinal rods to bipolar cells in the tiger salamander J Physiol (Lond) 391 125-40 Action Potentials; Ambystoma; Animal; In Vitro; Light; Neurons/*physiology; Photoreceptors/*physiology; Retina/cytology/*physiology; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Time Factors 1. Intracellular recordings of the voltage responses of rods and both functional classes of bipolar cell were made in the isolated, perfused retina of the tiger salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum. 2. Brief, dim flashes of 519 nm light delivered to the receptive-field centres were used to measure the flash sensitivities of twenty-one on-centre bipolar cells and thirty-six off-centre cells. In each experiment the flash sensitivity of a rod was also measured using diffuse illumination of the same duration and wave-length. 3. The mean flash sensitivity of the rods (fifty-nine cells) was 4.47 mV photon-1 micron 2 flash. The mean flash sensitivity of the off-centre bipolar cells was 35.4 mV photon-1 micron 2 flash (thirty-six cells). The mean flash sensitivity of the on- centre bipolar cells was 12.5 mV photon-1 micron 2 flash. 4. The ratio of the flash sensitivity of the bipolar cell to that of a rod recorded in the same retina defined the gain of voltage transfer from rod to bipolar cell. For signal transfer to on-centre bipolar cells the mean value of the voltage gain was 5.05 +/- 1.34 (S.E. of mean). For signal transfer to the off-centre bipolar cells, the mean value of the gain was 10.4 +/- 1.29. 5. The on-centre cell gain in the salamander was smaller by a factor of 27 than that of the on-centre cells in the dogfish retina (Ashmore & Falk, 1980 a), while the off-centre cell gain was comparable in the two species. Possible reasons for the large difference between the voltage gains of on-centre cells in the dogfish and salamander are considered. Journal Article Capula, M.;Nascetti, G.;Lanza, B.;Bullini, L.;Crespo, E.G. 1985 Morphological and genetic differentiation between the Iberian and the other west Mediterranean Discoglossus species (Amphibia Salientia Discoglossidae) Monitore Zoologico Italiano 19 69-90 Journal Article Capula, M.;Nascetti, G.;Lanza, B.;Bullini, L.;Crespo, E. G. 1985 Morphological and genetic diferentiation between the iberian and the other west mediterranean Discoglossus species (Amphibia Salientia Discoglossidae) Monitote zool. ital. (N. S.) 19 69-90 Amphibia, Anura, Discoglossidae, genetics, morphology, taxonomy, Book Capula, Massimo 1989 Reptiles and Amphibians of the World New York Simon & Schuster 256 Journal Article Caramaschi, U.;Sazima, I. 1985 Uma nova especie de Crossodactylus da Serra do Cipo, Minas Gerais, Brasil (Amphibia, Leptodactylidae) Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 3 1 43-49 description, amphibians, morphology Journal Article Caramaschi, U.;Sazima., I. 1985 Uma nova espécie de Crossodactylus da Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais, Brasil (Amphibia, Leptodactylidae). Revista Brasileira Biologia 3 43-49 Journal Article Caramaschi, U.;Kisteumacher., G. 1989 O girino de Crossodactylus trachystomus (Reinhardt e Luetken, 1862)(Anura, Leptodactylidae). Revista Brasileira Biologia 49 237-239 Thesis Carbonneau, D.A. 1987 Nesting ecology of an American alligator population in a freshwater coastal marsh Journal Article Cardeilhac, P.T. 1986 Management problems of hatchling alligators Annu. Proc. Am. Assoc. Zoo Vet. 120-121. (Abstract only.) AM, farming, Journal Article Cardeilhac, P.T.;Schumacher, J. 1989 Feed management to control disease and infertility in crocodilians Proc. Annu. Meet. Am. Assoc. Zoo Vet. 139-147 AM, farming, disease, reproduction, Journal Article Cardoso, A. J.;Haddad, C. F. B. 1985 Nova especie de Physalaemus do grupo Signiferus (Amphibia, Anura, Leptodactylidae) Rev. Brasil. Biol. 45 1/2 33-37 Journal Article Cardoso, A. J.;Andrade, G. V.;Haddad, C. F. B. 1989 Spatial distribution of amphibian communities (Anura) in southeastern Brazil Rev. Brasil Biol. 49 1 241-249 environmental heterogeneity, diversity Journal Article Carothers, J. H. 1986 An experimental confirmation of morphological adaptation: toe fringes in the sand-dwelling lizard Uma scoparia Evolution 40 4 871-874 reptiles, lizards, adaptation, comparative, velocity, speed, performace Journal Article Carpenter, C. C. 1986 An inventory of the display-action-patterns in lizards Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service 68 1-18 reptiles, behavior, list Journal Article Carpenter, Charles C. 1986 An inventory of combat rituals in snakes Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service 1986 69 1-18 index Journal Article CARPENTER, J.L.;BACHRAN, A.;ALBERT, D.M.;VAINISI, S.J.;GOLDSTEIN, S. 1986 Xanthomatous keratitis, disseminated xanthomatosis, and atherosclerosis in Cuban Tree frogs Vet. Pathol. 23 337-339 Amphibia, anura, Hyla septentrionalis, pathology, lipid kerathopathy, keratitis, atherosclerosis Reprint Vet. Path. Spec. Anim 91/127 Book Carpenter, Charles C.;Krupa, James J. 1989 Oklahoma Herpetology: An Annotated Bibliography Norman university of Oklahoma Press viii, 258 Journal Article Carr, T.;Carr, N. 1985 [Geographic distribution: Testudines: Trionyx triunguis] Herp. Review 16 Trionyx triunguis Journal Article Carr, A.F.;Jr. 1986 Rips, FADS, and little loggerheads Bioscience 36 92-100 Journal Article Carr, Archie 1986 Rips, FADS, and little loggerheads BioScience 36 2 92-100 Journal Article Carr, A. 1986 New perspectives on the pelagic stage of sea turtle development NOAA Tech Mem. NMFS-SEFC-190 loggerhead/green/hatchling Journal Article Carr, T.;Carr, N. 1986 Dermochelys coriacea (Leatherback sea turtle) Copulation Herpetological Review 17 1 24-25 leatherback; breeding Journal Article Carr, Archie Fairly 1986 (1987) New Perspectives on the pelagic stage of sea turtle development NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFA-SEFC-190 1-36 Journal Article Carr, A.F.;Jr. 1987 The impact of nondegradable marine debris on the ecology and survival outlook of sea turtles Mar. Poll. Bull. 18 6B 352-356 Journal Article Carr, A. 1987 Impact of nondegradable marine debris and the ecology and survival outlook of sea turtles Marine Pollution Bulletin 18 6B 352-356 loggerhead Journal Article Carr, J. A.;Norris, D. O. 1988 Interrenal activity during metamorphosis of the tiger salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum Gen Comp Endocrinol 71 1 63-9 Adrenal Glands/*metabolism; Ambystoma/*growth & development; Animal; Body Weight; Corticosterone/*blood; Hematocrit; Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases/metabolism; Interrenal Gland/cytology/*metabolism; *Metamorphosis, Biological; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Plasma corticosterone concentrations were low in premetamorphic tiger salamander larvae (Norman Stage I; M. F. Norman (1985) Anat. Rec. 211, 102-109). Corticosterone levels were significantly elevated at midmetamorphosis (Norman Stage IV) but decreased at the end of metamorphosis (Norman Stage VII). Corticosterone levels remained low 2 weeks after metamorphosis. Interrenal 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity was low in premetamorphic larvae (Norman Stage I) but was significantly elevated by midmetamorphosis (Norman Stage IV) and remained elevated at the end of metamorphosis (Norman Stage VII). There were no significant changes in interrenal cell nuclear size during metamorphosis. There was a significant decrease in body weight as well as a significant increase in hematocrit accompanying metamorphosis. The increase in plasma corticosterone concentration seen during metamorphosis of the tiger salamander is accompanied by an increase in interrenal steroidogenesis. Journal Article Carr, John L.;Almendáriz, Ana 1989 Contribucion al conocimiento de la distribucion geografica de los quelonios del Ecuador Occidental Politecnica 14 2 75-103 Journal Article Carr, John L.;Almendáriz, Ana 1989 Contribucion al conocimiento de la distribucion geografica de los quelonios del Ecuador Occidental Politecnica 14 3 75-103 Journal Article Carrier, D. R. 1987 The evolution of locomotor stamina in tetrapods: circumventing a mechanical constraint Paleobiology 13 1 326-341 reptiles, mammals, endurance, phylogeny, gait, mechanics Journal Article Carrier, D. R. 1987 Lung ventilation during walking and running in four species of lizards Exp Biol 47 1 33-42 The relationship between locomotion and aspiration breathing was investigated in the lizards Iguana iguana, Ctenosaura similis, Varanus exanthematicus and Varanus salvator, and the quail Coturnix coturnix. Respiratory air-flow during walking and running on a 7.3 m track or on a treadmill was measured with a bidirectional flow meter attached to one nostril. In all four species of lizards, lung ventilation drops markedly during locomotion. Tidal volume decreases as speed increases, often by more than an order of magnitude at intermediate and high speeds, and the rate of decline is most pronounced at the lowest speeds. Minute ventilation peaks at or before the reported maximum aerobic speed and decreases at higher speeds. In contrast, quail increase their minute ventilation during running. Several observations support the hypothesis that the aspiration of lizards is mechanically constrained by locomotion which employs lateral vertebral bending and sprawling posture. 1. Minute ventilation decreases as running speed increases. 2. Disruption of ventilation is temporally coincident with the locomotor movements. 3. During running the largest breaths correspond to the strides of longest duration or to brief pauses in the locomotor movements. Journal Article Carrizo, G. R. 1989 Un nuevo hílido (Amphibia: Anura) para la Argentina, Phrynohyas imitatrix (Miranda Ribeiro, 1926) Boletín de la Asociación Herpetológica Argentina 5 1-2 9-10 Phrynohyas imitatrix Journal Article Carrizo, G.;de Olmedo, E. V.;Soroka, J. 1989 Un nuevo leptodactílido (Amphibia, Anura) para la Argentina, Eleutherodactylus guentheri Steidachner, 1864 Boletín de la Asociación Herpetológica Argentina 5 1-2 10-11 Eleutherodactylus guentheri; distribution; Argentina Journal Article Carroll, Robert L. 1988 An articulated gymnarthrid microsaur (Amphibia) from the upper Carboniferous of Czechosloakia [Szkielet Gymnarthridae (Amphibia, Microsauria) z górnego karbonu Czechoslwacji] Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia 31 11 441-450 fossil spardus cardiocephalus gymnarthridae Journal Article Casas-Andreu, G.;Rogel-Bahena, A. 1986 Observaciones sobre los nidos y las nidadas de Crocodylus moreletii en Mexico An. Inst. Cienc. del Mar y Limnol. Univ. Nal .Auton. Mexico 13 323-330 CM, nest, reproduction, North America Journal Article Casas-Andreu, Gustavo 1989 Rafael Martin del Campo y Sanchez (1910-1987) Boletín de la Sociedad Herpetológica Mexicana 1 1 6-9 Journal Article Casimir, C. M.;Gates, P. B.;Ross-Macdonald, P. B.;Jackson, J. F.;Patient, R. K.;Brockes, J. P. 1988 Structure and expression of a newt cardio-skeletal myosin gene. Implications for the C value paradox J Mol Biol 202 2 287-96 Amino Acid Sequence; Animal; Base Sequence; Dna; *Genes; Molecular Sequence Data; Myosin/*genetics; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; Rna; Salamandridae/*genetics As part of our studies on the fate of the muscle lineage during amphibian limb regeneration, we have isolated genomic and cDNA sequences from a myosin heavy chain in the newt (Notophthalmus viridescens). Notwithstanding the technical problems inherent in analysing the large newt genome, genomic and cDNA sequences have been isolated and subjected to analysis by restriction mapping. Northern hybridization, Southern hybridization and DNA sequencing. We believe these to be the first single copy newt gene sequences to have been subjected to this type of analysis. The newt gene sequences showed a striking difference from mammalian myosins in both the estimated sizes of the gene and its intervening sequences; these being much larger than in the mammalian models, it is speculated that this could contribute to the exceptional size of the newt genome. By contrast, the coding sequences displayed very high levels of sequence homology to mammalian myosins. In particular, the amino acid sequence of the newt myosin was found to have greatest homology with rat and human myosin isotypes having a similar cardio-skeletal muscle expression pattern. Despite a long evolutionary separation, newt and mammalian cardio-skeletal myosins have remained more similar to each other than have the human or rat cardiac forms to skeletal myosins within their own respective species. Journal Article Casimir, C. M.;Gates, P. B.;Patient, R. K.;Brockes, J. P. 1988 Evidence for dedifferentiation and metaplasia in amphibian limb regeneration from inheritance of DNA methylation Development 104 4 657-68 Animal; Blotting, Southern; Cartilage/cytology; Cell Differentiation; Cells, Cultured; Connective Tissue/cytology; DNA/*genetics/metabolism; Extremities/*physiology; Genetic Markers; Methylation; Muscles/cytology; Notophthalmus viridescens; *Regeneration Amphibian limb regeneration is a process in which it has been suggested that cells of one differentiated type may dedifferentiate and give rise to cells of another type in the regenerate. We have used two tissue- specific hypomethylations in the newt cardioskeletal myosin heavy chain gene as lineage markers to follow the fate of cells during limb regeneration. Analysis of genomic DNA from different muscle cell populations allowed the assignment of one marker to the muscle (Hypo A) lineage and the other, more tentatively, to the 'connective tissue' (Hypo B) component of muscle. The contribution to regenerated limb cartilage and limb blastemal tissue by cells carrying these markers was estimated by quantitative analysis of Southern blot hybridizations using DNA from regenerate tissues. The results are consistent with a contribution of cells from both muscle and connective tissue lineages to cartilage in regenerated limbs. In addition, removal of the humerus at the time of amputation (eliminating any contribution from pre- existing cartilage), has provided evidence for an increased representation of cells carrying the connective tissue marker in regenerate cartilage but did not affect the representation of cells carrying the muscle cell marker. Journal Article Casper, G. 1987 New harpological records for Wisconsin, USA Bulletin Of The Chicago Herpetological Society 22 5 95 Journal Article Castanet, J.;Newman, D. G.;Saint Girons, Hubert 1988 Skeletochronological data on the growth, age, and population structure of the Tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus, on Stephens and Lady Alice Islands, New Zealand Herpetologica 44 1 25-37 Edited Book Castanet, Jacques;Guyetant, Robert 1989 Atlas de Repartition des Amphibiens et Reptiles de France Paris Société Herpétologie de France 191 Journal Article Castano-Mora, O.V. 1985 Notas adicionales sobre la reproduccion y el crecimiento de los morrocoyes (Geochelone carbonaria y Geochelone denticulata, Testudines, Testudinidae) Lozania (Acta. Zool. Colombiana) 52 1-5 Journal Article Castilla, A. M.;Bauwens, D. 1989 Reproductive characteristics of the lacertid lizard, Lacerta lepida Amphibia-Reptilia 10 445-452 reptiles, altitude, diet, body size, lipids, eggs, spain Journal Article Castilla, A. M.;Bauwens, D.;Damme, R. Van;Verheyen, R. F. 1989 Notes on the biology of the high altitude lizard Lacerta bedriagae Herpetological Journal 1 400-403 reptiles, altitude, diet, body size, sexual dimorphism, habitat Journal Article Caston, J.;Bricout-Berthout., A. 1985 Influence of stimulation of the visual system on the activity of vestibular nuclear neurons in the frog Brain Behav. Evol. 26 49-57 Book Section Cayot, L.J. 1985 Effects of El Nino on giant tortoises and their environment G. Robinson, E.M. del Pino El Nino in the Galapagos Islands: The 1982-1983 event 363-398 Journal Article Cayot, Linda J. 1985 Effects of El Niño on giant tortoises and their environment Fundación Charles Darwin para las Islas Galápagos, Quito, Ecuador 363-398 Thesis Cayot, L.J. 1987 Ecology of giant tortoises (Geochelone elephantopus) in the Galapagos Islands Report CCNT 1986 Crocodylus porosus in the Northern Territory: Biology and history of management Report CCNT 1986 Crocodylus johnstoni in the Northern Territory: Biology and history of management Journal Article Cei, J. M. 1985 Notas sobre especies de Liolaemus de la meseta Somuncura, Río Negro, y rectificación de los números museológicos de los tipos de Liolaemus kingi somuncurae Boletín de la Asociación Herpetológica Argentina 2 1-3 15-16 Liolaemus kingi somuncurae Journal Article Cei, J. M. 1985 Un nueva y peculiar Odontophrynus de la Sierra de Guasayan, Santiago del Estero, Argentina (Anura, Leptodactylidae) Cuadernos de Herpetología 1 5 1-13 Odontophrynus Journal Article Cei, José M.;Lescure, Jean 1985 Identité de Lacerta palluma Molina, 1782, et revalidation de Centrura flagellifer Bell, 1843 (Reptilia, Sauria) Bulletin du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris 4 sér, 7 2 451-459 Journal Article Cei, José M.;Lescure, Jean 1985 Identité de Lacerta palluma Molina, 1782, et revalidation de Centryra flagellifer Bell, 1843 (Reptilia, Sauria) Bull. Mus. natn. Hist. nat., Paris 4 sér., 7 sec. A, 2 451-459 Journal Article Cei, J. M. 1986 Reptiles del centro, centro-oeste y sur de la Argentina: Herpetofauna de las zonas aridas y semiaridas Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali Torino 4 Reptiles, Argentina Book Cei, Jose M. 1986 Reptiles del centro, centro-oeste y sur de la Argentina. Herpetofauna de las zonas áridas y semiáridas Torino, Italy Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali Torino 527 Argentina Journal Article Cei, J. M.;Scolaro, J. A. 1987 The true systematic status of Liolaemus ruisleali Donoso Barros and Cei, 1971, from Northern Patagonia, Argentina (Reptilia, Iguanidae) Bollettino del Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali - Torino 5 1 179-187 Journal Article Cei, J. M. 1987 Notas sobre una colección ofidiológica de H. Weyemberg (1883) del Museo Zoológico de la Universidad de Florencia (Italia) Boletín de la Asociación Herpetológica Argentina 3 1-2 6-7 Journal Article Cei, J. M. 1987 Additional notes to Amphibians of Argentina: an update, 1980-1986 Monitore Zoologico Italiano 21 209-272 Journal Article Censky, E. J. 1985 Review: Museum collections and the study of geographic variation Collection Forum 37 Journal Article Censky, Ellen J. 1986 Sceloporus graciosus Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 386 1-4 Journal Article Censky, Ellen J.;McCoy, Clarence J. 1988 Female reproductive cycles of five species of snakes (Reptilia: Colubridae) from the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico Biotropica 20 4 326-333 Journal Article Censky, Ellen J. 1988 Geochelone carbonaria (Reptilia: Testudines) in the West Indies Florida Scientist 50 2 108-114 Journal Article Chan, E.-H.;Salleh, H.U.;Liew, H.-C. 1985 Effects of handling on hatchability of eggs of the leatherback turtle, Dermochelys coriacea (L.) Pertanika 8 2 265-271 leatherback; sex ratio; conservation Journal Article Chan, C. Y.;Nicholson, C. 1986 Modulation by applied electric fields of Purkinje and stellate cell activity in the isolated turtle cerebellum Journal of Physiology 371 89-114 1. Quasi steady-state electric fields were applied across the isolated turtle cerebellum to study the relationship between applied field, neuronal morphology and the modulation of the neuronal spike firing pattern. 2. Spiking elements were identified electrophysiologically using extracellular recording methods and by subsequent horseradish peroxidase injection, which revealed their dendritic morphology and orientation. 3. The electric field was precisely defined by measuring the voltage gradients induced in the cerebellum by 40 s constant-current pulses. The field was constant in the vertical (dorso-ventral) axis and zero in the horizontal plane, in agreement with theory. 4. Neurons were modulated by applying a sinusoidal field at frequencies between 0.05 and 1.0 Hz. Modulated cells exhibited an increase in firing frequency and fell into one of four classes, depending on the direction of the field that produced the modulation. Thus neurons were excited by: ventricle-directed fields (V modulation), pair-directed fields (P modulation), both of the above (V/P modulation) or showed no consistent modulation (non-modulation). 5. Most Purkinje somata and primary dendrites (nineteen out of twenty-eigth) and most Purkinje dendrites (eighteen out of thirty), were V modulated with maximum rate proportional to the peak field intensity. The dendrites of these cells were consistently oriented toward the pia. 6. Among the stellate cells, the lower molecular layer stellates, with dendrites extending predominantly towards the pia, were mostly (nineteen out of thirty-two) V modulated. The mid-molecular layer stellates, which showed much variability in dendritic orientation, were distributed among all four of the modulation classes. The upper molecular layer stellates, with mostly horizontal dendritic alignment, were mainly (nine out of sixteen) non-modulated. 7. All groups of spiking elements showed a correlation between patterns of modulation by applied fields and dendritic orientation, which suggest the degree of differential polarization of the extended cable elements of the neurone by the applied field as the basic mechanism for field-induced excitation or inhibition. 8. The threshold for modulation among all neurones was 15-20 mV/mm, which is similar to the fields that modulate other nervous tissues. This suggests that many neurons can be modulated by fields of the order of 10-20 mV/mm. Book Chan, Eng Heng;Liew, Hock Chark 1989 The Leatherback Turtle: A Malaysian Heritage Kuala Lumpur Tropical Press Sdn Bhd vii + 49 Journal Article Chan, E.-H. 1989 White spot development, incubation and hatching success of leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea) eggs from Rantau Abang, Malaysia Copeia 1989 42-47 leatherback; incubation Journal Article Chaney, A. H.;Liner, E. A. 1986 Rhadinaea montana Herp review 17 3 Journal Article Chang, L.-T.;Hsu., C.-Y. 1987 The relationship between the age and metamorphic progress and the development of tadpole ovaries Proc. Natl. Sci. Counc. Repub. China 11B 211-217 Journal Article Channing, A. 1986 A new species of the genus Strongylopus Tschudi from Namaqualand, Cape Province, South Africa (Anura: Ranidae). Annals of the Cape Provincial Museum (Natural History) 16 127-135 Journal Article Channing, A.;Capona., M.-D. C. de 1987 The tadpole of Hyperolius mitchelli (Anura: Hyperoliidae) South African Journal of Zoology 22 235-237 Journal Article Channing, A.;Boycott, R. C.;Hensbergen., H. J. 1988 Morphological variation of Heleophryne tadpoles from the Cape Province, South Africa (Anura: Heleophrynidae). Journal of Zoology 215 205-216 Journal Article Channing, A.;Boycott., R. C. 1989 A new frog genus and species from the mountains of the southwestern Cape, South Africa (Anura: Ranidae). Copeia 1989 467-471 Journal Article Chapman, Philip 1985 Cave-frequenting vertebrates in the Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak Sarawak Museum Journal 34 55 (new ser.) 101-111, pl. VI-XI Journal Article Chapman, J.E. 1987 Rearing and maintenance of the Australian anuran Limnodynastes tasmaniensis under laboratory conditions Anim.Technol. 38 3 175-182 Amphibia, anura, husbandry, housing, reproduction, behavior, nutrition, live food, growth Journal Article Charles, N.;Field, R.;Shine, R. 1985 Notes on the reproductive biology of Australian pythons, genera Aspidites, Liasis and Morelia Herp Review 16 2 45-48 reptiles, Journal Article Charnov, E.L. ;Bull, J. J. 1989 Non-fisherian sex ratios with sex change and environmental sex determination Nature 338 148-150 tsd; sex ratio Journal Article Charnov, E.L.;Dawson, T.E. 1989 Environmental sex determination with overlapping generations American Naturalist 134 5 808-816 tsd; sex ratio Journal Article Chatfield, J. 1989 Basic nutrition and feeding in aquatic and terrestrial chelonia Testudo 3 1 46-53 Reptilia, testudines, food, feeding, basic nutrition testu,vit WP x Journal Article CHEDESTER AL 1986 QUALITY CONTROL AND HEALTH MONITORING PROGRAMS BARRIER BREEDING CLONIES PURC HASED ANIMALS AND LONG-TERM HOLDING ROOMS. 37TH..ANN..MEETING.AM..ASS..LAB..ANIM..SCI..CHICAGO.USA.OCT.5.10.1986. 36 (5) 577. HOUSING; HOUSING-FACILITIES; BARRIER-CONTROL; HEALTH-CONTROL; /MONITORING HYGIENE Journal Article Chellam, Ravi 1986 Crocodile survey in the Gir Sanctuary, Gujarat Hamadryad 11 3 17-18 Journal Article Chen_Bihui;Tang_Yianyun;Wei_Yunin;Zhang_Zhengdong 1989 The lingual glands of the Chinese alligator Acta Zool. Sin. 35 1 28-32. In Chinese with English summary. Copy: N. Journal Article Chesler, M.;Nicholson., C. 1985 Organization of the filum terminale in the frog Journal of Comparative Neurology 239 431-444 Journal Article Chessman, B.C. 1988 Habitat preferences of freshwater turtles in the Murray valley, Victoria and New South Wales Aust. Wildl. Res. 15 485-491 Habitat Book Section Child, Graham 1987 The management of crocodiles in Zimbabwe Webb, Grahame J. W.;Manolis, S. Charlis and Whitehead, Peter J. Wildlife Management: Crocodiles and Alligators Chipping Norton, NSW Surrey Beatty & Sons Pty Ltd 49-62 Journal Article Chiou, S. H.;Chang, W. P.;Lo, C. H.;Chen, S. W. 1987 Sequence comparison of gamma-crystallins from the reptilian and other vertebrate species Febs Lett 221 1 134-8 Alligators and Crocodiles/*metabolism; Amino Acid Sequence; Amino Acids/analysis; Animal; Anura; Carp; Cattle; Chromatography; Comparative Study; *Crystallins/analysis; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Evolution; Lens, Crystalline/*analysis; Rats; Reptiles/*metabolism; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Lens crystallins were isolated from homogenates of reptilian eye lenses (Caiman crocodylus apaporiensis) by gel-permeation chromatography and characterized by gel electrophoresis, and amino acid and N-terminal sequence analyses. Four fractions corresponding to alpha-, delta/epsilon/beta-, beta- and gamma-crystallins were identified on the basis of their electrophoretic patterns as revealed by SDS gel electrophoresis. Comparison of the amino acid contents of reptilian crystallins with those of mammals suggests that each orthologous class of crystallins from the evolutionarily distant species still exhibits similarity in their amino acid compositions and probably sequence homology as well. All fractions except that of gamma-crystallin were found to be N-terminally blocked. N-terminal sequence analysis of the purified gamma-crystallin subfractions showed extensive homology between the reptilian gamma-crystallin polypeptides themselves and also those from other vertebrate species, suggesting the existence of a multigene family and their close relatedness to gamma-crystallins of other vertebrates. Journal Article Chiou, S. H.;Chang, W. P.;Lo, C. H. 1988 Biochemical comparison of lens crystallins from three reptilian species Biochim Biophys Acta 955 1 1-9 Alligators and Crocodiles/*metabolism; Amino Acid Sequence; Amino Acids/analysis; Animal; Chromatography, Gel; Circular Dichroism; Comparative Study; Crystallins/*isolation & purification; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Human; Protein Conformation; Reptiles/*metabolism; Snakes/*metabolism; Species Specificity; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Turtles/*metabolism Lens crystallins were isolated from the homogenates of reptilian eye lenses derived from three different species by gel-permeation chromatography and characterized by gel electrophoresis, amino-acid analysis, N-terminal sequence analysis and circular dichroism. Four fractions corresponding to alpha-, delta/epsilon/beta-, beta- and gamma- crystallins were obtained for the crystallins from caiman lenses, whereas delta- and gamma-crystallin fraction were present in lesser amounts or missing in the turtle and snake lenses, respectively. The native molecular masses for these purified fractions and their polypeptide compositions were determined by gel filtration and SDS-gel electrophoresis, respectively, revealing the typical subunit compositions for each classified crystallin. The spectra of circular dichroism indicate a predominant beta-sheet structure in alpha-, beta- and gamma-crystallins, and a major contribution of alpha-helical structure in delta/epsilon-crystallin fraction, which bears a resemblance to the secondary structure of delta-crystallin from the chicken lenses. Comparison of the amino-acid contents of each orthologous class of reptilian crystallins with those of evolutionary distant species still exhibited similarity in their amino-acid compositions. N-terminal sequence analysis of the crystallin fractions revealed that all fractions except that of gamma-crystallin are N- terminally blocked. Extensive sequence similarity between the reptilian gamma-crystallin polypeptides and those from other vertebrate species were found, which establish the close relatedness of gamma-crystallins amongst the major classes of vertebrates. Book Chippaux, Jean-Philippe 1986 Les Serpents de la Guyane française Paris Orstom Fauna Tropicale XXVII 165 French Guyana; South America; Snakes Journal Article Chiszar, David;Radcliff, Charles W.;Overstreet, Roy;Poole, Thomas;Byers, Thomas 1985 Duration of strike-induced chemosensory searching in cottonmouths (Agkistrodon piscivorus) and a test of the hypothesis that striking pery creates a specific search image Canadian Journal of Zoology 63 1057-1061 Journal Article Chiszar, D.;Radcliffe, C. W.;Overstreet, R.;Poole, T.;Byers, T. 1985 Duration of strike-induced chemosensory searching in cottonmouths (Agkistrodon piscivorus) and a test of the hypothesis that striking prey creates a specific search image Canadian Journal of Zoology 63 1057-1061 behavior, feeding, Agkistrodon piscivorus Journal Article Chiszar, D.;Radcliffe, C.;Boyd, R.;Radcliffe, A.;Yun, H.;Smith, H. M.;Boyer, T.;Atkins, B.;Feiler, F. 1986 Trailing behavior in cottonmouths (Agkistrodon piscivorus) Journal of Herpetology 20 2 269-272 reptiles, snakes, predation, feeding Journal Article Chiszar, David;Nelson, Paul;Smith, Hobart M. 1988 Analysis of the behavioral sequence emitted by rattlesnakes during feeding episodes III.Strike-induced chemosensory searching and location of rodent carcasses bulletin of the Maryland Herptological Society 24 4 99-108 Crotalus, feeding, foraging, trailing, rattlsnakes Journal Article Chondropoulos, B. P. 1986 A checklist of the Greek reptiles. I. The Lizards Amphibia-Reptilia 7 217-235 Book Section Choquenot, David;Webb, Grahame J. W. 1987 A photographic technique for estimating the size of crocodiles seen in spotlight surveys and for quantifying observer bias Webb, Grahame J. W.;Manolis, S. Charlis and Whitehead, Peter J. Wildlife Management: Crocodiles and Alligators Chipping Norton, NSW Surrey Beatty & Sons Pty Ltd 217-224 Journal Article Choromanski, Joseph M;H, George Robert;A, Bellmund Sarah 1987 Nutritional benefit of a marine animal gelatin diet as measured by sea turtleblood chemistry values. AAZPA.(Am.Assoc.Zool.Parks.Aquariums).Annu.Conf.Proc Amphibia, reptilia, management, captive animal care, diet, technique PREX International Database System on Laboratory Animal Science Journal Article Chou, L. M.;Leong, C. F.;Choo, B. L. 1988 The role of optic, auditory and olfactory senses in prey hunting by two species of geckos Journal of Herpetology 22 3 349-351 Journal Article Choudhury, Binod C. 1987 Research project on monitoring reintroduced mugger crocodiles in Andhra Pradesh Hamadryad 12 2 19-20 Crocodylus palustris Journal Article Chow, S. Y.;Yen Chow, Y. C.;Woodbury, D. M. 1985 Water and electrolyte contents, cell pH and membrane potentials of cultured turtle thyroid cells Journal of Endocrinology 104 1 45-52 Tsh; Sodium; Chloride; Potassium; Cyclic Amp Water and electrolyte contents, cell pH, membrane potential and 125I- uptake were determined in cultured follicular cells of turtle thyroid. The Na+, K+ and Cl- concentrations in the cultured thyroid cells were 59.2, 119.0 and 50.9 mmol/l cell water, respectively. Treatment with TSH (10 mu/ml for 24 h) increased the K+ and Cl- and decreased the Na+ concentrations in cells. The water and protein contents of these cells were 81.6 and 8.7 g/100 g cells, respectively. The cell pH was 6.91. With glass microelectrodes, the resting membrane potential of thyroid cells cultured in Medium 199 averaged 33.9 +- 0.63 mV which is slightly higher than 29.8 +- 1.6 mV as calculated from the data on the uptake of (14C)methyltriphenylphosphonium and 3H-2O by the cells. The potential varied linearly with the log of external K+ concentration (between 15 and 120 mmol/l) with a slope of apprx 24 mV per 10-fold change in K+ concentration. Both TSH and cAMP depolarized the cell membrane. Calculations based on the values for the electrolyte concentrations in cells and in culture medium indicated that Na+, K+ and Cl- were not distributed according to their electrochemical gradients across the cell membrane. Na+ was actively transported out of the cells and K+ and Cl- into the cells. Follicular cells of turtle thyroid cultured in the medium without addition of TSH formed a monolayer. Their I-concentrating ability was low and they did not respond to TSH with an increase in I uptake. Cells cultured in medium containing TSH tended to aggregate and organize to form follicles. They had higher ability to concentrate I and respond to TSH. Journal Article Christensen, O.;Simon, M.;Randlev, T. 1989 Anion channels in a leaky epithelium. A patch-clamp study of choroid plexus Pflugers Arch 415 1 37-46 Animal; Anions; Bucladesine/pharmacology; Chlorides/metabolism/*physiology; Choroid Plexus/drug effects/*physiology; Electric Conductivity; Epithelium/physiology; Furosemide/pharmacology; Ion Channel Gating/physiology; Membrane Potentials/physiology; Membrane Proteins/*physiology; Necturus maculosus; Osmolar Concentration; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; SITS/pharmacology; Theophylline/pharmacology; 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine/pharmacology We have used the patch-clamp technique to characterize three anion channels in the ventricular membrane of the choroid plexus epithelium from Necturus. The most frequently occurring channel had a nonlinear IV- curve. The conductance in excised patches with 112 mM chloride at both sides was 28 pS at 0 mV, increasing towards positive membrane potentials. The selectivity ratios were PNa:PCl less than or equal to 0.1 and PNO3:PCl:PHCO3 = 1.6:1:0.43. SITS and furosemide (1 mM) on the inside reduces chloride flux to 0.15 and 0.37 times the control value. In attached patches, the most commonly observed channel had a conductance of 7.5 pS. The single-channel current for this channel reversed direction at 15 mV hyperpolarization, indicating accumulation of chloride to a factor of 1.8 above equilibrium. External stimulation of the tissue by theophylline, IBMX and dbcAMP, or by hypotonic shock did not increase the activity of this channel. In very few excised patches, we have observed a chloride channel with a conductance of 7 pS with 112 mM chloride at both sides. The 7 pS channel appears to be identical to a 2 pS channel found in attached patches. The 2 pS channel was not normally active in attached patches but was activated in 28% of the patches by external stimulation. Finally, in few excised patches we have found a 375 pS channel which inactivates within seconds when membrane potential is stepped from 0 mV to a value that differs more than 10-20 mV from zero. The channel did not conduct gluconate but PNO3:PCl = 1.08 and PNa:PCl less than or equal to 0.1. Internal SITS and furosemide (1 mM) reduced chloride flux to 0.3 and 0.5 times the control value. The channel was never seen in attached patches. The current carried through these channels can not account for the transepithelial steady state Cl- -flux measured by microelectrodes. KCl exit from the cell is suggested to be carried by KCl-cotransport or by channels that are too small to be seen in patch-clamp experiments. Journal Article Christian, P. 1985 Obstetric techniques in Testudo graeca Rephiberary 9 Reptilia, testudines, Testudo graeca, obstetrics, technique vet,testu,meth WP x Journal Article Christian, Keith 1986 Aspects of the life history of Cuban iguanas on Isla Magueyes, Puerto Rico Carib. J. Sci. 22 3-4 159-164 Journal Article Christian, Keith 1986 The effect of cold exposure during incubation of Sceloporus undulatus eggs Copeia 1986 4 1012-1014 Journal Article Christian, Keith A. 1986 Physiological consequences of nighttime temperature for a tropical, herbivorous lizard (Cyclura nubila) Can. J. Zool. 64 836-840 Journal Article Christian, S. P.;Porter, W. P.;Tracy, C. R. 1986 Core areas within the home ranges of Galapagos land iguanas, Conolophus pallidus Journal of Herpetology 20 2 272-276 reptiles, lizards, territory, home range Journal Article Christian, K. A.;Clavijo, I. E.;Cordero-Lopez, N.;Elias-Maldonado, E. E.;Franco, M. A.;Lugo-Ramirez, M. V.;Marengo, M. 1986 Thermoregulation and energetics of a population of Cuban iguanas (Cyclura nubila) on Isla Magueyes, Puerto Rico Copeia 1986 1 65-69 reptiles, lizards, temperature, behavior, body size, radio-telemetry Journal Article Christian, Keith A.;Nunez, Fernando;Clos, Luis;Diaz, Luci 1988 Thermal regulations of some tropical frogs alnog an altitudinal gradient Biotropica 20 3 236-239 Book Christiansen, J. L.;Bailey, R. M. 1986 The Snakes of Iowa Des Moines Iowa Conservation Commission 15 p. Book Christiansen, J. L.;Bailey, R. M. 1988 The Lizards and Turtles of Iowa Des Moines Iowa Conservation Commission 19 Journal Article Chua, T.H. 1988 Nesting population and frequency of visits on Dermochelys coriacea in Malaysia Journal of Herpetology 22 2 192-207 leatherback Journal Article Chua, T.H. 1988 On the road to local extinction: the leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea) in Terengganu, Malaysia Proceedings of the 11th Annual Seminar of the Malaysian Society of Marine Sciences 153-158 leatherback Journal Article Chua, T.H.;Furtado, J.I. 1988 Nesting frequency and clutch size in Dermochelys coriacea in Malaysia Journal of Herpetology 22 2 208-218 leatherback Journal Article Chugunova, T. Yu.;Vorobyeva, E. I.;Semenov, D. V. 1987 [Comparative analysis of the dental system and the feeding of the round-headed lizards of the genus Phrynocephalus (Reptilia, Agamidae) Zoological Journal 66 746-758 Book Cihar, Jirí 1987 Obojzivelníci a Plazi: Katalog k expozici zoologického oddeleni Národní muzeum v Praze Národní muzeum v Praze 132 Journal Article Cintra, R. 1985 Nascimento de filhotes de Caiman yacare (Daudin, 1802)(Crocodylia:Alligatoridae) em condicoes semi naturais no pantanal matogrossense Papéis Avulsos Zoology (São Paulo) 36 10 91-101 Reptiles, crocodilians, eggs, hatching, clutch size, hatchling size, morphology, Mato Grosso, Pantanal, incubation Journal Article Cintra, R. 1985 Nascimento de filhotes de Caiman yacare (Daudin,1802) (Crocodylia: Alligatoridae) em condico es semi-naturais no Pantanal Matagrossense Papeis Avulsos Zool., S. Paulo 36 91-101 CCR, nest, ecology, South America Journal Article Cintra, R. 1988 Nesting ecology of the Paraguayan caiman (Caiman crocodilus yacare) in the Brazilian Pantanal J. Herpetol. 22 219-222 CCR, ecology, demography, growth, South America Book Section Cintra, R. 1989 A comparison of sizes of caiman in hunted and non-hunted areas of the Brasilian Pantanal Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 8th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. ISBN 2-88032-908-X. xiv + 204 pp. 125-127 Journal Article Cintra, R. 1989 Maternal care and daily pattern of behavior in a family of caimans, Caiman yacare in the Brazilian pantanal J. Herpetol. 23 3 320-322 CCR, parental care, behavior, Journal Article Cioni, C.;Palma, F. de;Stefanelli., A. 1989 Morphology of afferent synapses in the Mauthner cell of larval Xenopus laevis Journal of Comparative Neurology 284 205-214 Journal Article Ckhikvadze, V. M.;Shuvalov, V. F. 1988 The first find of Cretaceous chelonians in the Ekhingol Basin (Mongolia) [Pierwsze znalezisko kredowych zólwi w basenie Ekhingol (Mongolia)] Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia 31 18 509-512 fossils Mlynarskiella mariani Journal Article CLAESSEN, H. 1989 Quarantaine in amphibians 1 Quarantaine bij amfibien 1 Terra 25 54-59 Amphibia, anura, urodela, diseases, prophylaxis, quarantaine A quarantaine inclusive of fecal examination is advised. Reprint Endnote 93/338 Journal Article CLAESSEN, H. 1989 Enkele opmerkingen aangaande ziekten bij tropische kikkers II. Terra 25 34-36 Amphibia, anura, diseases, general, survey Journal Article CLAESSEN, H. 1989 Enkele idieën bij de ziekten van amfibieën. Terra 25 146-154 and 166-171 Amphibia, anura, urodela, diseases, A survey is presented concering techniques of microscopic examination and dissection of amphibia Journal Article Claessen, H. 1989 Some remarks concerning diseases in tropical frogs Enkele opmerkingen aangaande ziekten bij tropische kikkers I. Terra 25 25-31 Amphibia, anura, diseases, general, survey Journal Article Claessen, H. 1989 Quarantaine in amphibians 2 Quarantaine bij amphibien 2 Terra 25 72-77 Amphibia, anura, urodela, diseases, prophylaxis, quarantaine Suggestions about medication and routes of dosing during quarantaine are presented Journal Article Clark, C. H.;Rogers, E. D.;Milton, J. L. 1985 Plasma concentrations of chloramphenicol in snakes Am J Vet Res 46 12 2654-7 Animal; Bacterial Infections/blood/drug therapy/*veterinary; Chloramphenicol/administration & dosage/*blood/therapeutic use; Comparative Study; Half-Life; Injections, Subcutaneous; Snakes/*blood; Species Specificity; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Plasma chloramphenicol concentrations after a subcutaneous injection were studied in 87 snakes of 16 different species. The biological half- life of chloramphenicol varied from 3.3 hours in the indigo snake (Drymarchon corais couperi) to 22.1 hours in the midland water snake (Nerodia sipedon). A single dosage of 50 mg of chloramphenicol/kg of body weight produced plasma concentrations greater than 5 micrograms/ml for nearly 72 hours in 2 species of water snakes (Nerodia erythrogaster, Nerodia sipedon), for 24 hours in the Burmese python (Python molurus bivittatus), and for less than 12 hours in the gray rat snake, Indigo snake, and eastern king snake (Elaphe obsoleta spiloides, Drymarchon coraise couperi, and Lampropeltis getulus getulus). A dosage of 50 mg/kg administered to water snakes every 72 hours for 18 days maintained a minimum plasma concentration of chloramphenicol between 2 and 5 micrograms/ml. Journal Article Clark, K. L.;LaZerte., B. D. 1985 A laboratory study of the effects of aluminum and pH on amphibian eggs and tadpoles Canadian J. Fish. Aquatic Sci. 42 1544-1551 Journal Article Clark, K. L. 1986 Responses of spotted salamander, Ambystoma maculatum populations in central Ontario to habitat acidity Canadian Field Naturalist 100 463-469 Journal Article Clark, C. W.;Marler, P.;Beeman, K 1987 Quantitative analysis of animal vocal phonology: an application to swamp sparrow song Ethology 76 101-115 acoustic communication, aves, Melospiza georgiana, Passeriformes, Emberizidae Journal Article Clarke, B. T. 1987 A description of the skeletal morphology of Barbourula (Anura: Discoglossidae), with comments on its relationships J. Nat. Hist. 21 879-891 Amphibia, anura, archeobatrachian, Discoglossidea, osteology, systematics, Journal Article Clarkson, Robert W.;Rorabaugh, James C. 1989 Status of leopard frogs (Rana pipiens complex: Ranidae) in Arizona and southeastern California Southwestern Naturalist 34 4 531-538 chiricahuensis yavapaiensis berlandieri colorado gila blairi distribution range Journal Article Clarkson, R. W.;Rorabaugh., J. C. 1989 Status of leopard frogs (Rana pipiens complex: Ranidae) in Arizona and southeastern California Southwest Naturalist 34 531-538 Journal Article Clemen, G.;Greven., H. 1988 Morphological studies on the mouth cavity of Urodela IX. Teeth of the palate and the splenials in Siren and Pseudobranchus (Sirenidae: Amphibia). Z. Zool. Syst. Evol.-Forsch. 26 135-143 Journal Article Clingenpeel, F. A. 1989 Book review: Breeding Terrarium Animals Herpeton 2 1 18 Journal Article Clingenpeel, F. A. 1989 Conservation and the amateur herpetologist Herpeton 2 1 12-14 Book Clyne, Densey 1989 Rainforest: A Journey into Nature's Richest Garden Frenchs Forest, NSW Reed Boks 97 Australia; rainforest Journal Article Coates, E. L.;Ballam, G. O. 1989 Breathing and upper airway CO2 in reptiles: role of the nasal and vomeronasal systems Am J Physiol 256 1 Pt 2 R91-7 Animal; Carbon Dioxide/*analysis; Female; Male; Nasal Mucosa/*physiology; Nasal Septum/*physiology; Olfactory Nerve/physiology; Olfactory Pathways/physiology; Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism; *Respiration; Snakes/*physiology; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Tidal Volume The ventilatory response of the garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis, to 2% CO2 delivered to the upper airways (UA) was measured before and after the olfactory or vomeronasal nerves were transected. The UA (nasal cavities and mouth) were isolated from the gas source inspired into the lungs by inserting an endotracheal T tube into the glottis. CO2 was administered to the UA via a head chamber. The primary ventilatory response to UA CO2 was a significant decrease in ventilatory frequency (f) and minute ventilation. The decrease in f was caused by a significant increase in the pause duration. Tidal volume, expiratory duration, and inspiratory duration were not altered with UA CO2. The f response to UA CO2 was abolished with olfactory nerve transection, whereas vomeronasal nerve transection significantly increased the magnitude of the f depression. These results indicate that CO2-sensitive receptors are located in the nasal epithelium and that the olfactory nerves must be intact for the UA CO2 f response to be observed. In addition, the vomeronasal system appears to modulate the ventilatory response to UA CO2. Journal Article Cobbs, W. H.;Barkdoll, A. E. d;Pugh, E. N., Jr. 1985 Cyclic GMP increases photocurrent and light sensitivity of retinal cones Nature 317 6032 64-6 Ambystoma; Animal; Cyclic GMP/*pharmacology; Electric Conductivity/drug effects; Membrane Potentials/drug effects; Photic Stimulation; Photoreceptors/cytology/drug effects/*physiology; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Time Factors Like retinal rods, cone photoreceptors contain cyclic GMP and light- activated phosphodiesterase. The cGMP phosphodiesterase cascade is thought to mediate phototransduction in rods. Biochemical assays of nucleotide content in cone-dominant retinas, however, have failed to demonstrate light-induced changes in cGMP. Changes in cyclic AMP following light exposure have been reported, leading to the suggestion that in cone phototransduction cAMP assumes a role analogous to that played by cGMP in rods. Cyclic GMP introduced from tight-seal pipettes into isolated cones of the larval tiger salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum, rapidly increases light-modulated membrane current more than 10-fold. In cones, as in rods, cGMP also causes an approximately 10-fold increase in photocurrent duration and a 5- to 10-fold increase in light- sensitivity. Cyclic AMP has no effect on cone photocurrents under the same conditions. Because cGMP has similar effects on photocurrent magnitude and kinetics in both rods and cones, we conclude that cGMP plays corresponding roles in transduction in both vertebrate photoreceptor classes. Journal Article Cobbs, W. H.;Pugh, E. N., Jr. 1987 Kinetics and components of the flash photocurrent of isolated retinal rods of the larval salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum J Physiol (Lond) 394 529-72 Ambystoma; Animal; Cyclic GMP/physiology; Electrophysiology; In Vitro; Isomerism; Kinetics; *Photic Stimulation; Photoreceptors/*physiology; Rhodopsin/physiology; Rod Outer Segments/physiology; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. 1. Membrane currents initiated by intense, 20 microseconds flashes (photocurrents) were recorded from isolated salamander rods by combined extracellular suction electrodes and intracellular tight-seal electrodes either in current or voltage clamp mode. The magnitudes (mean +/- 2 S.E.M.) of the maximal photoresponses recorded by the suction and by the intracellular electrode respectively were 40 +/- 5 pA (n = 18) and 35 +/- 7 mV (n = 8) for current clamp at zero current; 43 +/- 9 pA and 66 +/- 13 (n = 11) pA for voltage clamp at the zero- current holding potential, -24 +/- 3 mV. 2. Photocurrents initiated by flashes isomerizing 0.1% or more of the outer segment's rhodopsin achieved a saturated velocity and were 95% complete in less than 50 ms. The effect of incrementing flash intensity above 0.1% isomerization can be described as a translation of the photocurrent along the time axis towards the origin. Within the interval 0-50 ms the latter two-thirds of the velocity-saturated photocurrent is well described as a single- exponential decay. The decay was much faster in voltage clamp (2.8 +/- 1.2 ms, n = 11) than in current clamp mode (17 +/- 5 ms, n = 17). 3. The initial third of the velocity-saturated photocurrent, occurring over the interval from the flash to the onset of exponential decay, followed about the same time course in current and voltage clamp. The time interval occupied by this initial 'latent' phase decreased with increasing flash intensity and attained an apparent minimum of about 7 ms in response to flashes isomerizing 10% or more of the rhodopsin at ca. 22 degrees C. 4. The hypothesis that the decay of outer segment light-sensitive membrane current is the same in current and voltage clamp was supported by an analysis of the difference between outer segment currents measured successively in the two recording modes. First, the tail of the difference current decayed exponentially with a time constant approximately equal to R x C, where R and C are independently estimated slope resistance and capacitance of the rod. Secondly, the integral of the difference current, when divided by outer segment capacitance, closely approximated the hyperpolarizing light response measured under current clamp. Thus, displacement current accounted for the difference between photocurrents measured in current and voltage clamp.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) Journal Article Coborn, J. 1987 Snakes and lizards. Their care and breeding in captivity Sanibel Reptilia, serpentes, sauria, propagation, management serp,echsen,zucht,vit,vet Fernl a Book Coborn, John 1987 Snakes & Lizards: Their care and Breeding in Captivity Newton Abbot David & Charles 208 p. Journal Article Cocco, M.;A. Argano, R. Basso 1988 Loggerhead (Caretta caretta) in Italian waters (Reptilia, Chelonidae) Rapp. Comm. int. Mer M\'edit. 31 2 287 Journal Article Cochran, P. A.;Lyons., J. D. 1985 Life history notes: Necturus maculosus. Juvenile ecology. Herpetological Review 16 53 Journal Article Cochran, P. A.;Hodgson, J. R. 1986 Geographic distribution. Caudata. Ambystoma laterale (blue-spotted salamander) Herpetological Review 17 1 26 Journal Article Cochran, P. A.;Lyons, J. D. 1986 New distributional records for Wisconsin amphibians and reptiles Transactions Of The Wisconsin Academy Of Sciences Arts And Letters 74 138-141 Journal Article Cochran, P. A.;Hodgson, J. B.;Korb, R. M. 1987 New distributional records for reptiles and amphibians in Brown County, Wisconsin Herpetological Review 18 1 23 Journal Article Cochran, P. A. 1988 Geographic distribution. Elaphe vulpina (fox snake) Herpetological Review 19 1 20 Journal Article Cochran, B. G.;Cochran, C. D. 1989 Ambystoma texanum (smallmouth salamander) Herpetological Review 20 1 11 Journal Article Cocroft, R. B.;Heyer, W. R. 1988 Notes on the frog genus Thoropa (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae) with a description of a new species (Thoropa saxatilis) Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 101 1 209-220 Anura, distribution, nomenclature Journal Article Cocroft, R. B.;Heyer., W. R. 1988 Notes on the frog genus Thoropa (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae) with a description of a new species (Thoropa saxatilis) Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 101 209-220 Journal Article Cocroft, Reginald;Hambler, Keith 1989 Observations on a commensal relationship of the microhylid frog Chiasmocleis ventrimaculata and the burrowing theraphosid spider Xenesthis immanis in southeastern Peru Biotropica 21 1 2-8 Anura, Microhylidae, symbiotic relationships, spider, microhabitat use, foraging, predator-prey, chemical defenses, S. America, Peru Journal Article Coffeen, Michael P. 1985 State Report - Utah Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1985 40-41 Journal Article Coffeen, Michael P. 1986 State Report - Utah - 1985 Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1986 20-28 Edited Book Coffin, Barbara;Pfannumuller, Lee 1988 Minnesota's Endangered Flora and Fauna Minneapolis Minnesota 's Deaprtment of Natural Resources xvi, 1-473 Book Section Cogger, H. G. 1985 Australian proteroglyphous snakes - an historical overview Grigg, G.;Shine, R. and Ehmann, H. Biology of Australasian Frogs and Reptiles Chipping Norton, Australia Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales 143-154 Book Cogger, Harold G. 1986 Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia Frenchs Forest, NSW Reed 688 Australia Book Cogger, Harold G. 1989 Australian Reptiles in Colour (Revised edition) Port Melbourne Treasure Press 112 Australia Book Cogger, Harold 1989 Australian Reptiles in Colour Port Melbourne Treasure Press 112 Journal Article Cohn, Jeffrey P. 1988 Captive breeding for conservation BioScience 38 5 312-316 Journal Article Cohn, Jeffrey P. 1989 Iguana conservation and economic development BioScience 39 6 359-363 Reptiles, lizards, iguanas, conservation, economic development, commerce, eating, hunting, farming, Journal Article Cole, Charles J. 1985 Taxonomy of parthenogenetic species of hybrid origin Systematic Zoology 34 3 359-363 Journal Article Cole, C. J.;Gans, C. 1987 Chromosomes of Bipes, Mesobaena, and other amphisbaenians (Reptilia), with comments on their evolution American Museum Novitates 2869 1-9 reptiles, worm lizards, karyotype, reproduction, Journal Article Cole, Charles J.;Gans, Carl 1987 Chromosomes of Bipes, Mesobaena, and other Amphisbaenians (Reptilia), with comments on their evolution American Museum Novitates 2869 1-9 Bipes; Mesobaena Journal Article Cole, C. J.;Dessauer, H. C.;Barrowclough, G. F. 1988 Hybrid origin of a unisexual species of whiptail lizard, Cnemidophorus neomexicanus in western North America: new evidence and a review American Museum Novitates 2905 1-38 reptiles, habitat, morphology, karyotypes, reproduction, hybrid, evolution Journal Article Cole, Charles J.;Dessauer, Herbert C.;Barrowclough, Geroge F. 1988 Hybrid origin of a unisexual species of whiptail lizard, Cnemidophorus neomexicanus, in western North America: New evidence and a review American Museum Novitates 2905 1-38 Journal Article Cole, C. J.;Dessauer, H. C.;Barrowclough, G. F. 1988 Hybrid origin of a unisexual species of whiptail lizard, Cnemidophorus neomexicanus, in western north America: new evidence and a review American Museum Novitates 2905 1-38 lizards, reproduction, hybridization, parthenogenisis Journal Article Cole, Charles J.;Townsend, Carol R.;Dessauer, Herbert C.;Hardy, Laurence M. 1989 A lizard foretold Natural History 1989 5 12-17 parthenogenesis gymnophthalmus speciosus underwoodi distribution Report Cole, Jeffrey A. 1989 Survey of the reptiles and amphibians of the Najavo Nation Journal Article Coleman, P. A.;Miller, R. F. 1988 Do N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors mediate synaptic responses in the mudpuppy retina? J Neurosci 8 12 4728-33 Aminobutyric Acids/pharmacology; Animal; Aspartic Acid/analogs & derivatives/antagonists & inhibitors/pharmacology; Electroretinography; Light; Necturus maculosus; Neurons/physiology; Receptors, Neurotransmitter/drug effects/*physiology; Retina/cytology/*physiology; Retinal Ganglion Cells/physiology; Stereoisomerism; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Synapses/drug effects/*physiology; Valine/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology Whole-cell recordings of amacrine and ganglion cells in the superfused retina-eyecup preparation of the mudpuppy were obtained in order to determine which excitatory amino acid receptor (EAAR) subtype mediates the synaptic responses of these neurons. All third-order retinal neurons tested were depolarized by kainic acid (KA, N-methyl-D- aspartate (NMDA), and quisqualate (QQ). The responses evoked by NMDA were blocked by the addition of D-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (D- AP5) and D-2-amino-7 phosphonoheptonoic acid (D-AP7) to the perfusate. When the actions of exogenously applied NMDA were completely blocked by D-AP5 and D-AP7, the light-evoked responses of inner retinal neurons persisted without any apparent reduction or, alternatively, a slight enhancement of the response was observed. Light-evoked responses of bipolar, amacrine, and ganglion cells associated with the On pathway were attenuated by L-AP5 in a manner similar to its lower-order homolog L-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (AP4); nevertheless, L-AP5 was not an effective NMDA antagonist. Although synaptic transmission between retinal second- and third-order neurons appears to be mediated by EAARs, the NMDA receptor does not appear to play a prominent role under our experimental conditions. Nevertheless, our results suggest that the racemic mixture of AP5 should not be used as an NMDA antagonist in retinal research, due to the AP4-like actions of its L-enantiomer. Journal Article Coleman, P. A.;Miller, R. F. 1989 Kainate receptor-mediated synaptic currents in mudpuppy inner retinal neurons reduced by D-O-phosphoserine J Neurophysiol 62 2 495-500 Animal; Membrane Potentials/drug effects; Necturus maculosus; Neurons/*drug effects/physiology; Phosphoserine/*pharmacology; Receptors, Neurotransmitter/*drug effects; Retina/*cytology/drug effects/physiology; Serine/*analogs & derivatives; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Synapses/*drug effects 1. The effects of D-O-phosphoserine (DOS) were examined on proximal neurons in the superfused mudpuppy retinal-eyecup preparation by measuring their synaptically evoked whole-cell currents with the use of patch-clamp electrodes. 2. DOS reduced the light-evoked excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) of amacrine and ganglion cells. This suppression was present even though the center responses of both ON- and OFF-bipolar cells were unaffected by DOS. 3. When recordings were done under voltage-clamp conditions. DOS diminished the magnitude of light-evoked synaptic currents associated with a reduction in synaptic conductance. 4. To determine which acidic amino acid receptor mediated the network-selective action of DOS, various glutamate agonists were tested against this excitatory amino acid receptor (EAAR) antagonist. DOS blocked the depolarizing effects of kainate (KA), but not those of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) or quisqualate (QQ). Thus DOS was a selective KA antagonist, and KA receptors appear to be the dominant EAAR subtype that mediates synaptic inputs into the inner retina of the mudpuppy. Journal Article Coleman, P. A.;Miller, R. F. 1989 Measurement of passive membrane parameters with whole-cell recording from neurons in the intact amphibian retina J Neurophysiol 61 1 218-30 Ambystoma; Animal; Cell Membrane/physiology; Dendrites/physiology; Electric Conductivity; Mathematics; Necturus maculosus; Neurons/*physiology; Neurophysiology/*methods; Retina/*cytology; Retinal Ganglion Cells/physiology; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Time Factors 1. Whole-cell recordings have been obtained from intact, photoactive retinal neurons using patch-clamp electrodes in the amphibian superfused retina eyecup preparation. 2. After removal of the vitreous humor from the surface of the retina, using a collagenase with low tryptic activity, high-resistance seals (1-10 G omega) could be formed between the patch pipette and the cell membrane by applying mild suction to the pipette. Additional suction broke the membrane patch and provided continuity between the low-resistance pipette and the interior of the neuron. 3. Measurements of input resistance and time constant were obtained from bipolar, amacrine, and ganglion cells. Assuming the membrane capacitance was 1 microF/cm2, time constant data were used to derive the specific membrane resistance. The average specific membrane resistance for the inner retinal neurons in our sample was 68,000 omega.cm2. 4. Analysis of the charging curve induced by a brief current pulse applied to the soma was used to analyze the average electrotonic length of dendrites. The charging curves of some ganglion cells were well represented by a single exponential, suggesting that they were essentially isopotential. 5. The voltage decay along an equivalent cylinder model of a ganglion cell was calculated, using the experimentally obtained values of membrane resistance to compute decay of steady-state voltages along the dendritic tree. The calculations indicate that with the high membrane resistance values implied by this study, the electrotonic length of dendritic cables were short, and there may be relatively little attenuation of the synaptic potentials irrespective of their location along the dendritic tree. Journal Article Collins, Joseph T. 1986 New records of amphibians and reptiles in Kansas for 1985 Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter 63 4-11 Journal Article Collins, Joseph T. 1986 New records of amphibians and reptiles in Kansas for 1986 Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter 66 9-16 Journal Article Collins, Joseph T. 1987 A numerical summary of herpetological county records and size maxima records for Kansas, 1975 to 1986 Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter 67 16-18 Journal Article Collins, Joseph T. 1988 New records of amphibians and reptiles in Kansas for 1987 Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter 71 13-18 Journal Article Colwell, R. K. 1985 A bite to remember Natural History 4 2-8 98, snake bite, snakebite, Bothrops, Costa Rica Journal Article Compton, Stephen G.;Robertson, Hamish G. 1988 Complex interactions bewteen mutualisms: Ants tending homopterans protect fig seeds and pollinators Ecology 69 4 1302-1305 Journal Article Conant, Sheila 1988 Saving endangered species by translocation BioScience 38 4 254-257 relocation conservation Journal Article Cone, G. P., Jr. 1987 Results of treatment of snakebite in an upstate South Carolina community hospital J S C Med Assoc 83 11 587-9 Journal Article Congdon, Justin D.;Gibbons, J. Whitfield 1985 Egg components and reproductive characteristics of turtles: Relationships to body size Herpetologica 41 2 194-205 Reptiles, turtles, body size, egg lipids, egg size, life history, optimal egg size, parental investment, relative clutch mass, reproduction, Chelonia Journal Article Congdon, J.D.;Gibbons, J.W. 1985 Egg components and reproductive characteristics of turtles: relationships to body size. Herpetologica 41 194-205 Reptilia, testudines, growth, egg size, clutch size Journal Article Congdon, J. D.;Greene, J. L.;Gibbons, J. W. 1986 Biomass of freshwater turtles: A geographic comparison American Midland Naturalist 115 1 165-173 reptiles, egg, reproduction, Michigan, South Carolina, morphology Journal Article Congdon, J. D.;Breitenbach, G. L.;Sels, R. C. van Loben;Tinkle, D. W. 1987 Reproduction and nesting ecology of snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) in southeastern Michigan Herpetologica 43 1 39-54 reptiles, clutch frequency, clutch size, hatching, hatchling emergence, nesting ecology, survivorship, Journal Article Congdon, J. D.;Gibbons, J. W. 1987 Morphological constraint on egg size: A challenge to optimal egg size theory? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 84 4145-4147 Reptiles, turtles, egg size, optimal egg size, morphological constraint, reproduction, pelvic Journal Article Congdon, Justin D.;Breitenbach, Gary L.;van Loben Sels, Richard C.;Tinkle, Donald W. 1987 Reproduction and nesting ecology of snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) in southeastern Michigan Herpetologica 43 1 39-54 Journal Article Congdon, J. D.;Jr., R. E. Gatten;Morreale, Steven J. 1989 Overwintering activity of box turtles (Terrapene carolina) in South Carolina Journal of Herpetology 23 2 179-181 reptiles, Chelonia , hibernation, temperature Journal Article Congdon, J. D.;R. E. Gatten, Jr. 1989 Movements and energetics of nesting Chrysemys picta Herpetologica 45 1 94-100 activity, anaerobic metabolism, lactate, nesting migration, reptiles, Chelonia, painted turtles Book Section Congdon, J. D.;Gibbons, J. W. 1989 Biomass productivity of turtles in freshwater wetlands: A geographic comparison Sharitz, R. R. and Gibbons, J. W. Freshwater Wetlands and Wildlife Oak Ridge, TN USDOE 61 583-592 reptiles, South Carolina, body size, wetlands management Journal Article Congdon, Justin D.;Gatten, Robert E., Jr.;Morreale, Steven J. 1989 Overwintering activity of box turtles (Terrapene carolina) in South Carolina Journal of Herpetology 23 2 179-181 Journal Article Congdon, Justin D.;Gatten, Robert E., Jr. 1989 Movements and energetics of nesting Chrysemys picta Herpetologica 45 1 94-100 Journal Article Congdon, Justin D.;Gibbons, J. Whitfield 1989 Biomass productivity of turtles in freshwater wetlands: A geographic comparison Freshwater Wetlands and Wildlife 1989 61 583-592 sternotherus oderatus trachemys scripta emydoidea blandingi chelydra serpentina chrysemys picta ecology Journal Article Congdon, J.D. 1989 Proximate and evolutionary constraints on energy relations of reptiles Physiol. Zool. 62 2 356-373 embryology, metabolism, physiology, Journal Article Congdon, J.D.;Gibbons, J.W. 1989 Posthatching yolk reserves in hatchling American alligators Herpetologica 45 3 305-309 AM, reproduction, embryology, Journal Article Congdon, Justin D.;Gatten, Robert E. 1989 Movements and energetics of nesting Chrysemys picta Herpetologica 45 94-100 activity, anaerobic metabolism, chrysemys picta, lactate, nesting migration Journal Article Congdon, Justin D.;Gatten, Robert E.;Morreale, Steven J. 1989 Overwintering activity of box turtles (Terrapene carolina) in South Carolina Journal of Herpetology 23 179-181 Journal Article Congdon, Justin D.;Gatten, Robert E.;Jr.;Morreale, Steven J. 1989 Overwintering activity of box turtles (Terrapene carolina) in South Carolina Journal of Herpetology 23 2 179-181 Journal Article Congdon, Justin D.;Gibbons, J. Whitfield 1989 Posthatching yolk reserves in hatchling American Alligators 45 3 305-309 Journal Article Connelly, T. G.;Green, M. S.;Sahijdak, W. M.;Loyd, R. M. 1986 Role of the neural retina in newt (Notophthalmus viridescens) lens regeneration in vitro J Exp Zool 240 3 343-51 Animal; Chick Embryo; DNA/biosynthesis; Growth Substances/pharmacology; Iris/cytology/physiology; Lens, Crystalline/*physiology; Organ Culture; Regeneration; Retina/*physiology; Salamandridae; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Removal of the lens from the eye of an adult newt (Notophthalmus viridescens) is followed by regeneration of a new lens from the dorsal iris epithelial cells at the pupillary margin. This process is dependent upon the neural retina for its normal completion in vivo and in vitro. To examine the relationship between the retina and lens regeneration, we have conducted experiments that delimit the time period during which the retinal presence is critical (in vivo) and have investigated the influence of extracts of the retina on the progress of regeneration (in vitro). In vivo, removal of the retina at day 11 seriously retards further progression of regeneration while removal of the retina at day 15 does not retard regeneration significantly. This defines a "critical period" in regeneration of the lens during which the retina is required. Explantation of regenerates 11 or 12 days after lentectomy to organ culture medium enriched with either crude retinal homogenate or extracts prepared from chick or bovine retinas according to Courty et al. ('85, Biochimie, 67:265-269) reveals that the progress of regeneration can be supported in culture by the crude extract. This is the first demonstration of complete iris-lens transformation in culture in the presence of retinal extract. It is possible that the retina acts indirectly by promoting passage of the iris epithelial cells through the critical number of mitoses required before redifferentiation into lens cells can occur (as proposed by Yamada, '77, Monogr. Dev. Biol., 13:126). It is also possible that the retina acts by directly instructing the iris cells to redifferentiate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Journal Article Connelly, T. G.;Green, M. S. 1987 Influence of chromatographic fractions of extracts derived from bovine neural retina on newt (Notophthalmus viridescens) lens regeneration in vitro J Exp Zool 243 2 233-43 Animal; Cattle; Growth Substances/*pharmacology; Heparin/pharmacology; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/pharmacology; Lens, Crystalline/drug effects/*physiology; Notophthalmus viridescens; Regeneration/*drug effects; Retina/*physiology; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Tissue Extracts/pharmacology; Transferrin/pharmacology Removal of the ocular lens in adult newts (Notophthalmus viridescens) is followed by a series of cellular events leading to regeneration of a new lens by cell type conversion of pigmented iris epithelial cells at the dorsal pupillary margin (Yamada, Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. 2:247-283, 1967). Following depigmentation and five to seven cell divisions, iris epithelial cells redifferentiate into lens fiber cells and synthesize crystallin proteins (Yamada, Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. 2:247-283, 1967). This process is dependent upon neural retina in vivo (Stone, Anat. Rec. 131:151-172, 1958; Reyer, Dev. Biol. 14:214-225, 1966) and in vitro (Yamada et al., Differentiation 1:65-82, 1973). Acting on the hypothesis that the role of the neural retina is to promote passage of iris epithelial cells through the requisite number of cell cycles which will then allow them to redifferentiate as lens fiber cells (Yamada, in: Cell Biology of the Eye. Academic Press, New York, 1982), we undertook testing of the effects of eye-derived mitogenic substances, as well as other mitogens, on regeneration of lens from iris in organ culture. We have previously defined a critical period for the retinal influence in vivo and in vitro, and have shown that crude extracts of retina can enhance regeneration of lenses in culture (Connelly et al., J. Exp. Zool., 240:343-351, 1986). In this paper, we report on the lens regeneration enhancing activity (LRA) of more highly purified fractions of the retinal extracts. Heparin-sepharose chromatography of the crude retinal extract yields three fractions (Courty et al., Biochemie 67:265- 269, 1985) called EDGF I, II, and III. EDGF I and II have affinity for heparin, while EDGF III does not. In our bioassay, LRA appears only in the EDGF III fraction. Dialysis of EDGF III against 0.1 N acetic acid yields a fraction which has affinity for cibacron blue sepharose (eluting at 2.15 M salt) and also has significant LRA. Because insulin at high doses has a marginal effect on lens regeneration in culture (Williams and McGlinn, Am. Zool. 19:923, 1979; Connelly, Differentiation 16:85-91, 1980), we tested IGF-I. Because of the putative neurotrophic effects of transferrin (Tf) (Mescher and Munaim, J. Exp. Zool., 230:485-490, 1986), we tested Tf for its ability to enhance regeneration of the lens in culture. IGF-I seems to have an enhancing effect on lens regeneration; Tf does not. Journal Article Conner, J. D.;Detwiler, P. B.;Sarthy, P. V. 1985 Ionic and electrophysiological properties of retinal Mueller (Pseudemys scripta elegans) (glial) cells of the turtle Journal of Physiology 362 79-92 Sodium; Potassium; Membrane Potential The ionic and electrophysiological properties of Mueller cells, the principal glial element of the vertebrate retina, were investigated. The membrane potential of enzymatically dissociated and in situ Mueller cells was about -80 mV and depended on external K+ concentration in a manner that was described by the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation with a Na+-K+ permeability ratio of 0.037. The current-voltage relation showed marked inward rectification, with the input resistance at the resting potential being about 30 M-OMEGA for dissociated cells and about 3 M-OMEGA for in situ cells. In situ Mueller cells were found to be electrically coupled to each other which could explain their lower resistance. Apparently, Mueller cells are similar to other types of glia. In spite of a finite Na+ permeability their membrane potential is determined mainly by K+, they are electrically inexcitable and form an electrically coupled network in the retina. Journal Article Conniff, Richard 1988 The ten most venomous animals International Wildlife 18 2 18-25 Journal Article Conover, D. O.;Heins, S.W. 1987 Adaptive variation in environmental and genetic determination in a fish Nature 326 496-498 sex ratio; fish; tsd Journal Article Conover, D.O.;Heins, S.W. 1987 The environmental and genetic components of sex ratio in Menidia menidia (Pisces: Atherinidae) Copeia 1987 3 732-743 tsd/sex ratio Journal Article Conry, Paul J. 1988 High nest predation by brown tree snakes on Guam Condor 90 2 478-482 boiga irregularis Journal Article Constantine-Paton, M. 1987 A neural pattern unfolding: properties of retinotectal differentiation in frog tadpoles Neurol. Neurobiol. 44 231-253 Journal Article Cook, W. E. 1987 Amphibians and reptiles: predators and prey Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service 73 1-45 94, amphibians, reptiles, prey, predators, diet Journal Article Cooney, M. M.;Conaway, C. H.;Mefford, I. N. 1985 Epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine concentrations in amphibian brain Comp Biochem Physiol C 82 2 395-7 The whole brain concentrations of epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine in North American amphibians, orders Caudata and Salientia, are reported. Epinephrine is the major catecholamine in the Salientia while norepinephrine and epinephrine concentrations are roughly equivalent in suborders of Caudata. Relative regional concentrations are similar to other classes (mammals, reptiles and birds) although the absolute concentration of epinephrine is considerably higher in amphibians than in most other species. Journal Article Cooper, W. E. Jr.;Vitt, L. J. 1985 Blue tails and autotomy: Enhancement of predation avoidance in juvenile skinks Z. Tierpsychol. 70 265-276 reptiles, lizards, Scincidae, escape behavior, defense, Eumeces fasciatus, laticeps Journal Article Cooper, J.E.;Needham, J.R.;Lawrence, K. 1985 Studies on the cloacal flora of three species of free-living British reptiles J. Zool. Lond. 207 521-525 Reptilia, serpentes, infection, bacteria, Journal Article Cooper, William E., Jr. 1985 Female residency and courtship intensity in a territorial lizard, Holbrookia propinqua Amphibia-Reptilia 6 63-69 Journal Article Cooper, William E., Jr.;Vitt, Laurie J. 1985 Blue tails and autotomy: enhancement of predation avoidance in juvenile skinks Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 70 265-276 Journal Article Cooper, William E., Jr;Caffrey, Carolee;Vitt, Laurie J. 1985 Diel activity patterns in the banded gecko, Coleonyx variegatus Journal of Herpetology 19 2 308-311 Journal Article Cooper, William E.;Vitt, Laurie J. 1985 Blue tails and autonomy: enhancement of predation avoidance in juvenile skinks Zeitschrift fuer Tierpsychologie 70 265-276 Kiawah Island Journal Article Cooper, William E.;Vitt, Laurie J. 1985 Responses of the skinks, Eumeces fasciatus and E. laticeps to airborn conspecific odors: further appraisal Journal of Herpetology 19 481-486 Journal Article Cooper, William E.;Caffrey, Carolee;Vitt, Laurie J. 1985 Diel activity patterns in the banded gecko, Coleonyx variegatus Journal of Herpetology 19 308-311 Journal Article Cooper, William E.;Caffrey, Carolee;Vitt, Laurie J. 1985 Aggregation in the banded gecko, Coleonyx variegatus Herpetologica 41 342-350 sauria, gekkonidae, coleonyx, aggregation, burrowing, deserts Journal Article Cooper, William E. 1985 Female residency and courtship intensity in a territorial lizard, Holbrookia propinqua Amphibia-Reptilia 6 63-69 Journal Article Cooper, William E., Jr;Caffrey, Carolee;Vitt, Laurie J. 1985 Aggregation in the Banded Gecko, Coleonyx variegatus Herpetologica 41 3 342-350 Journal Article Cooper, William E., Jr;Vitt, Laurie J. 1985 Responses of skinks, Eumeces fasciatus and E. laticeps, to airborne conspecific odors: Further appraisal Journal of Herpetology 19 4 481-486 Journal Article Cooper, W. E. Jr.;Vitt, L. J. 1986 Interspecific odour discrimination among syntopic congeners in scincid lizards (genus Eumeces) Behaviour 97 1/2 1-9 reptiles, pheromones Journal Article Cooper, W. E., Jr. 1986 Chromatic components of female secondary sexual coloration: influence on social behavior of male keeled earless lizards (Holbrookia propinqua) Copeia 1986 4 980-986 Reptiles, lizards, color, reproduction, behavior, territory, aggression, predation, Texas Journal Article Cooper, W. E., Jr.;Garstka, W. R.;Vitt, L. J. 1986 Female sex pheromone in the lizard Eumeces laticeps Herpetologica 42 3 361-366 Reptiles, lizards, pheromones, females, sexual behavior, South Carolina Journal Article Cooper, J. E.;Zwart, P. 1986 Conclusion Acta Zoologica et Pathologica Antverpiensia 79 106-109 Journal Article Cooper, J. E. 1986 The role of pathology in the investigation of diseases of reptiles Acta Zoologica et Pathologica Antverpiensia 79 15-31 Journal Article Cooper, William E., Jr;Vitt, Laurie J. 1986 Interspecific odour discriminations among syntopic congeners in scincid lizards (genus Eumeces) Behaviour 97 1/2 1-9 Book Section Cooper, William E., Jr;Vitt, Laurie J. 1986 Lizard pheromones: Behavioral responses and adaptive significance in skinks of the genus Eumeces Duvall, David;Muller-Schwarze, Dietland and Silverstein, Robert M. Chemical Signals in Vertebrates 4 New York Plenum 323-340 Journal Article Cooper, William E.;Garstka, William R.;Vitt, Laurie J. 1986 Female sex pheromone in the lizard Eumeces laticeps Herpetologica 42 361-366 reptilia, lacertilia, scincidae, pheromone, sexual behavior, kiawah island, seabrook island Journal Article Cooper, William E. 1986 Chromatic components of female secondary sexual coloration: influence on social behavior of male keeled earless lizards (Holbrookia propinaqua) Copeia 1986 980-986 Journal Article Cooper, William E.;Vitt, Laurie J. 1986 Tracking of female conspecific odor trails by male broad-headed skinks (Eumeces laticeps) Ethology 71 242-248 Kiawah Island Journal Article Cooper, William E.;Vitt, Laurie J. 1986 Thermal dependence of tongue-flicking and comments on use of tongue-flicking as an index of squamate behavior Ethology 71 177-186 Kiawah Island, Seabrook Island Journal Article Cooper, William E.;Mendonca, Mary T.;Vitt, Laurie J. 1986 Induction of sexual receptivity in the female broad-headed skink, Eumeces laticeps by estradiol-17b Hormones and Behavior 20 235-242 Kiawah Island Journal Article Cooper, William E.;Vitt, Laurie J. 1986 Interspecific odour discrimination by a lizard (Eumeces laticeps) Animal Behaviour 34 367-376 Kiawah Island Journal Article Cooper, William E.;Vitt, Laurie J. 1986 Interspecific odour discriminations among syntopic congeners in scincid lizards (genus Eumeces) Behaviour 97 1-9 Journal Article Cooper, William E., Jr;Vitt, Laurie J. 1986 Interspecific odour discrimination among syntopic congeners in scincid lizards (genus Eumeces) Behaviour 97 1/2 1-9 Journal Article Cooper, William E., Jr;Vitt, Laurie J. 1986 Tracking of female conspecific odor trails by mail broad-headed skinks (Eumeces laticeps) Ethology 71 242-248 Journal Article Cooper, William E., Jr 1986 Chromatic components of female secondary sexual coloration: influence on social behavior of male keeled earless lizards (Holbrookia propingua) Copeia 1986 4 980-986 Journal Article Cooper, W. E.;Garstka, W. R. 1987 Discrimination of male conspecific from male heterospecific odors by male scincid lizards (Eumeces laticeps) The Journal of Experimental Zoology 241 253-256 broad-headed skinks, Eumeces fasciatus, tongue flicks, discrimation, interspecific fighting Journal Article Cooper, W. E., Jr. 1987 Lingual responses to chemical fractions of urodaeal glandular pheromone of the skink Eumeces laticeps Journal of Experimental Zoology 242 249-253 Reptiles, lizards, pheromone, hormone, tongue-flick, lipids, Journal Article Cooper, W. E., Jr. 1987 Hormonal induction of secondary sexual coloration and rejection behaviour in keeled earless lizards, Holbrookia propinqua Animal Behaviour 35 1177-1187 Reptiles, lizards, hormones, color, behavior, aggression Journal Article Cooper, W. E., Jr.;Garstka, W. R. 1987 Aggregation in the broad-headed skink (Eumeces laticeps) Copeia 1987 3 807-810 Reptiles, lizards, behavior, South Carolina, shelter Journal Article Cooper, W. E., Jr. 1987 Discrimination of male conspecific from male heterospecific odors by male scincid lizards (Eumeces laticeps) Journal of Experimental Zoology 241 253-256 Reptiles, lizards, odors, smell, tongue-flick, South Carolina, cloaca, detection Journal Article Cooper, W. E., Jr. 1987 Social significance of ventrolateral coloration in the fence lizard, Sceloporus undulatus Animal Behaviour 35 526-532 Reptiles, lizards, color, social status, communication, South Carolina, experimental Journal Article Cooper, W. E.;Vitt, L. J. 1987 Ethological isolation, sexual behavior and pheromones in the Fasciatus species group of the lizard genus Eumeces Ethology 75 328-336 Reptiles, lizards, Eumeces, fasciatus group, sexual behavior, pheromones, ethological isoloation, North America Journal Article Cooper, William E., Jr;Vitt, Laurie J. 1987 Deferred agonistic behavior in a long-lived scincid lizard Eumeces laticeps: Field and laboratory data on the roles of body size and reidence in agonistic strategy Oecologia 72 321-326 Journal Article Cooper, William E., Jr;Vitt, Laurie J. 1987 Intraspecific and interspecific aggression in lizards of the Scincid genus Eumeces: Chemical detection of conspecific sexual competitors Herpetologica 43 1 7-14 Journal Article Cooper, J. E. 1987 Veterinary work with non-domesticated pets IV: Lower vertebrates. Br. Vet. J. 143 3 193-202 Reptilia, sauria, serpentes, testudines, cinical aspects vet WI x Journal Article Cooper, J. E. 1987 Exotic domestic animals - occuring problems regarding environment and nutrition. [Exotische huisdieren - vaak voorkomende problemen in verband met leefmilieu en voeding.] Pro.Veterinario 3 09-11 Mammalia, primates, aves, reptilia, sauria, iguana, serpentes, amphibia, pisces, health control, disease prevalence, management, husbandry Journal Article Cooper, J.E.;Laurie, W.A. 1987 Investigations of death in marine iguanas (Amblyrhynchus cristatus) on Galapagos J. comp.Pathol 97 129-136 Reptilia, sauria, marine iguanas, Amblyrhynchus cristatus, pathology Journal Article Cooper, William E.;Garstka, William R. 1987 Aggregation in the broad-headed skink (Eumeces laticeps) Copeia 1987 807-810 Journal Article Cooper, William E.;Mendonca, Mary T.;Vitt, Laurie J. 1987 Induction of orange head coloration and activation of courtship and aggression by testosterone in the male broad-headed skink (Eumeces laticeps) Journal of Herpetology 21 96-101 kiawah island, seabrook island Journal Article Cooper, William E.;Crews, David 1987 Hormonal induction of secondary sexual coloration and rejection behaviour in female keeled earless lizards, Holbrookia propinqua Animal Behaviour 35 1177-1187 Journal Article Cooper, W.E.;Vitt, L.J. 1987 Deferred agonistic behavior in a long-lived scincid lizard Eumeces laticeps Oecologia 72 321-326 lizard, eumeces, body size, agonistic behavior, kiawah island, seabrook island Journal Article Cooper, William E.;Burns, Nina 1987 Social significance of ventrolateral coloration in the fence lizard, Sceloporus undulatus Animal Behaviour 35 526-532 Journal Article Cooper, William E.;Vitt, Laurie J. 1987 Intraspecific and interspecific aggression in lizards of the scincid genus Eumeces: chemical detection of conspecific sexual competitors Herpetologica 43 7-14 reptilia, lacertilia, scincidae, eumeces, agonistic behavior, pheromones, kiawah island, seabrook island Journal Article Cooper, William E.;Gartska, William R. 1987 Discrimination of male conspecific from male heterospecific odors by male scincid lizards (Eumeces laticeps) Journal of Experimental Zoology 241 253-256 kiawah island, seabrook island Journal Article Cooper, W. E., Jr. 1988 Sexual coloration, plasma concentration of sex steroid hormones, and responses to courtship in the female keeled earless lizard (Holbrookia propinqua) Hormones and behavior 22 12-25 Reptiles, lizards, color, reproduction, breeding colors, hormones, Texas Journal Article Cooper, W. E., Jr. 1988 Aggressive behavior and courtship rejection in brightly and plainly colored female keeled earless lizards (Holbrookia propinqua) Ethology 77 265-278 Reptiles, lizards, behavior, reproduction, courtship, sexual coloration, breeding, color, Texas Journal Article Cooper, William E., Jr 1988 Eumeces laticeps Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 445 1-3 Journal Article Cooper, Robert Browne;Maryan, Brad 1988 Record of diurnal feeding in Vermicella bertholdi (Jan, 1859) (Serpentes, Elapidae) Herpetofauna 18 2 25 Vermicella bertholdi Journal Article Cooper, J. E;Gschmeissner, S.;Bone, R.D. 1988 Herpes-like virus particles in necrotic stomatitis of tortoises Vet. Rec. 123 544 Reptilia, testudines, infection, virus, herpes, pathology, stomatitis vet,testu,virus WI x, 210390 MDL DGB Rept 63 Journal Article Cooper, W. E. 1988 Eumeces laticeps Cat. Amer. Amphib. Rept. 445 1-445 Journal Article Cooper, William E.;Crews, David 1988 Sexual coloration, plasma concentrations of sex steroid hormones, and responses to courtship in the female keeled earless lizard (Holbrookia propinqua) Hormones and Behavior 22 12-25 Journal Article Cooper, William E. 1988 Aggressive behavior and courtship rejection in brightly and plainly colored female keeled earless lizards (Holbrookia propinqua) Ethology 77 265-278 Journal Article Cooper, William E.;Vitt, Laurie J. 1988 Orange head coloration of the male broad-headed skink (Eumeces laticeps) a sexually selected social cue Copeia 1988 1-6 Journal Article Cooper, W. E., Jr. 1989 Absence of prey odor discrimination by iguanid and agamid lizards in applicator tests Copeia 1989 2 472-478 Reptiles, lizards, smell, odor, tongue-flicks, predation, Anolis, Sceloporus, Calotes, chemosensory Journal Article Cooper, W. E., Jr. 1989 Strike-induced chemosensory searching occurs in lizards Journal of Chemical Ecology 15 4 1311-1320 Reptiles, lizards, smell, Lacertilia, Varanidae, Varanus exanthematicus, prey odor, tongue-flicking, chemosensory searching Journal Article Cooper, J. E. 1989 Skin diseases in reptiles Proc 1989 251 251-252 serp,echsen,testu,kroko,vet,histo,virus,bakt,vit SC x Journal Article COOPER, W.E. 1989 Prey odor discrimination in the varanoid lizard Heloderma suspectum and Varanus exanthematicus. Ethology 81 250-258 Reptilia, sauria, lizard Heloderma suspectum,Varanus exanthematicus., physiology, taste, Prey odor, discrimination Reprint Endnote 93/444 Journal Article Cooper, J. E. 1989 Management, handling and chemical restraint of amphibians Proc 251 lurch,vet,meth SC x Journal Article Cooper, William E.;Vitt, Laurie J. 1989 Prey odor discrimination by the broad-headed skink (Eumeces laticeps) Journal of Experimental Zoology 249 11-16 Kiawah Island Journal Article Cooper, William E.;Vitt, Laurie J. 1989 Sexual dimorphism of head and body size in an iguanid lizard: paradoxical results The American Naturalist 133 729-735 Journal Article Cooper, William E. 1989 Absence of prey odor discrimination by iguanid and agamid lizards in applicator tests Copeia 1989 472-478 Journal Article Cooper, William E. 1989 Prey odor discrimination in the varanoid lizards Heloderma suspectum and Varanus exanthematicus Ethology 81 250-258 Journal Article Cooper, William E. 1989 Strike-induced chemosensory searching occurs in lizards Journal of Chemical Ecology 15 1311-1320 lacertilia, varanus exanthematicus, varanidae, prey odor, tongue-flicking, chemosensory searching Journal Article Cooper, William E.;McDowell, Susan G.;Ruffer, Jay 1989 Strike-induced chemosensory searching in the colubrid snakes Elaphe g. guttata and Thamnophis sirtalis Ethology 81 19-28 Journal Article Cooper , J.E. , e.a. , 1989 Skin diseases of zoo and wild animals Advances in Veterinary Dermatology 1 437-439 amphbia ,reptilia ,Pseudomonas ,aeromonas ,Saprolegnia ,Dermocystidium ,Oodinium ,Trichodina * Book Coote, Jon 1987 Reptiles: Proceedings of the 1986 U.K. Herpetological Societies Symposium on Captive Breeding London British Herpetological Society 97 Journal Article Coote, J. 1988 Feeding captive snakes Herptile 68-74 Reptilia, serpentes, food, feeding vet,vit,serp WP x Journal Article Coppoolse, K. J.;Zwart, P. 1986 Cloacoscopy in Reptiles Tijdschr. Diergeneesk. 207-209 Reptilia, testudines, pathology, technique, cloacoscopy vet,meth PF x Journal Article Corbella, C. E. 1989 Nueva localidad para Philodryas aestivus subcarinatus Boulenger, 1902 (Reptilia: Colubridae) Boletín de la Asociación Herpetológica Argentina 5 1-2 11-12 Philodryas aestivus subcarinatus; distribution Book Section Corbett, K.F. 1987 Conservation of marine turtles in Europe, with special reference to the Mediterranean coasts J.J. van Gelder, H. Strijbosch, P.J.M. Bergers Proc. 4th Gen. Mtg. Soc. Europ. Herp. Nijmegen, The Netherlands 107-110 Journal Article Corbett, Keith F. 1988 Conservation strategy for the sand lizard (Lacerta agilis agilis) in Britain Mertensiella 1 101-109 Sauria; Lacertidae; Lacerta agilis; Legislation; Habitat management; Fire prevention; Outdoor vivaria; re-introduction Journal Article Corbett, Keith F. 1988 Distribution and status of the sand lizard, Lacerta agilis agilis, in Britain Mertensiella 1 92-100 Sauria; Lacertidae; Lacerta agilis; Distribution; Lowland dry heath; Colony; Habitat association; Encroachment Book Corbett, Keith 1989 Conservation of European Reptiles & Amphibians London Christopher Helm 274 Journal Article Cordery, Ted 1985 Major activities of the Desert Tortoise Council 1984-1985 Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1985 12 Journal Article Cordery, Ted 1986 State Report - Arizona Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1986 31-32 Journal Article Corless, J. M.;R. D. Fetter, O. B. Zampighi, M. J. Costello;Wall-Buford., D. L. 1987 Structural features of the terminal loop region of frog retinal rod outer segment disk membranes: II. Organization of the terminal loop complex. Journal of Comparative Neurology 257 9-23 Journal Article Corless, J. M.;Fetter., R. D. 1987 Structural features of the terminal loop region of frog retinal rod outer segment disk membranes: III. Implications of the terminal loop complex for disk morphogenesis, membrane fusion, and cell surface interactions. Journal of Comparative Neurology 257 24-38 Journal Article Corless, J. M.;Fetter, R. D.;Costello., M. J. 1987 Structural features of the terminal loop region of frog retinal rod outer segment disk membranes: I. Organization of lipid components. Journal of Comparative Neurology 257 1-8 Journal Article Corn, P.S.;Bury, R. B. 1986 Morphological variation and zoogeography of racers (Coluber constrictor) in the central rocky mountains Herpetologica 42 2 258-264 Utah, syseematics, Lampropeltis, Elaphe triangulum taylori Journal Article Corn, Paul Stephen 1986 Genetic and developmental studies of albino chorus frogs Journal of Heredity 77 164-168 Journal Article Corn, P. S.;Bury, R. B. 1989 Logging in western Oregon: Responses of headwater habitats and stream amphibians Forest Ecology and Management 29 39-57 forests, streams, ecology, salamanders, Caudata, frogs, Anura, management, conservation, logging Journal Article Corn, P. S.;Livo, L. J. 1989 Leopard Frog and Wood Frog Reproduction in Colorado and Wyoming Northwestern Naturalist 70 1-9 Rana pipiens, sylvatica, reproduction Journal Article Corn, P. S.;Livo., L. J. 1989 Leopard frog and wood frog reproduction in Colorado and Wyoming Northwestern Naturalist 70 1-9 Journal Article Corn, P. S.;Bury., R. B. 1989 Logging in western Oregon: responses of headwater habitats and stream amphibians Forest Ecology and Management 69 39-57 Journal Article Corn, Paul Stephen;Stolzenburg, Wiliam;Bury, R. Bruce 1989 Acid precipitation studies in Colorado and Wyoming: interim report of surveys of montane amphibians and water chemistry USFWS Biological report 80 40-26 viii, 1-57 Journal Article Cornell, T. J.;Berven, K. A.;Gamboa., G. J. 1989 Kin recognition by tadpoles and froglets of the wood frog Rana sylvatica Oecologia 78 312-316 Journal Article Cortwright 1988 Intraguild predation and competition: An analysis of net growth shifts in larval amphibian prey Canadian Journal of Zoology 66 1813-1821 Amphibia, larvae, predation, salamander, Caudata, populations, predator, resource levels Journal Article Cortwright, S. A. 1988 Intraguild predation and competition: an analysis of net growth shifts in larval amphibian prey Canadian Journal of Zoology 66 1813-1821 Journal Article Cortwright, S. A. 1988 Intraguild predation and competition: an analysis of net growth shifts in larval anuran prey Canadian Journal of Zoology 66 1813-1821 Journal Article Costanzo, J. P.;Lee, R. E. 1988 Natural freeze tolerance in a reptile Cryo-letters 9 380-385 freeze tolerance, cold temperature, supercooling, reptile, garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis Journal Article Costanzo, J.P.;D.L. Claussen, L.A. Muegel 1989 Natural freeze tolerance in the terrestrial turtle, Terrapene carolina American Society of Zoologists 29 106A Journal Article Cothran, M.L.;Hutchison, V. H. 1987 Effect of melatonin on thermal selection by Crotaphytus collaris (Squamata: iguanidae) Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 63A 461-466 Reptilia, sauria, Squamata,iguanidae, Crotaphytus collaris, physiology, melatonin,thermal selection Journal Article Coto Rojas, A.;Mesen, R.A. Acuna 1986 The phylogeny of Geochelone costarricensis and the family Testudinidae Reptilia Testudines on the American continent Rev. Biol. Trop. 34 2 199-208 Journal Article Cotton, C. U.;Weinstein, A. M.;Reuss, L. 1989 Osmotic water permeability of Necturus gallbladder epithelium J Gen Physiol 93 4 649-79 Ammonium Compounds/pharmacokinetics; Animal; Electrophysiology; Epithelium/cytology; Gallbladder/*metabolism; Mathematics; Necturus/*physiology; Necturus maculosus/*physiology; Osmolar Concentration; Permeability; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Water/metabolism An electrophysiological technique that is sensitive to small changes in cell water content and has good temporal resolution was used to determine the hydraulic permeability (Lp) of Necturus gallbladder epithelium. The epithelial cells were loaded with the impermeant cation tetramethylammonium (TMA+) by transient exposure to the pore-forming ionophore nystatin in the presence of bathing solution TMA+. Upon removal of the nystatin a small amount of TMA+ is trapped within the cell. Changes in cell water content result in changes in intracellular TMA+ activity which are measured with intracellular ion-sensitive microelectrodes. We describe a method that allows us to determine the time course for the increase or decrease in the concentration of osmotic solute at the membrane surface, which allows for continuous monitoring of the difference in osmolality across the apical membrane. We also describe a new method for the determination of transepithelial hydraulic permeability (Ltp). Apical and basolateral membrane Lp's were assessed from the initial rates of change in cell water volume in response to anisosmotic mucosal or serosal bathing solutions, respectively. The corresponding values for apical and basolateral membrane Lp's were 0.66 x 10(-3) and 0.38 x 10(-3) cm/s.osmol/kg, respectively. This method underestimates the true Lp values because the nominal osmotic differences (delta II) cannot be imposed instantaneously, and because it is not possible to measure the true initial rate of volume change. A model was developed that allows for the simultaneous determination of both apical and basal membrane Lp's from a unilateral exposure to an anisosmotic bathing solution (mucosal). The estimates of apical and basal Lp with this method were 1.16 x 10(-3) and 0.84 x 10(-3) cm/s.osmol/kg, respectively. The values of Lp for the apical and basal cell membranes are sufficiently large that only a small (less than 3 mosmol/kg) transepithelial difference in osmolality is required to drive the observed rate of spontaneous fluid absorption by the gallbladder. Furthermore, comparison of membrane and transepithelial Lp's suggests that a large fraction of the transepithelial water flow is across the cells rather than across the tight junctions. Journal Article Cotton, C. U.;Reuss, L. 1989 Measurement of the effective thickness of the mucosal unstirred layer in Necturus gallbladder epithelium J Gen Physiol 93 4 631-47 Ammonium Compounds/pharmacokinetics; Animal; Epithelium/cytology; Gallbladder/*anatomy & histology; Mathematics; Membrane Potentials; Mucous Membrane/*metabolism; Necturus/*anatomy & histology; Necturus maculosus/*anatomy & histology; Permeability; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Time Factors; Water-Electrolyte Balance The effective thickness of the unstirred fluid layer (USL) adjacent to an epithelial barrier can be estimated from the time course for the accumulation or depletion of a solute at the membrane surface. In 1985 we reported an unstirred layer thickness of approximately 70 microns for Necturus gallbladder epithelium. In our earlier studies the delay caused by noninstantaneous bulk solution mixing was not taken into account and thus the USL thickness was systematically overestimated. In the present studies we describe an analysis of the time course of solute arrival at the membrane surface that takes into account noninstantaneous bulk solution mixing. We also describe a simple technique to monitor the accumulation or depletion of a solute at the membrane surface. The time course for the change in the concentration of either tetramethylammonium (TMA+) or tetrabutylammonium (TBA+) upon elevation of bulk solution concentration is sensed at the membrane surface with an ion-sensitive microelectrode. Because of the high selectivity of the ion-sensitive resin for TMA+ or TBA+ over other monovalent cations in the solution (Na+ and K+), a low concentration (1- 2 mM) of the probe can be used. By measuring the time course of the arrival of first one probe and then the other, under identical superfusion conditions, sufficient information is obtained to eliminate multiple fits to the data, obtained when only one probe is used. Neglecting bulk solution mixing caused an error greater than 50% in estimated apparent USL thickness. The effective thickness of the USL depends critically upon chamber geometry, flow rate, and the position of superfusion and suction pipettes. Under our experimental conditions the effective USL at the mucosal surface of Necturus gallbladder epithelium was approximately 40 microns. Journal Article Coulson, Ronald A. 1985 Delayed protein digestion in the alligator following carbonic anhydrase inhibition Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 82A 43-47 Journal Article Coulson, R.A.;Coulson, T.D. 1986 Effect of temperature on the rates of digestion, amino acid absorption and assimilation in the alligator Comp. Biochem Physiol. 83A 3 585-588 Reptilia, sauria, crocodylia, alligator, physiology, digestion, temperature Reprint Endnote 96/161 Journal Article Coulson, Roland A.;Hernandez, Thomas 1986 Decreased oxygen consumption after catecholamine-induced glycolysis in the alligator Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 84A 4 673-676 Journal Article Coulson, R.A.;Coulson, T.D. 1986 Effect of temperature on the rate of digestion, amino acid absorption and assimilation in the alligator Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 83 3 585-588 AM, temperature, physiology, biochemistry, LA Journal Article Coulson, R. A.;Coulson, T. D.;Herbert, J. D.;Staton, M. A. 1987 Protein nutrition in the alligator Comp Biochem Physiol A 87 2 449-59 Alligators and Crocodiles/*metabolism; Amino Acids/analysis; Animal; Chickens; Comparative Study; *Dietary Proteins; Fishes; Meat; Nutritive Value; Reptiles/*metabolism; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 1. Fourteen different protein-containing diets were fed to small alligators. Their rates of digestion and their nutritional values were determined by following changes in free amino acids in the plasma. 2. Fish, chicken and nutria were digested rapidly and all their component essential amino acids disappeared quickly and at the same rate. When given in the dry, fat-free form the amino acids were released and assimilated about 50% faster than when fat was included. 3. None of the isolated proteins tested (casein, gelatin, edestin, gliadin, corn gluten and soy) proved nutritionally adequate and all but gelatin digested slowly and incompletely. 4. One diet compounded of salts, vitamins and mixed commercial animal products was tested. It showed promise but it was lacking in methionine and isoleucine. 5. It was concluded that dry, powdered, preparations from whole animals could prove a satisfactory, stable diet for alligator husbandry. 6. Prolonged force-feeding of an animal diet increased the percent of nitrogen excreted as NH3 over that excreted in urates. Journal Article Couturier, G. A.;Grisolía, C. 1989 Presencia de Philodryas aestivus (Duméril, Bibron y Duméril, 1854) en Sierra de la Ventana (provincia de Buenos Aires) Boletín de la Asociación Herpetológica Argentina 5 1-2 13 Philodryas aestivus Edited Book Covacevich, Jeanette;Davie, Peter;Pearn, John 1987 Toxic Plants & Animals: A Guide for Australia Brisbane Queensland Museum viii, 504 Report Cox, J.H.;Gombek, G. 1985 A preliminary survey of the crocodile resource in Sarawak, East Malaysia Report Cox, J.H. 1985 Crocodile nesting ecology in Papua New Guinea Journal Article Cox, W. A.;S. T. Wyatt, W. E. Wilhelm;Marion, K. R. 1988 Infection of the turtle, Sternotherus minor, by the lung fluke, Heronimus mollis: incidence of infection and correlations to host life history and ecology in a Florida spring J. Herpetol. 22 488-490 Journal Article Cox, F.E. G. 1989 Parasites and sexual selection Nature 341 289 hamilton-zuk Journal Article Cox, Douglas C.;Tanner, Wilmer W. 1989 Hyobranchial apparatus of the Cryptobranchoidea (Amphibia) Great Basin Naturalist 49 4 482-490 Journal Article Craig, A. S.;Eikenberry, E. F.;Parry, D. A. 1987 Ultrastructural organization of skin: classification on the basis of mechanical role Connect Tissue Res 16 3 213-23 Alligators and Crocodiles; Animal; Anura; Biomechanics; Chickens; Collagen; Comparative Study; Dogs; Fishes; Guinea Pigs; Human; Lampreys; Microscopy, Electron; Opossums; Pigeons; Rats; Sheep; Skin/physiology/*ultrastructure; Snakes; Whales In our previous developmental study on skin we reported that correlations existed between the collagen fibril diameter distribution, glycosaminoglycan content and composition, and mechanical role. In this work we present new but related electron microscope data on the ultrastructure of skins from flounder, marlin, cod, frog, toad, caiman, viper, pigeon, whale and opossum. It is shown that mammalian and avian body skins generally contain relatively sharp unimodal distributions of fibril diameter consistent with a "passive" mechanical role. In contrast most reptilian and fish skins have broad, right-skewed (or bimodal) distributions of fibril diameters compatible with the exotendinous attributes required of an "active" skin. A study of the changing form of the collagen fibril diameter distribution with depth in the dermis is also reported. Journal Article Cranston, Thurgess 1989 Natural history and captive husbandry of the western green rat snake Vivarium 2 1 8-11;23 Senticolis triaspis Journal Article Crawley, G. R.;Bishop, C. R.;Wood, B.J. 1988 Gastrostomy in the burmese python. Calif.Vet 42 3 07-08 Reptilia, serpentes, snake, python, technique, surgery, digestive system, gastrostomy Thesis Crawshaw, P.G., Jr. 1987 Nesting ecology of the Paraguayan caiman (Caiman yacare) in the Pantanal of Mato Grosso, Brazil Journal Article CRAWSHAW, G.J. 1989 Medical care of amphibians Am. Ass. Zoo vets annu. meet. 155-165 amphibians, Puerto Rican crested toads, Peltophryne lemur, Houston /toad, Bufo houstonensis, Dendrobates, nutrition, disease, calcium, vitamine B, amino acid 040590 MDL DGB, Reprint Endnote 93/496 Journal Article Crespo, E. G.;Oliveira, M. E.;Paillette, M. 1988 Un cas d'accouplement dorsal inverse chez Rana perezi. [A case of inverse dorsal amplexus in Rana perezi] Alytes 7 3 113-114 Journal Article Crews, D.;Diamond, M. A.;Whittier, J.;Mason, R. 1985 Small male body size in garter snake depends on testes Am J Physiol 249 1 Pt 2 R62-6 Androgens/*physiology; Animal; Body Constitution; Castration; Female; Male; Snakes/*anatomy & histology/growth & development; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Testis/*physiology In the red-sided garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis) adult females are larger than adult males; this difference is apparent within 3 wk of birth, a time coinciding with high circulating levels of androgens. To study the ontogeny and regulation of this sexual dimorphism, male neonates were either castrated, castrated and given Silastic capsules containing testosterone or estradiol, or given a sham operation at 8, 9, or 10 wk of age. Female neonates were either given a Silastic capsule containing testosterone or dihydrotestosterone or given a sham operation at 8, 9, 10, or 14 wk of age. The sex difference in body size and growth rate in neonates was abolished by castration; the pattern of growth of castrated males was similar to sham-operated females. Androgens in the amounts administered failed to reverse the effects of castration, because castrated male and female neonates receiving exogenous androgens grew at the same rate as did sham- operated females. Males castrated as adults grow larger than adult males given a sham operation, indicating the inhibitory role of the testes on body size exists after sexual maturity. Treatment of adult males with testosterone, however, prevented the increase in body size after castration, suggesting that the mechanism regulating weight gain in the garter snake depends on gonadal androgen. Journal Article Crews, D. 1985 Effects of early sex steroid hormone treatment on courtship behavior and sexual attractivity in the red-sided garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis Physiol Behav 35 4 569-75 Age Factors; Animal; Comparative Study; Estrogens/*pharmacology; Female; Hibernation; Male; Orchiectomy; Sex Behavior, Animal/*drug effects; Snakes/*physiology; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Testosterone/*pharmacology Previous research has shown that exogenous androgen fails to elicit courtship (chin-rubbing) behavior in adult male or female red-sided garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis). However, gonadectomized and intact newborn male and female red-sided garter snakes given silastic capsules containing testosterone exhibit chin-rubbing behavior; gonadectomized and untreated animals do not show this behavior. Both males and females also exhibit chin-rubbing behavior when treated with testosterone as yearlings. Hibernation stimulates chin-rubbing behavior only in males that have received androgen treatment as a neonate or as a yearling. Previous research has also shown that adult females, but not adult males, are courted if given estrogen treatment. Both newborn males and females will elicit chin- rubbing behavior from adult males if given estrogen treatment, indicating production and release of an attractiveness pheromone characteristic of adult females. Male red-sided garter snake breed for the first time on emergence from their second hibernation, whereas females probably do not breed until their third year of life. These data suggest that in the red-sided garter snake, a species that exhibits a dissociated reproductive tactic, sex steroid hormones act to organize central nervous system mechanisms subserving courtship behavior such that temperature, and not hormonal, fluctuations activate sexual behavior in the adult organism. Journal Article Crews, David 1987 Courtship in unisexual lizards: A model for brain evolution Scientific American 257 6 116-121 cnemidophorus parthenogenesis uniparens inornatus pseudocopulation Book Section Crews, D.;Bull, J.J. 1987 Evolutionary insights from reptilian sexual differentiation P., Haseltine Florence;F., McClure Micheal and H., Goldberg Ellen Genetic Markers of Sex Differentiation Plenum Publishing Corporation 11-26 sex ratio Book Section Crews, David;Bull, James J.;Billy, Allen J. 1988 Sex determination and sexual differentiation in reptiles Sitsen, J.M.A. Handbook of Sexology. Elsevier Science Publishers 6 98-121 sex ratio Journal Article Crews, D.;Wibbels, T.;Gutzke, W. H. N. 1989 Action of sex steroid hormones on temperature-induced sex determination in the snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina) General and Comparative Endocrinolgy 76 159-166 reptiles, turtles, temperature, thermal, development Journal Article Crews, David 1989 Absence of temperature-dependent sex determination in congeneric sexual and parthenogenetic Cnemidophorus lizards Journal of Experimental Zoology 252 318-320 Journal Article Crnobrnja-Isailovic, Jelka;Kalezic, Milos L.;Dzukic, Georg 1989 Genetic divergence in the crested newt (Triturus cristatus complex) from Yugoslavia Biosistematika, Beograd. 15 1 81-92 Book Crocodile_Specialist_Group 1989 Crocodiles: their ecology, management and conservation A special publication of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Gland, Switzerland ISBN 2-88032-987-6 iv + 308 pp Book Crocodile_Specialist_Group 1989 Crocodiles Supplement to the Proceedings of the 8th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland ISBN 2-88032-969-8 iv + 90 pp Book Crocodile_Specialist_Group 1989 Crocodiles Proceedings of the 8th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland ISBN 2-88032-908-X xiv + 204 pp Journal Article Crombie, R. I.;Steadman, D. W. 1986 The lizards of Rarotonga and Mangaia, Cook Island group, Oceania Pacific Science 40 1-4 44-57 reptiles, distribution, ecology, reproduction, variation, systematics, Cryptoblepharus, Emoia cyanura, trossula, Gehyra mutilata, Hemidactylus garnotii Journal Article Crombie, R. I. 1986 Another new forest-dwelling frog (Leptodactylidae: Eleutherodactylus) from the Cockpit country of Jamaica Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 21 9 145-153 amphibians, species description, morphology Journal Article Crombie, R. I. 1986 The status of the Nicobar toads Bufo camortensis Mansukhani & Sarkar, 1980 and Bufo spinipes Fitzinger in Steindachner, 1867 J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 83 1 226-229 amphibians, toads Journal Article Crombie, Ronald I. 1986 Another new forest-dwelling frog (Leptodactylidae: Eleutherodactylus) from the Cockpit Country of Jamaica Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History 21 9 145-153 Journal Article Crombie, Ronald I.;Steadman, David W. 1987 The lizards of Rarotonga and Mangaia, Cook Islands Group, Oceania Pacific Science 40 1/4 44-57 Journal Article CROMEENS, D.M.;ROBBINS, V.W.;STEPHENS, L.C. 1987 Diagnostic exercise: Cutaneous lesions in frogs Lab. Anim. Sci. 37 1 58-59 Amphibia, anura, Xenopus laevis, infection, helminth, capillaria The frogs showed a dry, roughened appearance. Helminths were seen on the skin, but also tunneled the epidermis. Therapy was with Ivermectin 200 µg/kg body weight. Reprint Endnote 93/485 Journal Article Cronin, J. T.;Travis., J. 1986 Size-limited predation on larval Rana areolata (Anura: Ranidae) by two species of backswimmer (Insecta: Hemiptera: Notonectidae) Herpetologica 42 171-174 Journal Article Crother, B. I.;Miyamoto, M.;Presch, W. F. 1986 Phylogeny and biogeography of the lizard family Xantusiidae Systematic Zoology 35 1 37-45 reptiles, lizards, relationships, systematics, morphology, karyology, cladistics Journal Article Crother, Brian I. 1988 Cricosaura, C. typica Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 443 1-3 Thesis Crouse, D.T. 1985 The biology and conservation of sea turtles in North Carolina Journal Article Crouse, D. T.;Crowder, L. B.;Caswell, H. 1987 A stage-based population model for loggerhead sea turtles and implications for conservation Ecology 68 5 1412-1423 reptiles, Caretta caretta, demography, endangered species, management, population dynamics, United States Journal Article Cruce, W. L.;Stuesse, S. L.;Newman, D. B. 1988 Evolution of the reticular formation Acta Biol Hung 39 2-3 327-33 Animal; Evolution; Fishes; Mammals; Phylogeny; Reptiles; Reticular Formation/*physiology The reticular formation of mammals contains numerous nuclei which can be recognized by their projection patterns, cytoarchitectonics, and neuropeptide/neurotransmitter content. We have identified reticular nuclei in representatives from numerous reptilian groups and ascertained presence or absence of these reticular nuclei in an attempt to use neuronal occurrence as a tool to determine phylogenetic relationships. Recently these studies have been extended to two elasmobranchs, a galeomorph shark and a ray. In this report, we concentrate on three medullary spinal projecting reticular nuclei, reticularis gigantocellularis, reticularis magnocellularis, and reticularis paragigantocellularis. We found that all three nuclei were present in rats, lizards, and elasmobranchs, but one nucleus was absent in crocodilians, and two nuclei were absent in turtles. Thus brain organization may give us clues to phylogenetic relationships. Moreover, these three reticular nuclei exhibited remarkably similar cellular morphology in mammals, reptiles, and elasmobranchs. Journal Article Crumly, Charles Robert 1985 The evolution of land tortoises (Family Testudinidae) Dissertation Abstracts International 45 12 1 Journal Article Crumly, C.R. 1986 The identity of Testudo gigantea Schweigger, 1812: Another interpretation Herpetologica 42 2 237-241 Journal Article Crumly, Charles R. 1988 A nomenclatural history of tortoises (Family Testudinidae) Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service 1988 75 1-17 bibliography Journal Article Crump, M. L. 1986 Cannibalism by younger tadpoles: another hazard of metamorphosis Copeia 1986 1007-1009 Journal Article Crump, M. L. 1988 Aggression in harlequin frogs: Male-male competition and a possible conflict of interest between the sexes Animal Behaviour 36 1064-1077 Atelopus varius, Costa Rica, seasonality, defense, population density, reproductive behavior, mating Journal Article Crump, M. L. 1989 Life history consequences of feeding versus non-feeding in facultatively non-feeding toad larva Oecologia 78 486-489 tadpoles, egg size, metamorphosis, unpredictable environments, Costa Rica Journal Article Crump, M. L. 1989 Effect of habitat drying on developmental time and size at metamorphosis in Hyla pseudopuma Copeia 1989 794-797 Journal Article Crump, M. L. 1989 Life-history consequences of feeding versus non-feeding in a facultatively non-feeding toad larva Oecologia 78 486-489 Journal Article Cruz, F.;Scrocchi, G. J. 1989 Typhlops brongersmianus Vanzolini Boletín de la Asociación Herpetológica Argentina 5 3 14-15 Typhlops brongersmianus Book Section Cuellar, Orlando 1987 The evolution of parthenogenesis: a historical perspective Meiosis Academic Press 43-104 Journal Article Cuesta, Bert Kohlmann 1989 In memoriam Carlos Cuesta Terron Boletín de la Sociedad Herpetológica Mexicana 1 2 27-30 Journal Article Cuminge, D.;Dubois, R. 1988 The germ line in the European pond tortoise (Emys orbicularis L.): I. Origin and primary localization of the germ cells Archives De Biologie 98 4 407-440 Gastrulation Epiblastic Origin The primordial germ cells of the European and tortoise at different stages of gastrulation were localized in an experimental study. It was shown that the germ cells are of epiblastic origin and that the germinal crescent of Chelonia is a secondary formation put in place at the end of gastrulation. Journal Article Cummings, T. A.;Delay, R. J.;Roper, S. D. 1987 Ultrastructure of apical specializations of taste cells in the mudpuppy, Necturus maculosus J Comp Neurol 261 4 604-15 Animal; Cilia/ultrastructure; Epithelium/ultrastructure; Intercellular Junctions/ultrastructure; Microscopy, Electron; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Microvilli/ultrastructure; Necturus/*anatomy & histology; Necturus maculosus/*anatomy & histology; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Taste Buds/*ultrastructure; Tongue/ultrastructure The first interaction of taste stimuli with lingual chemoreceptors occurs on the apical membrane of taste cells, since only that portion is exposed to the oral cavity. To gain better insight into this interaction, we examined the pore region of taste buds in Necturus maculosus with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy, and high-voltage electron microscopy. SEM of the pore reveals a patchwork distribution of three morphologically distinct types of apical specializations: long and branched (LB) microvilli, short and unbranched (SU) microvilli, and bundles of stereocilia. As demonstrated in thin and thick sections, LB microvilli are specializations of dark cells, SU microvilli are the apical specializations of light cells, and stereocilia arise from a cell that has the cytoplasmic markers characteristic of light cells. When left in place, the pore mucus completely covers the SU microvilli and partially covers the LB microvilli. However, stereocilia project above the surface and thus are highly exposed to taste stimuli in the oral cavity. These three morphologically distinct types of apical specializations may reveal functional differences among taste cells. The initial interaction between chemical stimulus and taste cell, and possibly chemoreceptor specificity itself, may be influenced by the morphology of the apical ending. Journal Article CUMMINS, C.P. 1987 Factors influencing the occurrence of limb deformities in common frog tadpoles raised at low pH Witters, H., Vanderborght, O. Ecophysiology of acid stress in aquatic organism. Annl. Soc. R. Zool. Belg. 117 Suppl. I 353-364 Amphibia, anura, common frog, Pathology, SMUD, Match legs, pH Journal Article Cummins, C. P. 1989 Interaction between the effects of pH and density on growth and development in Rana temporaria tadpoles Funct. Ecol. 3 45-52 Journal Article Cundall, D.;Irish, F. J. 1986 Aspects of locomotor and feeding behaviour in the round island boa, Casarea dussumieri Dodo, J. Jersey Wildl. Preserv. Trust 23 108-111 reptiles, ecology, morphology Journal Article Cundall, D.;Irish, F. J. 1989 The function of the intramaxillary joint in the round island boad, Casarea dussumieri Journal of Zoology, London 217 569-598 reptiles, snakes, morphology, bone, anatomy, model Journal Article Cunha, O. R. da;Nascimento, F. P. do;Avila-Pires, T. C. S. de 1985 Os répteis da área de Carajás, Pará, Brasil (Testudines e Squamata) Contribuições do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi ao Projeto Carajás 40 1-92 reptiles, vegetation, herpetofauna, Journal Article Cunha, Osvaldo Rodrigues da;Nascimento, Francisco Paiva do;Avila-Pires, Teresa C. S. 1985 Os Répteis da área de Carajás, Pará, Brasil (Testudines e Squamata). I Publicações Avulsas do museu Paranese Emílio Goeldi 40 9-92, 2 fold-out plates Liophis carajasensis sp. nov. Journal Article Cuny, R.;Malacinski, G. M. 1985 Banding differences between tiger salamander and axolotl chromosomes Can J Genet Cytol 27 5 510-4 Ambystoma/*genetics; Ambystoma mexicanum/*genetics; Animal; Chromosome Banding; Chromosome Deletion; Comparative Study; Hybridization; Species Specificity; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. The Hoechst 33258 - Giemsa banding patterns were compared on axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum Shaw) and axolotl - tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum Green) species hybrid prophase chromosomes. Approximately 369 bands per haploid chromosome set were seen in the axolotl and about 344 bands in the tiger salamander. In the haploid set of 14 chromosomes, chromosome 3 has a constant short or q-arm terminal constriction at the location of the nucleolar organizer. Chromosomes 14 Z and W carry the sex determinants, the female being the heterogametic sex (ZW). The banding patterns of chromosomes 1, 6, 11, and 14 Z of the two species are apparently indistinguishable by our banding method. In the axolotl, chromosome 9 has a small long or p-arm terminal deletion. In the tiger salamander, the remaining 10 chromosomes have terminal or internal deletions. No translocations or inversions seem to have occurred since the gene pool separation of the two closely related species. Journal Article Cuny, R.;Zalik, S. E. 1985 Comparison of newt lens regeneration stimulating activity in preparations of mammalian thyrotropin and fibroblast growth factor purified by various methods Exp Eye Res 41 5 629-37 Animal; Cattle; Comparative Study; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Fibroblast Growth Factor/isolation & purification/*pharmacology; Lens, Crystalline/*physiology; Notophthalmus viridescens/*physiology; Organ Culture; Regeneration/*drug effects; Salamandridae/*physiology; Sheep; Stimulation, Chemical; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Thyrotropin/*pharmacology Irises of the newt Notophthalmus viridescens will regenerate a new lens in organ culture in the presence of the bovine thyrotropin preparation NIH-TSH-B8. It is not certain, however, whether thyrotropin itself is responsible for this stimulatory effect. To elucidate this problem further we compared the lens regeneration stimulating activity of thyrotropin preparations from several species, prepared by various methods. The lowest effective concentrations were approximately 3.0 micrograms ml-1 for the bovine NIH-TSH-B8 and 1.4 micrograms ml-1 for the ovine NIAMDD-oTSH-9 preparations. At those lowest concentrations, lenses with elongating lens fiber cells (stage 6) and enlarged lens fiber core (stage 8) were obtained, respectively, and the lens-fiber- specific protein gamma-crystallin was present in both cases. The crude bovine thyrotropin fraction, Sigma-TS-10, stimulated lens regeneration only at the highest concentration, 1400 micrograms ml-1. Bovine Pierce- bTSH, the purest thyrotropin preparation, stimulated lens regeneration sporadically at the lower concentration of 0.04 micrograms ml-1 up to the advanced stage 9 with large lens fiber core and flattened lens epithelium in one of nineteen irises. The pituitary fibroblast growth factor is a known contaminant of thyrotropin preparations. The preparation CR-FGF-40002 at concentrations between 0.001 and 0.1 microgram ml-1 did not promote lens regeneration. Therefore, the lens regeneration stimulating activity in thyrotropin preparations is not attributable to the fibroblast growth factor, and may also be independent of thyrotropin because the lens regeneration stimulating activity is not proportional to the thyrotropic activity in the preparations examined. Journal Article Cuny, R.;Jeanny, J. C.;Courtois, Y. 1986 Lens regeneration from cultured newt irises stimulated by retina- derived growth factors (EDGFs) Differentiation 32 3 221-9 Animal; Cattle; Cell Differentiation; Crystallins/analysis; Eye/physiology; Growth Substances/*pharmacology; Lens, Crystalline/analysis/cytology/*physiology; Organ Culture; Regeneration/*drug effects; Salamandridae; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't It has been shown that lens regeneration from the iris of the newt Notophthalmus viridescens is dependent on the presence of neural retinal tissue in organ culture and in vivo. The recent discovery of various eye-derived growth factors (EDGFs) in the bovine retina [14] prompted us to investigate whether one of these factors may be involved in the stimulation of lens regeneration. Dorsal irises were cultured for 20 days in serum-supplemented diluted Eagle's medium. Growth factors from bovine retina of various degrees of purification were added. Lens regeneration was assessed on the basis of morphological lens-regeneration stages and by immunofluorescent detection of a lens- specific marker protein, alpha-crystallin. Crude isotonic retinal extract at 80-800 micrograms/ml significantly augmented lens regeneration. Very similar results were obtained when EDGF III, the nonretained retinal factor after heparin-affinity chromatography, was present at 2-20 micrograms/ml. Lens regeneration was also significantly increased when EDGF II, the retinal form of acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) at 50-500 ng/ml was added to the cultures. On the other hand, EDGF I at 4-40 ng/ml and brain basic FGF at 5-50 ng/ml did not seem to significantly stimulate lens regeneration under the conditions used. Our results suggest that at least two retina-derived growth factors (EDGF II and III) can stimulate lens regeneration. These growth factors may be the putative signal that is naturally produced by the retina during lens regeneration in the newt. Journal Article Czechura, G. V. 1986 Skinks of the Ctenotus schevilli species group Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 22 2 289-297 Journal Article Czechura, G. V.;Ingram, G. J.;Liem., D. S. 1987 The genus Nyctimystes (Anura: Hylidae) in Australia Rec. Australian Mus. 39 333-338 Journal Article Czernay, S.;und, G.;Praedicow, G. 1988 Management and breeding of the African spurred tortoise (Testudo (Geochelone) sulcata) in the Thüringer Zoo Erfurt. Haltung und Zucht der Spornschildkröte (Testudo (Geochelone) sulcata) im Thüringer Zoopark Erfurt D. Zool. Garten N.f. 281-305 Reptilia, testudines, Testudo (Geochelone) sulcata, management, breeding, propagation testu,zucht,vit PF x Journal Article Dacey, D. M.;Ulinski, P. S. 1986 Optic tectum of the eastern garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis. I. Efferent pathways J Comp Neurol 245 1 1-28 Animal; Axons; *Brain Mapping; Efferent Pathways/anatomy & histology/cytology; Geniculate Bodies/anatomy & histology/cytology; Horseradish Peroxidase/diagnostic use; Laterality; Reticular Formation/anatomy & histology; Snakes/*anatomy & histology; Superior Colliculus/*anatomy & histology/cytology; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Tegmentum Mesencephali/anatomy & histology; Thalamus/anatomy & histology; Visual Pathways/*anatomy & histology/cytology Extracellular, iontophoretic injections of horseradish peroxidase were used to anterogradely fill axons efferent from the optic tectum in garter snakes. The tectal efferent pathways consist of six axon types with distinct projections and terminal morphologies. Tectogeniculate axons pass into the diencephalon via the optic tract, bearing collaterals that form spatially restricted, rodlike arbors in the pretectum, the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus, and the ventrolateral nucleus. Tectoisthmi axons exit the tectum as a thin- caliber component of the ventral tectobulbar tract. They form spatially restricted, spherical arbors within nucleus isthmi. Tectoisthmobulbar axons also give rise to small, spherical arbors within nucleus isthmi, but the parent axons continue caudally into the pontine and medullary reticular formation issuing many short collateral branches. Tectorotundal axons reach the diencephalon via the tectothalamic tract and give rise to fine terminal collaterals in the nucleus of the tectothalamic tract ipsilaterally and in nucleus rotundus bilaterally. Single axons form sheetlike terminal fields that span the rostrocaudal extent of nucleus rotundus. Ipsilateral tectobulbar axons descend into the midbrain tegmentum where they issue several thick collaterals that terminate widely throughout the nucleus lateralis profundus mesencephali. The parent axon continues caudally giving off several widely spreading collaterals within the pontine and medullary reticular formation. Crossed tectobulbar axons enter the dorsal tectobulbar tract and cross the midline to form the predorsal bundle. Single axons give rise to terminal collaterals in the nucleus lateralis profundus mesencephali bilaterally, the contralateral pontine and medullary reticular formation, and the intermediate gray of the cervical spinal cord. Journal Article Dacey, D. M.;Ulinski, P. S. 1986 Optic tectum of the eastern garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis. II. Morphology of efferent cells J Comp Neurol 245 2 198-237 Animal; Dendrites/classification; Efferent Pathways/cytology; Geniculate Bodies/cytology; Horseradish Peroxidase/diagnostic use; Injections, Intraventricular; Laterality; Mesencephalon/cytology; Neurons/classification/*cytology; Pons/cytology; Snakes/*anatomy & histology; Stereotaxic Techniques; Superior Colliculus/*anatomy & histology; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Visual Pathways/cytology Tectal efferent neurons were retrogradely filled from extracellular injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into pathways efferent from the tectum. Tectorotundal neurons have cylindrical dendritic trees, 80- 100 microns in diameter, that extend vertically across the central and superficial tectal layers. Apical and basal dendrites are laden with complex appendages. The axon gives rise to an intratectal, collateral arbor that extends horizontally into the stratum griseum centrale beyond the cell's dendritic tree. The parent axon exits the tectum laterally in the tectothalamic tract. Tectogeniculate neurons also have narrow, radially oriented, and highly branched apical dendrites, but their basal dendrites are infrequently branched and lack appendages. An intratectal axon collateral forms a small, spherical arbor overlapping the apical dendrites in sublayer c of the stratum fibrosum et griseum superficiale. The parent axon ascends vertically and just below the stratum opticum turns rostrad to follow the optic fibers to the diencephalon. Tectoisthmi neurons have small somata and thin, radial dendrites that arborize below the pial surface in the stratum zonale. An intratectal axon collateral forms a spatially restricted arbor ventral to the soma in register with the dendritic tree. Tectoisthmobulbar neurons have dendrites that arborize extensively in sublayer a of the stratum fibrosum et griseum superficiale. The axon exits the tectum without collateralizing and joins a small-caliber component of the ventral tectobulbar tract. Ipsilateral tectobulbar neurons have stellate dendritic fields, 150-250 microns in diameter, that are restricted to the deep layers of the tectum. Sparsely branched dendrites are appendage-free but bear many short, fine spicules. The axon initially ascends from the soma and recurves into the stratum album centrale without collateralizing before joining a medium-caliber component of the ventral tectobulbar tract. Crossed tectobulbar neurons have large, stellate dendritic trees with diameters ranging from 200 to 500 microns. Like ipsilateral tectobulbar neurons, their dendrites are appendage-free but bear spicules. Their thick-caliber axons exit the tectum without collateralizing and course deep in the stratum album centrale to reach the dorsal tectobulbar tract. Journal Article Dacey, D. M.;Ulinski, P. S. 1986 Optic tectum of the eastern garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis. III. Morphology of intrinsic neurons J Comp Neurol 245 3 283-300 Animal; Brain Mapping; Horseradish Peroxidase/diagnostic use; Neurons/cytology; Snakes/*anatomy & histology; Superior Colliculus/*anatomy & histology; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Extracellular iontophoretic injections of horseradish peroxidase and Golgi preparations were used to study the distribution and morphology of intrinsic neurons of the garter snake optic tectum. Four morphologically distinct classes of neurons were identified. The type A neuron is found throughout the retinorecipient tectal layers. It has a large, fusiform soma and infrequently branching dendrites that radiate in the horizontal plane and are studded with varicose appendages. An axon arises from the soma or proximal dendrite and gives rise to widely spreading branches that overlap the cell's dendritic field. The type B neuron has a small, spherical soma in sublayer b of the stratum fibrosum et griseum superficiale. Thick, varicose dendrites ascend from the soma and form a bushy arbor in the overlying sublayer a. A thin axon descends vertically from the soma and arborizes in vertical alignment with the cell's dendritic field in sublayer c of the stratum fibrosum et griseum superficiale and the upper third of the stratum griseum centrale. The type C neuron is a bipolar cell with a small, vertically fusiform soma situated at the upper border of the stratum griseum centrale. Thin, sparsely branching dendrites extend vertically into the superficial and central gray layers. An axon arises from the soma and courses ventrally into the stratum griseum centrale where it gives rise to a plexus of widely spreading branches that extend medially from the cell's dendritic field. The type D neuron is a small, stellate cell with a spherical soma and fine, appendage-laden dendrites that are restricted to the stratum griseum centrale. The axon of the type D cell courses in the central gray where it gives rise to widely spreading branches that extend laterally from the cell's dendritic field. Journal Article Dacey, D. M.;Ulinski, P. S. 1986 Optic tectum of the eastern garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis. IV. Morphology of afferents from the retina J Comp Neurol 245 3 301-18 Afferent Pathways; Animal; Autoradiography; Horseradish Peroxidase/diagnostic use; Retina/*anatomy & histology; Snakes/*anatomy & histology; Superior Colliculus/*anatomy & histology; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Visual Pathways/*anatomy & histology The morphology of single retinal terminals in the optic tectum of the eastern garter snake was demonstrated by orthograde filling from extracellular injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the optic tract. HRP-filled terminals share a characteristic shape and structure. Their parent axons course caudally in the stratum opticum within fascicles of 200-300 fibers of varying diameters. Single axons exit a fascicle and course into either the stratum fibrosum et griseum superficiale, ventrally, or the stratum zonale, dorsally, where they bifurcate successively two or three times into preterminal branches. Each preterminal branch gives rise to many thin, terminal branchlets laden with boutons. The arbors are ellipsoidal with their long axes oriented mediolaterally and their short axes oriented rostrocaudally. Arbors vary in their overall size (from 45 to 150 micron), in the diameters of their parent axons (from less than 0.5 to 3.0 micron), and in the size of their terminal boutons (from 0.5 to 3.5 micron). Bouton size increased with increasing diameter of the parent axon. The great majority of arbors are confined to one of three retinorecipient sublayers in the superficial tectum. However, the full range of arbor sizes and axon diameters is present in each sublayer. Journal Article Dacey, D. M.;Ulinski, P. S. 1986 Optic tectum of the eastern garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis. V. Morphology of brainstem afferents and general discussion J Comp Neurol 245 4 423-53 Animal; *Brain Mapping; Brain Stem/*anatomy & histology; Diencephalon/anatomy & histology; Horseradish Peroxidase/diagnostic use; Injections, Intraventricular; Neurons, Afferent/classification/*cytology; Snakes; Superior Colliculus/*anatomy & histology; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Tegmentum Mesencephali/anatomy & histology; Thalamus/anatomy & histology; Visual Pathways/*anatomy & histology Brainstem neurons that project to the optic tectum of the eastern garter snake were identified by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. The distribution and morphology of tectal afferent axons from the thalamus, pretectum, nucleus isthmi, and midbrain reticular formation were then studied by anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. Diencephalic projections to the tectum arise from the ventral lateral geniculate complex ipsilaterally and the ventrolateral nucleus, suprapeduncular nucleus, and nucleus of the ventral supraoptic decussation bilaterally. Three pretectal groups (the lentiform thalamic nucleus, the lentiform mesencephalic-pretectal complex and the geniculate pretectal nucleus) give rise to heavy, bilateral tectal projections. Small neurons in nucleus isthmi and large reticular neurons in nucleus lateralis profundus mesencephali also give rise to bilateral projections. Caudal to the tectum, projections arise bilaterally from the pontine and medullary tegmentum, nuclei of the lateral lemniscus, the posterior colliculus, and the sensory trigeminal nucleus. A small contralateral projection arises from the medial vestibular complex. Tectal afferents from the thalamus, pretectum, nucleus isthmi, and midbrain reticular formation had characteristic morphologies and laminar distributions within the tectum. However, these afferents fall into two groups based on their spatial organization. Afferents from the thalamus and nucleus isthmi arise from small neurons with spatially restricted, highly branched dendritic trees. Their axons terminate in single, highly branched and bouton-rich arbors about 100 micron in diameter. By contrast, afferents from the midbrain reticular formation and the pretectum arise from large neurons with long, radiate, and sparsely branched dendritic trees. Their axons course parallel to the tectal surface and emit numerous collateral branches that are distributed widely through the mediolateral and rostrocaudal extent of either the central or superficial gray layers. Each collateral bears several small, spatially disjunct clusters of boutons. Journal Article Dainton, B. H. 1988 Cold tolerance and thyroid activity in developing tadpoles of Xenopus laevis Journal of Herpetology 22 301-306 Journal Article Dalrymple, G. H.;Juterbock, J. E.;Valley, A. L. La 1985 Function of the atlanto-manibular ligaments of Desmognathine salamanders Copeia 1985 1 254-257 amphibians, salamander, Journal Article Dalrymple, G. H.;J. C. Hampp;Wellins, D. J. 1985 Male-biased sex ratio in a cold nest of a hawksbill sea turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) J. Herpetol. 19 158-159 Conference Proceedings Dalrymple, G. H. 1988 The herpetofauna of Long Pine Key, Everglades National Park, in relation to vegetation and hydrology Journal Article Daly, S. J.;Normann, R. A. 1985 Temporal information processing in cones: Effects of light adaptation on temporal summation and modulation Vision Research 25 9 1197-1206 Turtle; Background Intensity We have studied the temporal information processing of turtle cones in steady states of light adaptation using intracellular recording techniques. We measured the linear range incremental sensitivity of cones as a function of the stimulus duration. Linear range incremental sensitivity is a function of the background intensity. It is also proportional to the duration of short duration stimuli but is independent of duration for long duration stimuli. The pole of log sensitivity versus log stimulus duration displays two straight line asymptotes; a slope of one for durations and a slope of zero for long durations. These asymptotes intersect at a time, the critical duration, which decreases with increasing background intensity. Linear systems theory was used to predict these results in addition to the interdependence of critical duration, response kinetics, and sensitivity for any state of adaptation. We have also calculated cone sensitivity as a function of sinusoidal frequency for a variety of background intensities. Correlations between these results and psychophysical studies suggest that the limits on temporal summation established by the cones appear not to be substantially altered by the rest of the retina. Journal Article Daly, J. W.;Spande, T. F.;Whittaker, N.;Highet, R. J.;Feigl, D.;Nishimori, N.;Tokuyama, T.;Myers, C. W. 1986 Alkaloids from dendrobatid frogs: structures of two w-hydroxy congeners of 3-butyl-5-propylindolizidine and occurrence of 2,5-disubstituted pyrrolidines and a 2,6-disubstituted piperidine Journal of Natural Products 49 2 265-280 amphibians Journal Article Daly, J. W.;Spande, T. F.;Whittaker, N.;Highet, R. J.;Feigl, D.;Nishimori, N.;Tokuyama, T.;Myers, C. W. 1986 Alkaloids from dendrobatid frogs: Structures of two w-Hydroxy congeners of 3-butyl-5-propylindolizidine and occurrence of 2,6-disubstituted piperidine Journal of Natural Products 49 2 265-280 poison frog, Dendrobates histrionicus, Amphibia, Anura, Colombia, histrionicotoxins, defense, toxicity, skin secretions Journal Article Daly, J. W.;Myers, C. W.;Whittaker, N. 1987 Further classification of skin alkaloids from neotropical poison frogs (Dendrobatidae), with a general survey of toxic/noxious substances in the amphibia Toxicon. 25 10 1023-1095 review, amphibians, poison Journal Article Daly, John W.;Myers, Charles W.;Whittaker, Noel 1987 Further classification of skin alkaloids from neotropical poison frogs (Dendrobatidae), with a general survey of toxic/noxious substances in the Amphibia Toxicon 25 10 1023-1095 Journal Article Daly, J., W.;C.W.Myers;Whittaker, N. 1987 Further classification of skin alkaloids from Neotropical poison frogs (Dendrobates) with a general survey of toxic/noxious substances in the Amphibia Toxicon Journal Article Daneri, G. 1989 Presencia de Dermatonotus muelleri (Boettger, 1885) en la provincia de Santiago del Estero Boletín de la Asociación Herpetológica Argentina 5 1-2 14 Dermatonotus muelleri Journal Article Daneri, G. 1989 Presencia de Leptodactylus gracilis (Duméril y Bibron, 1841) en la provincia de San Luis Boletín de la Asociación Herpetológica Argentina 5 1-2 7 Leptodactylus gracilis; Distribution Journal Article Dang, Rupin 1987 The Himalayan salamander Hamadryad 12 1 9 Tylototriton verrucosus Journal Article Daniels, C. B. 1985 The effect of tail autotomy on the exercise capacity of the water skink, Spenomorphus quoyii Copeia 1985 4 1074-1077 Reptiles, lizards, caudal autotomy, tail loss, performance, locomotion, escape response, swimming speed, sprint speed Journal Article Daniels, C. B. 1985 Economy of autotomy as a lipid conserving mechanism: an hypothesis rejected for the gecko Phyllodactylus marmoratus Copeia 1985 468-472 Reptiles, lizards, caudal autotomy, tail loss, lipid, energy, predation, strategy, regeneration, Edited Book Darevsky, Ilja S. 1985 The Problems of Herpetology: Sixth Herpetological Conference Nauka 248 Book Darevsky, I. S.;Orlov, N. L. 1988 Rare and Extinct Animals. Amphibians and Reptiles Moscow 463 + 16 plates Book Das, Indraneil 1985 Indian Turtles: A Field Guide Calcutta World Wildlife Fund 119 India Journal Article Das, Indraneil 1985 Marine turtle drain Hamadryad 10 1-2 17 Book Das, Shivtosh 1985 Shoisrip Kotha [Tales about Reptiles] India GMGIP (pub. Unit) 41 Book Das, I. 1985 Indian Turtles. A Field Guide Calcutta World Wildlife Fund-India (eastern region) Journal Article Das, Indraneil 1986 Survey of the batagur turtle of the Sunderbans with notes on other turtles Hamadryad 11 3 3-8 Batagur baska; Heritiera fomes; Lepidochelys olivacea; Lissemys punctata andersoni; Kachuga tecta; Pelochelys bibroni Journal Article Das, Indraneil 1986 Rockets at the Gahirmatha rookery? Hamadryad 11 1/2 17 Journal Article Das, Indraneil 1987 21. New Locality Record for the Indian Peacock Softshell Turtle Trionyx Hurum Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 84 3 691-692 Journal Article Das, Indraneil 1987 New Locality Record for the Indian Peacock Softshell Turtle Trionyx Hurum Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 84 3 691-692 Journal Article Das, Indraneil 1988 Turtles of Kaziranga National Park: April, 1988, pp. 1-4 Hamadryad 13 1 32 Journal Article Das, Indraneil 1988 Turtles of North-eastern India: March, 1988 pp. 1-17 Hamadryad 13 1 28-32 Journal Article Das, Indraneil 1988 Turtles of Manas Tiger Reserve: February 1988, pp. 1-4 Hamadryad 13 1 27-28 Journal Article Das, Indraneil 1988 On a collection of some amphibia and chelonia from Meghalaya Hamadryad 13 2 17-19 Book Das, Indraneil 1988 Herpetological Bibliography of Indonesia Malabar, Florida Kreiger xii, 1-92 Journal Article Das, Indraneil 1988 New evidence of the occurrence of water monitor (Varanus salvator) in Meghalaya Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 86 253-255 Journal Article Das, Indraneil 1989 Current herp literature Hamadryad 14 1 26-29 Journal Article Das, Indraneil 1989 List of publications Hamadryad 14 1 29-31 Journal Article Das, Indraneil 1989 Amphibian records needed for India Hamadryad 14 2 30-31 Journal Article Das, Indraneil 1989 Ectoparasites of turtles from South India Hamadryad 14 1 9 Ectoparasites Journal Article Das, Indraneil 1989 Indian monitor lizards: A review of human utilization patterns Hamadryad 14 1 16-19 Varanus Journal Article Das, Indraneil 1989 Voices of an Indian night Hamadryad 14 2 32-35 Journal Article Das, Indraneil 1989 Batagur baska in Orissa Hamadryad 14 1 2-3 Batagur baska Journal Article Dash, M. C.;Mishra., P. K. 1989 Energy cost of metamorphosis in a tropical tree frog Polypedates maculatus (Gray) J. Ecobiol. 1 131-136 Journal Article Dattatri, Shekar 1985 Crocodile conservation and management conference Darwin, Australia January, 1985 Hamadryad 10 1-2 13-14 Journal Article Dattatri, Shekar 1985 The ledgend of Zuhn Shah Sahis Hamadryad 10 1-2 11-12 Journal Article Dattatri, Shekar 1986 23. A Note on Reproduction in the Himalayan Pit Viper (Agkistrodon Himalayanus ) Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 83 1 224-225 Journal Article Dattatri, Shekar 1986 Breeding of the king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) in captivity Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 84 222-227 Journal Article Daud, S.K.;De Silva, M.W.R.N. 1987 Nesting site selection of leatherback and green turtles on Terengganu beach Proc. 10th Annual Seminar of the Malaysian Society of Marine Sciences 78-83 leatherback; green; nest Journal Article Davenport, J.;W., Clough 1985 The use of limbscales or 'pseudoclaws' in food handling by young loggerhead turtles 1985 786-788 loggerhead/feeding Journal Article Davenport, J. 1987 Locomotion in hatchling leatherback turtles Dermochelys coriacea. J.Zool 212 1 85-. Reptilia, testudines, leatherback turtles Dermochelys coriacea., physiology, musculoskeletal system, locomotion Journal Article Davenport, J.;Kjorsvik, E. 1988 Observations on gut function in Mauremys caspica caspica Herp. J. 1988 272-275 Reptilia, Testudines, Mauremys caspica caspica, physiology, intestine, function vet,testu,meth PF x Journal Article Davenport, J. 1988 Do diving leatherbacks pursue glowing jelly? British Herpetological Society Bulletin 24 30-31 leatherback Journal Article Davenport, J. 1989 Sea turtles and the greenhouse effect British Herpetological Society Bulletin 29 11-15 tsd; sex ratio; conservation Journal Article Davic, R. D.;Orr., L. P. 1987 The relationship between rock density and salamander density in a mountain stream Herpetologica 43 357-361 Book Section David, Dennis N. 1987 The effects of alligator skin storage techniques on "red heat" Webb, Grahame J. W.;Manolis, S. Charlis and Whitehead, Peter J. Wildlife Management: Crocodiles and Alligators Chipping Norton, NSW Surrey Beatty & Sons Pty Ltd 393-395 Journal Article Davidar, Margaret 1985 Case history of a snake bite Hamadryad 10 1-2 15 Snakebite Journal Article Davies, Margaret 1989 Ontogeny of bone and the role of heterochrony in the myobatrine genera Uperoleia, Crinia, and Pseudophryne (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Myobatrachinae) Journal of Morphology 200 269-300 Amphibia, Anura, Uperoleia, Crinia, Pseudophryne, osteology, skeletal development, chondrocranial structure, morphology, Journal Article Davies, M. 1989 Ontogeny of bone and the role of heterochrony in the myobatrachine genera Uperoleia, Crinia, and Pseudophryne (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Myobatrachinae). Journal of Morphology 200 269-300 Journal Article Davis, M. S.;Folkerts, G. W. 1986 Life history of the wood frog, Rana sylvatica LeConte (Amphibia: Ranidae), in Alabama Brimleyana 12 29-50 Amphibians, frogs, Rana sylvatica, life history, Alabama, reproduction, clutch size, breeding ponds Journal Article Davis, M. S.;Folkerts., G. W. 1986 Life history of the wood frog, Rana sylvatica LeConte (Amphibia: Ranidae), in Alabama. Brimleyana 12 29-50 Journal Article Davis, Mark S. 1987 Acoustically mediated neighbor recognition in the North American Bullfrog Rana catesbeiana Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 21 185-190 Anuran Connunication, sexual selection, bioacoustical competition, Amphibia Journal Article Davis, D. R.;Milstrey, E. G. 1988 Description of biology of Acrolophus pholeter, (Lepidoptera: Tineidae), a new moth commensal from gopher tortoise burrows in Florida Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 90 164-178 Journal Article Davis, B. M.;Duffy, M. T.;Simpson, S. B., Jr. 1989 Bulbospinal and intraspinal connections in normal and regenerated salamander spinal cord Exp Neurol 103 1 41-51 Amputation; Animal; Denervation; Efferent Pathways/physiology; Lumbosacral Region; *Nerve Regeneration; Reference Values; Spinal Cord/*physiology; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Tail/physiology; Urodela/*physiology The salamander is the only limbed adult vertebrate which can regenerate portions of cervical, thoracic, or lumbar spinal cord. While the salamander has been a popular model for regeneration of the spinal cord, it is still not known what portions of the nervous system participate in the regeneration process. In the experiments reported here we examine the bulbospinal and intraspinal projections to the lumbar spinal cord in normal and regenerated salamanders (Notophthalmus viridescens). HRP application to the lumbar enlargement of normal salamanders labeled cells in the ventral thalamus, the rostral tegmentum in the proposed homolog of the red nucleus, the reticular neurons of the rhombencephalon, and the midline regions of the rhombencephalon which are possibly equivalent to raphe nuclei of other vertebrates. In the brachial spinal cord HRP-labeled cells were located in dorsal, intermediate, and ventral regions of the spinal gray matter and tended to be located at the periphery of the gray matter. To examine the spinal circuitry of regenerated salamanders, animals received complete spinal transections at the junction of the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord, abolishing all spontaneous coordinated hindlimb and tail movements. Animals exhibited walking and swimming within 60 days at which time a pledget of HRP was inserted into a gap in the spinal cord made by a transection 10.0 mm (six animals) or 5.0 mm (one animal) caudal to the first lesion. On average, the number of HRP labeled brain stem neurons in regenerated animals was 40% of that found in normal animals. The number of labeled cells in the brachial spinal cord was within the range of normal animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Book Davydova, T. V.;et al. 1988 Retinotectal System of Turtles Moscow Hayka 110 Retina; Chelonians; Eye Journal Article Dawley, Ellen M. 1986 Behavioral isolating mechanisms in sympatric terrestrial salamanders Herpetologica 42 2 156-164 Journal Article Dawson, Stephen 1985 Deadly but not dangerous Sea Frontiers 1985 September-October 282-286 sea snakes Book Section Dämmerich, K. 1985 Bewegungsorgane Ippen, Rudolf;Schröder, Hans-Dieter and Elze, Karl Handbuch der Zootierkrankheiten Band 1. Reptilien Berlin Akademie Verlag 215-240 Journal Article de Andrade, J. G.;Pinto, R. N.;de Andrade, A. L.;Martelli, C. M.;Zicker, F. 1989 [Bacteriologic study of abscesses caused by bites of snakes of the genus Bothrops] Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 31 6 363-7 The bacterial flora of 99 cases of abscesses following Bothrops snakebite were analysed. They corresponded to 61.1% of all snakebite abscesses observed in 1030 patients attending the Hospital de Doencas Tropicais de Goiania in Goias, Brazil, from January 1984 to April 1988. An exsudate sample of each abscess was examined by Gram stain, culture and susceptibility tests. The Gram negative bacillis, Morganella morganii, Escherichia coli and Providencia sp were the most frequent bacterias isolated. They were identified in 44.4%, 20.2% and 13.1% of the samples respectively. This flora was similar to those described in snake mouth and venom by other researchers. Based on the results of the susceptibility tests the authors suggested the use of chloramphenicol for the treatment of those abscesses which do not respond to simple drainage. Journal Article de Jong, W. W.;Zweers, A.;Versteeg, M.;Dessauer, H. C.;Goodman, M. 1985 alpha-Crystallin A sequences of Alligator mississippiensis and the lizard Tupinambis teguixin: molecular evolution and reptilian phylogeny Mol Biol Evol 2 6 484-93 Alligators and Crocodiles/genetics; Amino Acid Sequence; Animal; Crystallins/*genetics; Evolution; Lizards/genetics; Molecular Sequence Data; Phylogeny; Reptiles/*genetics; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't The amino acid sequences of the eye lens protein alpha-crystallin A from many mammalian and avian species, two frog species, and a dogfish have provided detailed information about the molecular evolution of this protein and allowed some useful inferences about phylogenetic relationships among these species. We now have isolated and sequenced the alpha-crystallins of the American alligator and the common tegu lizard. The reptilian alpha A chains appear to have evolved as slowly as those of other vertebrates, i.e., at two to three amino acid replacements per 100 residues in 100 Myr. The lack of charged replacements and the general types and distribution of replacements also are similar to those in other vertebrate alpha A chains. Maximum- parsimony analyses of the total data set of 67 vertebrate alpha A sequences support the monophyletic origin of alligator, tegu, and birds and favor the grouping of crocodilians and birds as surviving sister groups in the subclass Archosauria. Book Section de Klemm, C.;Navid, D. 1989 Crocodilians and the law Crocodiles: their ecology, management and conservation. A special publication of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Gland, Switzerland. ISBN 2-88032-987-6. iv + 308 pp. 80-101 Journal Article De la Fuente, M;Cabrera, M. R. 1988 Comentarios sobre las tortugas fósiles Sierra Chica (Provincia de Córdoba, Argentina) Boletín de la Asociación Herpetológica Argentina 4 2-3 18-19 Fossil turtles Journal Article de Lisle, H. F.;Horne, R.;O'Connor, P. 1985 An annotated checklist of the herpetofauna of the Santa Monica Mountains, California Journal of the Southwestern Herpetologists Society 9 1 1-17 reptiles, amphibians, habitat, Journal Article de Lisle, H.;Cantu, G.;Feldner, J.;Conner, P. O';Peterson, M.;Brown, P. 1986 The distribution and present status of the herpetofauna of the Santa Monica Mountains of Los Angeles and Ventura Counties, California Southwestern Herpetologists Society 2 1-94 range, endangered, lizards, snakes, frogs, Edited Book De Lisle, Harold F.;Brown, Philip R.;Kaufman, Bonnie;McGurty, Brian M. 1988 Proceedings of the Conference on California Herpetology Van Nuys, CA Southwestern Herpetologists Society 143 Xantusia; Clemmys marmorata; Thamnophis couchi gigas; Phrynosoma platyrhinos; Hydromantes; Coleonyx switaki; Dipsosaurus dorsalis; Lampropeltis zonata; Ambystoma macrodactylum croceum; Lichanura trivirgata; Charina bottae Journal Article De Metrio, G.;Megalofonou, P. 1988 Mortality of marine turtles (Caretta caretta L. and Dermochelys coriacea L.) consequent to accidental capture in the Gulf of Taranto Rapp. Comm. int. Mer M\'edit. 31 2 285 Journal Article De Neira, L.E.F.;Johnson, M.K. 1985 Diets of giant tortoises and feral burros Equus asinus on Volcan Acedo, Galapagos, Ecuador J. Wildl. Manage. 49 1 165-169 Journal Article de Queiroz, Kevin 1985 The ontogenetic method for determining character polarity and its relevance to phylogenetic systematics Systematic Zoology 34 3 280-299 Journal Article de Queiroz, A.;Pough, F. H.;Andrews, R. M.;Collazo, A. 1987 Thermal dependence of prey-handling costs for the scincid lizard, Chalcides ocellatus Physiological Zoology 60 4 492-498 reptiles, temperature, metabolism, oxygen consumption, Journal Article de Queiroz, Kevin 1987 Phylogenetic systematics of Iguanine Lizards: A comparative osteological study University of California Publications in Zoölogy 118 xii + 1-203 Iguanine; Osteology Journal Article de Queiroz, Kevin 1987 A new spiny-tailed iguana from Honduras, with comments on relationships within Ctenosaura (Squamata: Iguania) Copeia 1987 4 892-902 Journal Article de Queiroz, Alan;de Queiroz, Kevin 1987 Prey handling behavior of Eumeces gilberti with comments on headfirst ingestion in squamates Journal of Herpetology 21 1 57-63 Journal Article de Queiroz, Kevin;Donoghue, Michael J. 1988 Phylogenetic systematics and the species problem Cladistics 4 317-338 Journal Article de Queiroz, Kevin;Good, David A. 1988 The scleral ossicles of Opisthocomus and their phylogenetic significance The Auk 105 29-35 Journal Article De Quiroga, B.G.;M.Lopez-Torres;Gil., P. 1989 Hyperoxia decreases lung size of amphibian tadpoles without changing GSH-peroxidase or tissue peroxidation Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 92A 581-588 Journal Article De Ruyter, M. L.;Stiffler, D. F. 1986 Interrenal function in larval Ambystoma tigrinum. II. Control of aldosterone secretion and electrolyte balance by ACTH Gen Comp Endocrinol 62 2 298-305 Aldosterone/*secretion; Ambystoma/*physiology; Animal; Biological Transport, Active/drug effects; Corticotropin/*pharmacology; Hypophysectomy; Kidney/*physiology; Larva/physiology; Pituitary Gland/physiology; Potassium/metabolism; Sodium/metabolism; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Water-Electrolyte Balance/drug effects Renal clearance techniques were used to assess the role of ACTH on renal electrolyte transport in larval Ambystoma tigrinum. Radioimmunoassay was employed to evaluate changes in circulating aldosterone in these animals. Larvae were hypophysectomized and maintained for 1 week on either ACTH replacement therapy (50 ng/g) or sham injections prior to clearance measurements. Hypophysectomy significantly lowered plasma [Na+] (from 96 to 90 mM), plasma [K+] (from 6 to 4 mM), plasma aldosterone titer (from 157 to 36 pg/ml), fractional Na+ reabsorption (from 97 to 94%), and fractional K+ reabsorption (from 68 to 50%). ACTH replacement restored plasma [Na+] to 96 mM, aldosterone titer to 157 pg/ml, fractional Na+ reabsorption to 96%, and fractional K+ reabsorption to 75%. When steroid synthesis was blocked in a separate set of larvae; ACTH was unable to reverse the sodium depletion which results from adaptation to distilled water. This suggests that ACTH is not acting directly on Na+ transport but acts through a steroid like aldosterone. When larvae were injected intravenously with antialdosterone antibodies their fractional Na+ reabsorption decreased from 95 to 87%. We conclude, therefore, the ACTH works via interrenal steroids, such as aldosterone, to control renal electrolyte transport in this species. Journal Article De Saint-Aubain, M. L. 1985 Blood flow patterns of the respiratory systems in larval and adult amphibians: functional morphology and phylogenetic significance Zeit. Zool. Syst. Evol.-forsch. 23 229-240 Journal Article de Sá, Rafael O.;Berois, Nibia 1986 Spermatogenesis and histology of the testes of the caecilian, Chthonerpeton indistinctum Journal of Herpetology 20 4 510-514 Amphibia, Gymnophonia, Chthonerpeton indistinctum, histology, morphology, reproduction Macroscopically, the testes of Chthonerpeton indistinctum consists of a sereis of oval lobes. The number and size of lobes is variable in Chthonerpeton indistinctum. Histologically, the testes are divided into structural units, locules separated by septa of connective tissue. Inside of each locule spermatogenesis takes place in cysts of germinal cells that divide synchronically. Spermiogenesis is divided chronologically into four stages of development based on the shape of the nuclei of the spermatids and their arrangement in the cyst: (1) round, (2) kidney shaped, (3) attenuate, and (4) bouquet arrangement. Journal Article de Sá, Rafael O. 1988 Chondrocranium and ossification sequence of Hyla lanciformis Journal of Morphology 195 345-355 Amphibia, Anura, Hyla lanciformis, development, tadpole, osteology, chondrocranium, morphology, Journal Article De Sá, R. O. 1988 Chondrocranium and ossification sequence of Hyla lanciformis Journal of Morphology 195 345-355 Journal Article de Silva, G. S. 1986 Turtle tagging and international tag returns for Sabah, East Malaysia Sarawak Museum Journal 36 57 263-271, 2 plates Journal Article de Silva, G. S. 1987 The leatherback and the olive ridley in Sabah waters Sarawak Museum Journal 37 58 115-121, 3 plates Journal Article de Vosjoli, Philippe 1988 Book Review: Frogs and Toads of the World Vivarium 1 2 21 Book Review Journal Article de Vosjoli, Philippe;Mailloux, Robert 1988 Ceratophrys cranwelli, the Chacoan horned frog Vivarium 1 2 5-7;44 Ceratophrys cranwelli Journal Article de Vosjoli, Philippe;Mailloux, Robert 1989 Pothos: an adaptable vivarium plant Vivarium 2 1 5-7;21 Journal Article de Vosjoli, Philippe 1989 Popular vivarium frogs Vivarium 1 4 23-26 Journal Article Dearing, M Denise 1988 Are herbivorous lizards nutrient mixers, toxin avoiders, or amount maximizers?: A test of three models on diet selection by Cnemidophorus murinus. m S.thesis,.Univ.Vt amphibia, reptilia, behavior, foods, feeding, modeling, nutrition, secondary substances PREX International Database System on Laboratory Animal Science Journal Article Dedek, J. e.a. 1989 Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infection in Madagascan gecko (Phelsuma madagascariensis) with egg retention Rotlaufinfektion bei einem madagassischen Taggecko (Phelsuma madagascariensis) mit Legenot. Erkr. der Zootiere 31 307-308 Reptilia, sauria, Madagascan Gecko, Phelsuma madagascariensis, infection, bacteria, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, egg retention 300590 MDL DGB, echsen,vet,bakt,meth Fernl x Journal Article Deeming, D.C.;Ferguson, M.W.J. 1988 Environmental regulation of sex determination in reptiles. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 322 19-39 Reptiles, testudines, sauria, crocodilian, physiology, sex determination, temperature High temperatures produce males in lizards and crododiles, but females in chelonians. Original experiments on the effects of incubation at 30°C (100% females) or 33 °C (100% males) on development in Alligator mississippiensis are described. It is hypothised that the process of primary sex differentiation is dependent on a specific quantum of developmental time during early incubation. The gene that encodes for the male-determining factor is considered to have an optimum temperature (33°C). Any change in the temperature affects the expression of this gene. At lower temperatures, there is production of females by default. Thoise animals that develop under optimal conditions grow faster and largest and become male. A general association betwen the size of an animal and its sex is proposed for several types of vertebrate Journal Article Deeming, D. C.;Ferguson, M. W. 1988 Environmental regulation of sex determination in reptiles Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 322 1208 19-39 Animal; Environment; Female; Male; Reptiles/*physiology; *Sex Determination; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Temperature The various patterns of environmental sex determination in squamates, chelonians and crocodilians are described. High temperatures produce males in lizards and crocodiles but females in chelonians. Original experiments on the effects of incubation at 30 degrees C (100% females) or 33 degrees C (100% males) on development in Alligator mississippiensis are described. These include an investigation of the effect of exposing embryos briefly to a different incubation temperature on the sex ratio at hatching, and a study of the effects of 30 degrees C and 33 degrees C on growth and development of alligator embryos and gonads. A 7-day pulse of one temperature on the background of another was insufficient to alter the sex ratio dramatically. Incubation at 33 degrees C increased the rate of growth and development of alligator embryos. In particular, differentiation of the gonad at 33 degrees C was enhanced compared with 30 degrees C. A hypothesis is developed to explain the mechanism of temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) in crocodilians. The processes of primary sex differentiation are considered to involve exposure to a dose of some male-determining factor during a specific quantum of developmental time during early incubation. The gene that encodes for the male-determining factor is considered to have an optimum temperature (33 degrees C). Any change in the temperature affects the expression of this gene and affects the dose or quantum embryos are exposed to. In these cases there is production of females by default. The phylogenetic implications of TSD for crocodilians, and reptiles in particular, are related to the life history of the animal from conception to sexual maturity. Those animals that develop under optimal conditions grow fastest and largest and become male. A general association between the size of an animal and its sex is proposed for several types of vertebrate. Thesis Deeming, D.C. 1989 An investigation into the physiological basis for egg turning during incubation in birds Journal Article Deeming, D.C.;Ferguson, M.W.J. 1989 The mechanism of temperature dependent sex determination in crocodilians: A hypothesis Amer. Zool. 29 973-985 reproduction, temperature, biochemistry, physiology, Journal Article Deeming, D.C.;Ferguson, M.W.J. 1989 Effects of incubation temperature on the growth and development of embryos of Alligator mississippiensis J. Comp. Physiol. 159B 183-193 AM, temperature, growth, embryology, reproduction, Journal Article Deeming, C.;Ferguson, M. 1989 In the heat of the nest New Scientist 121 33-38 tsd; sex ratio; alligator Journal Article Deeming, D.C.;Ferguson, M.W.J. 1989 Affects of incubation temperature on growth and development of embryos of Alligator mississippiensis Journal of Comparative Physiology B 159 183-193 sex ratio; tsd; crocodile Journal Article Degani, G.;Nevo., E. 1986 Osmotic stress and osmoregulation of tadpoles and juveniles of Pelobates syriacus Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 83A 365-370 Journal Article Degani, G. 1986 Growth and behaviour of six species of amphibian larvae in a winter pond in Israel Hydrobiologia 140 5-10 Journal Article Degani, Gad 1987 The division of niches among six amphibians tadpoles species in one pool Hardun 4 5-14;E5 niche partitioning; Bufo viridis; Rana ridibunda; Hyla arborea; Pelobates syriacus; Salamandra salamandra; Triturus vittatus Journal Article Deichsel, Guntram;Schwerdtle, Cornelia 1985 Eine teilweise albinistische Kreuzkröte (Bufo calamita Laurenti, 1768) aus Biberach an der Riß (Baden-Württemberg) (Salientia: Bufonidae) Salamandra 21 4 316-317 Journal Article Del Giudice, G. D.;Stone, J.;Mech, D. L.;S., Seal Ulysses 1987 Sampling considerations involved with monitoring the nutritional statusof gray wolves (Canis lupus) via biochemical analysis of snow-urines. Trans.Congr.Int.Union.Game.Biol 18 45 mammalia, carnivora, wolf,Canis lupus, urine(-snow), values, condition Journal Article del Pino, Eugenia M.;Steinbeisser, Herbert;Hofmann, Ansgar;Dreyer, Christine;Campos, Margarita;Trendelenburg, Michael F. 1986 Oogenesis in the egg-brooding frog Gastrotheca riobambae produces large oocytes with fewer necleoli and low RNA content in comparison to Xenopus laevis Differentiation 32 24-33 Amphibia, Anura, Gastrotheca riobambae, Xenopus laevis, morphology, histology, reproduction, egg, RNA Journal Article Del Pino, E. M.;H. Steinbeisser, A. Hofmann, C. Dreyer, M. Campos;Trendelenburg., M. F. 1986 Oogenesis in the egg-brooding frog Gastrotheca riobambae produces large oocytes with fewer nucleoli and low RNA content in comparison to Xenopus laevis Differentiation 32 24-33 Journal Article del Pino, Eugenia M. 1989 Marsupial frogs Scientific American 260 110-118 amphibia, anura, hylidae, gastrotheca, flectonotus , fritziana, stefania, cryptobatrachus, hemiphractinae, larvae, development, evolution Journal Article del Pino, Eugenia M. 1989 Modifications of oogenesis and development in marsupial frogs Development 107 169-188 Amphibia, Anura, Gastrotheca riobombae, development, reproduction, Journal Article Del Pino, E. M. 1989 Marsupial frogs Scientific American May 110-118 Journal Article Del Pino, E. M. 1989 Modifications of oogenesis and development in marsupial frogs Development 107 169-187 Journal Article Delany, M.F.;Abercrombie, C.L. 1986 American alligator food habits in north- central Florida J. Wildl. Manag. 50 2 348-353 AM, food, FL Journal Article Delany, M.F.;Bell, J.U.;Sundlof, S.F. 1988 Concentrations of contaminants in muscle of the American alligator in Florida J. Wildl. Diseases 24 1 62-66 AM, disease, toxin, utilization, FL Samples of tail muscle from 32 American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) in Florida were analyzed for contaminant concentrations to provide preliminary information on the potential public health hazard of meat consumption. Detectable levels were found for eight metals; copper, zinc, iron, chromium, mercury, lead, cadmium and arsenic. Mean residue was highest for mercury (geometric mean = 0.61 ppm). DDE, DDD, DDT, dieldrin, heptachlor epoxide, lindane, and PCB's were found. Mean residue concentrations were compared by lake. Alligators appeared to be suitable monitors of environmental pollution. Concentrations of contaminants found in these animals probably pose little threat to public health. However, recommendations must await analysis of larger sample sizes and information on amount and frequency of meat consumption. Alligators killed for human consumption should continue to be monitored for contaminant residues. Journal Article Delay, R. J.;Roper, S. D. 1988 Ultrastructure of taste cells and synapses in the mudpuppy Necturus maculosus J Comp Neurol 277 2 268-80 Animal; Microscopy, Electron; Models, Neurological; Necturus/*anatomy & histology; Neurons, Afferent/ultrastructure; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Synapses/*ultrastructure; Taste Buds/cytology/*ultrastructure Taste buds in the mudpuppy Necturus maculosus were examined with electron microscopy. Three cell types (dark, light, and basal) were identified and reconstructed from serial thick sections. Dark and light cells extend from the basal lamina to the surface of the tongue. The apical process of the dark cells was usually quite lamellar when viewed in cross section, in contrast to light cells, whose apical process appeared more cylindrical. Basal cells are situated at the base of the bud and do not extend processes to the surface of the tongue. The cytoplasm of basal cells contains numerous clear and dense-cored vesicles. Small, spinelike processes (2-3 microns in length) project outward from the basal cells into the cytoplasm of the surrounding tast receptor cells. Morphologically, basal cells in mudpuppy taste buds resemble Merkel cells. Unmyelinated afferent nerve fibers enter the taste bud at the base and course through the lower portion of the bud. Synapses were found between taste receptor cells and nerve fibers, between basal cells and nerve fibers, and between basal cells and taste receptor cells. Over 65% of the synapses observed in the mudpuppy taste bud involved the basal cell. These findings suggest that basal cells play some role in chemosensory signal processing or integration of the taste response. Journal Article Delgado, M. J.;Gutiérrez, P.;Alonso-Bedate, M. 1989 Seasonal cycles in testicular activity in the frog, Rana perezi. General and Comparative Endocrinology 73 1-11 Amphibia, anura, ranidae, Rana perezi, hormone Journal Article Delidow, B. C. 1989 Reevaluation of the effects of growth hormone and prolactin on anuran tadpole growth and development Journal of Experimental Zoology 249 279-283 Journal Article DeLisle, Dorothy M. 1988 Some observations on captive wood turtles Vivarium 1 2 10-11 Clemmys insculpta Journal Article DeLisle, Dorothy M. 1988 Reference quest Vivarium 1 2 14-17 Journal Article Delvinquier, B.L.J.;Freeland, W.J. 1988 Observations on Zelleriella antillensis (Protozoa: Opalinata) from the cane toad Bufo marinus in Australia Australian J. Zoology 36 3 317-350 Amphibia, anura, toad, infection, parasite, protozoa,Zelleriella Journal Article Delvinquier, B.L.J.;W.J., Freeland. 1988 Protozoan parasites of the cane toad, Bufo marinus, in Australia Australian J. Zoology 36 3 301-316 Amphibia, anura, cane toad, Bufo marinus, infection, protozoa Journal Article DeMarco, Vincent G.;Drenner, Ray W.;Ferguson, Gary W. 1985 Maximum prey size of an insectivorous lizard, Secloporus undulatus garmani Copeia 1985 4 1077-1080 Journal Article Densmore, L. D.;Wright, J. W.;Brown, W. M. 1985 Length variation and heteroplasmy are frequent in mitochondrial DNA from parthenogenetic and bisexual lizards (Genus Cnemidophorus) Genetics 110 689-707 reptiles, lizards, mtDNA, variation, Journal Article Densmore, Llewellyn D., III;Moritz, Craig C.;Wright, John W.;Brown, Wesley M. 1989 Mitochondrial-DNA analysis and the origin and relative age of parthenogenetic lizards (Genus Cnemidophorus). IV. Nine sexlineatus-group unisexuals Evolution 43 5 969-983 cnemidophorus sexlineatus uniparens flagellicaudus sonorae opatae inornatus RFLP phylogeny Journal Article Densmore, Llewellyn D., III;Wright, John W.;Brown, Wesley M. 1989 Mitochondrial-DNA analysis and the origin and relative age of parthenogenetic lizards (Genus Cnemidophorus). II. C. neomexicanus and the C. tesselatus complex Evolution 43 5 943-57 cnemidophorus sexlineatus neomexicanus septemvittatus tesselatus tigris RFLP phylogeny Journal Article Derr, JN;JW, Bickmam;IF, Greenbaum;et al. 1987 Biochemical systematics and evolution in the south american turtle genus platemys (pleurodira chelidae) Copeia 2 (may 13) 370-. *reptiles; turtles/*biology, evolution /biochemical values Journal Article Desert Tortoise Council 1986 Proceedings of 1996 Symposium 199 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Dessauer, H. C.;Cole, C. J. 1986 Clonal inheritance in parthenogenetic whiptail lizards: Biochemical evidence The Journal of Heredity 77 8-12 electrophoresis, protein, genetics, polymorphism, heterozygosity, reptiles, Cnemidophorus exsanguis Journal Article Dessauer, Herbert C.;Cadle, John E.;Lawson, Robin 1987 Patterns of snake evolution suggested by their proteins Fieldiana: Zoology n.s. 34 1-34 Book Section Dessauer, H. C.;Cole, C. J. 1989 Diversity between and within nominal forms of unisexual teiid lizards Dawley, R. M. and Bogart, J. P. Evolution and Ecology of Unisexual Vertebrates Albany New York State Museum 49-71 reptiles, species list, reproduction, parthenogenesis, morphology, evolution, chromosomes Journal Article Dessauer, H. 1989 American Zoologist Symposium: Biology of the Crocodilia American Zoologists 29 3 823-1054 Journal Article Desser, S. S.;Lom, J.;Dykova., I. 1986 Developmental stages of Sphaerospora ohlmacheri (Whinery, 1893) n. comb. (Myxozoa: Myxosporea) in the renal tubules of bullfrog tadpoles, Rana catesbeiana, from Lake of Two Rivers, Algonquin Park, Ontario. Canadian Journal of Zoology 64 2231-2217 Journal Article Desser, S.S. 1987 Aegyptianella ranarum sp. N. (Rickettsiales, Anaplasmataceae): Ultrastructure and Prevalence in frogs from Ontario. J. of Wildlife Diseases 23 (1), 1987, pp. 52-59. 23 1 52-59 Amphibia, anura, frog, infection, protozoa, Rickettsiales, Anaplasmataceae, Aegyptianella ranarum sp. n. Journal Article Detapas, K.;Maiti, B.R. 1987 Seasonal testicular cycle of the soft-shelled turtle Lyssemys punctata punctata Zool. Jahrb. 91 51-63 Reptilia, testudines, soft-shelled turtle, Lyssemys punctata punctata, physiology, testicle, activity, season. Journal Article Deutschman, M. D.;Peterka., J. J. 1988 Secondary production of tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum) in three North Dakota lakes Canadian J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 45 691-697 Journal Article Devasahayam, S.;Devasahayam, Anita 1988 A pecular food habit of the garden lizard calotes versicolor (Daudin) Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 86 253 Journal Article Deviche, P;CA, Lowry;FL, Moore 1988 Opiate control of locomotion in a urodele amphibian (Taricha granulosa) Am.Zool 28 4 186A Amphibia,urodela, Taricha granulosa, physiology, locomotion, opiate PREX International Database System on Laboratory Animal Science Journal Article Dewberry, D. 1989 Ocean nomads DNR Outdoor Report (Georgia) 4 2 18-19 Journal Article DeWitt, Cheryle 1988 Jackson's chameleons, Chamaeleo jacksoni: captive behavior, care and breeding Vivarium 1 2 17-20 Chamaeleo jacksoni Journal Article Dey, D.;Dutta, S.K.;Mohanty-Hejmadi, P. 1989 Chondrification and osteological development of vertebral column in tadpoles of Microhyla ornata Dumeril and Bibron Amphibia-Reptilia 10 321-329 Amphibia, Anura, Microhylidae, ossification, osteology, postcranial, differential staining, axial skeleton, Taylor-Kollros stages Journal Article Dey, D.;Dutta, S. K.;Mohanty-Hejmadi., P. 1989 Chondrification and osteological development of vertebral column in tadpoles of Microhyla ornata Duméril and Bibron Amphibia-Reptilia 10 321-329 Book Dgebuadze, Yu. yu.et al. 1989 [Vertebrates of the Kanev Nature Reserve (Ukraine)] Moscow 44 Journal Article Di Bernardino, Marcos;Lema, Thales de 1986 O gênero Rhadinaea Cope, 1863, No Brasil Meridional. II - Rhadinaea persimilis (Cope, 1869) (Serpentes, Colubridae) Acta Biologica Leopoldensia 8 1 101-122 Journal Article Di Bernardino, Marcos;Lema, Thales de 1988 O gênero Rhadinaea Cope, 1863, No Brasil Meridional. III. Rhadinaea affinis (Günther, 1858) (Serpentes, Colubridae) Acta Biologica Leopoldensia 10 2 223-252 Journal Article Di Grande, F.;Marescalchi., O. 1987 Aspetti della morfogenesi delle gonadi e degli organi di Bidder in giovani esemplari di Bufo bufo sperimentalmente privati di gran parte delle loro cellule germinali. II. Stadi premetamorfici postmetamorfici. Arch. Italiano Anat. Embriol. 92 179-208 Journal Article Di Grande, F. 1987 Aspetti della morfogenesi delle gonadi e degli organi di Bidder in giovani esemplari di Bufo bufo sperimentalmente privati di gran parte delle loro cellule germinal. I. Stadi premetamorfici. Arch. Italiano Anat. Embriol. 92 159-177 Journal Article di-Bernado, Marcos 1987 O gênero Rhadinea Cope, 1863, no Brasil meridional. I. Rhadinaea poecilopogon Cope, 1863 (Serpentes, Colubridae) Acta Biologica Leopoldensia 9 2 203-224 Pampean province, savannahs, red belly coloration Journal Article di-Bernado, Marcos;Lema, Thales de 1988 O gênero Rhadinaea Cope, 1863, no Brasil meridional. III. Rhadinaea affinis (Günther, 1858) (Serpentes, Colubridae) Acta Biologica Leopoldensia 10 2 223-252 Southern Brazilian plateau. variation, redescription Journal Article di-Bernardo, Marcos 1986 O gênero Rhadinaea Cope, 1863, no Brasil merional. II. - Rhadinaea persimilis (Cope, 1869) (Serpentes, Colubridae) Acta Biologia Leopoldensia 8 1 101-122 Atalntic forest, southern Brasil, types examined, redescription Journal Article di-Bernardo, Marcos 1987 O gênero Rhadinea Cope, 1863, no Brasil meridional. I. Rhadinaea poecilopogon Cope, 1863 (Serpentes, Colubridae) Acta Biologica Leopoldensia 9 2 203-224 Pampean province, savannahs, red belly coloration Journal Article Dial, B. E. 1986 Tail display in two species of iguanid lizards: a test of the "predator signal" hypothesis American Naturalist 127 1 103-111 reptiles, lizards, predation, Cophosaurus, Holbrookia, Journal Article Dial, B. E.;R. E. Gatten, Jr.;Kamel, S. 1987 Energetics of concertina locomotion in Bipes biporus (Reptilia: Amphisbaenia) Copeia 2 470-477 reptiles, oxygen consumption, lactate, activity, comparative Journal Article Dial, B. E. 1987 Energetics and performance during nest energence and the hatchling frenzy in loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) Herpetologica 43 3 307-315 reptiles, turtles, reproduction, eggs, hatching, anaerobic metabolism, burst speed, Journal Article Dial, Benjamin E.;Gatten, Robert E., Jr.;Kamel, Suzanne 1987 Energetics of concertina locomotion in Bipes biporus (Reptilia: Amphisbaenia) Copeia 1987 2 470-477 Journal Article Dial, Benjamin E. 1987 Energetics and performance during nest emergence and the hatchling frenzy in loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) Herpetologica 43 3 307-315 Journal Article Dial, BE 1987 Energetics and performance during nest emergence and the hatchling frenzy in loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) 43 3 307-315 loggerhead/hatchling Journal Article Dial, Benjamin E.;Weldon, Paul J.;Curtis, Bonnie 1989 Chemosensory identification of snake predators (Phyllorhynchus decurtatus) by banded geckos (Coleonyx variegatus) Journal of Herpetology 23 3 224-229 Lampropeltis pyromelana Journal Article Dial, Kenneth P.;Marzluff, John M. 1989 Nonrandom diversification within taxonomic assemblages Systematic Zoology 38 1 26-37 H distribution Hollow curve distribution phylogenetics Journal Article Diamond, Jared M. 1987 Did Komodo dragons evolve to eat pygmy elephants? Nature 326 287 Journal Article Diaz, N. F.;Valencia, J. 1985 Microhabitat utilization by two leptodactylid frogs in the Andes of central Chile Oecologia (Berl.) 66 353-357 Amphibians, frogs, microhabitat, Chile, diet, coexistance Journal Article Diaz, M. O.;Gall, J. G. 1985 Giant readthrough transcription units at the histone loci on lampbrush chromosomes of the newt Notophthalmus Chromosoma 92 4 243-53 Animal; Bacteriophage lambda/genetics; Base Sequence; Chromosome Mapping; Chromosomes/ultrastructure; Cloning, Molecular; *Genes, Structural; Histones/*genetics; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; Operon; Salamandridae; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; *Transcription, Genetic We have studied transcription at the histone loci in oocytes of the newt Notophthalmus viridescens, using in situ hybridization of cloned probes to the nascent RNA on lampbrush chromosome loops. Clusters of the five histone coding sequences are separated by long tracts of a simple sequence DNA, satellite 1. We had previously demonstrated coordinate transcription of histone genes and satellite 1 sequences. We postulated that satellite sequences were transcribed by readthrough from histone gene promoters; that is, transcription initiated at any of the five usual promoters, but did not terminate at the 3' end of the gene. Instead transcription proceeded through downstream sequences in the histone cluster (including spacers and downstream histone genes), and then through the satellite 1 region. Our model led to several specific predictions, in particular that some internal spacer regions between the genes should be well represented in the RNA on loops, that certain sequences should be absent from the loops, and that presence or absence of particular sequences should be correlated with morphological polarity of the transcription unit. We have hybridized ten strand- specific probes to the lamp-brush chromosomes and we find that the patterns of hybridization agree with the readthrough model of transcription. Journal Article Diaz, N. F.;Valencia., J. 1985 Larval morphology and phenetic relationships of the Chilean Alsodes, Telmatobius, Caudiverbera and Insuetophrynus (Anura: Leptodactylidae) Copeia 1985 175-181 Journal Article Diaz-Fernandez, R.;Okayama, T.;Baba, Y.;Uchiyama, T.;Espinosa, G.;Koike, H. 1988 Genetic marker for the Cuban nesting population of the hawksbill turtle, Eretmochelys imbricata, and its contribution to the foraging populations Bulletin of the Graduate School of Social and Cultural Studies, Kuyushu University 4 119-135 hawksbill; DNA Journal Article Diaz-Paniagua, Carmen 1985 Larval diets related to morphological characteristics of five anuran species in the biological reserve of Donana (Huelva, Spain) Amphibia-Reptilia 6 307-322 Anuran, Discoglossidae, Bufonidae, Hylidae, Ranidae, Pelobatidae, morphology, tadpoles, diets, Europe, Spain Journal Article Diaz-Paniagua, C. 1985 Larval diets related to morphological characters of five anuran species in the biological reserve of Donaña (Huelva, Spain) Amphibia-Reptilia 6 307-322 Journal Article Diaz-Paniagua, C. 1987 Tadpole distribution in relation to vegetal heterogeneity in temporary ponds Herpetological Journal 1 167-169 Journal Article Diaz-Paniagua, Carmen 1988 Temporal segregation in larval amphibian communities in temporary ponds at a locality in SW Spain Amphibia-Reptilia 9 154-26 Amphibian larvae, communities, Spain, temporal segregations, Rana, Bufo, Triturus, Hyla, Discoglossus, Pelobates, Europe Journal Article Diaz-Paniagua, C. 1989 Larval diets of two anuran species, Pelodytes punctatus and Bufo bufo, in SW Spain Amphibia-Reptilia 10 71-75 Journal Article Diefenbach, C.O.da C. 1987 Thermal and feeding relations of Caiman latirostris (Crocodylia: Reptilia) Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 89 2 149-155 6? CL, temperature, food, South America Journal Article Diemer, J.E. 1986 The ecology and management of the gopher tortoise in the southeastern United States Herpetologica 42 1 125-133 Journal Article Diemer, J.E. 1986 The endangered gopher North Fla. Living 6 5 38-39 Book Section Diemer, J.E. 1989 Gopherus polyphemus - gopher tortoise I.R. Swingland, M.W. Klemens The conservation biology of tortoises IUCN 14-16 Edited Book Diemer, Joan E.;jackson, Dale R.;Landers, J. Larry;Layne, James N.;Wood, Don A. 1989 Gopher Tortoise Relocation Symposium Proceedings Gainesville Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission vi, 109 Journal Article Dierenfeld, E. S. 1989 Vitamine E deficiency in zoo reptiles, birds and ungulates J. Zool. Wildl. Med. 20 1 3-11 Mammalia, artiodactyla, reptile, aves, nutrition, deficiency, Vitamine E vet,testu,kroko,vit Fernl x Journal Article Diesel, Rudolf 1989 Parental care in an unusual environment: Metopaulias depressus (Decapoda: Grapsidae), a crab that lives in epiphytic bromeliads Animal Behaviour 38 561-575 Journal Article Dijk, P.P. van 1989 Soft pllets, their usefulness as food for terrapins. Zachte brokken als schildpadvoer Lacerta 1989 98-100 Reptilia, testudines, food, feeding, vit,testu PF x Journal Article DILLEHAY, D. L.;BOOSINGER, T. R.;MacKENZIE, S. 1986 Gastric cryptosporidiosis in a chameleon. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assn. 189 9 1139-1140 Reptilia, sauria, chameleonidae, infection, protozoa, apicomplexa, cryptosporidium, digestive system, stomach Reprint Endnote 93/679 Journal Article Dillon, Terry 1988 Venomous reptiles: their problematic role in society Vivarium 1 2 45-46 Journal Article DiMario, P. J.;Bromley, S. E.;Gall, J. G. 1989 DNA-binding proteins on lampbrush chromosome loops Chromosoma 97 6 413-20 Animal; Autoradiography; Chromosomes/*metabolism; DNA Probes; DNA-Binding Proteins/*metabolism; Female; Histones/metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Notophthalmus viridescens; Ribonucleoproteins/metabolism; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. When fixed newt lampbrush chromosomes are treated with RNase to remove nascent transcripts and are then probed with radiolabeled single- stranded DNA in 0.1 x SSC, proteins associated with the majority of the lateral loops bind the probe nonspecifically. One or more common hnRNP proteins, several of which are known to bind single-stranded DNA, could be responsible for this generalized binding. In 1.0 x SSC only a relatively small subset of loops continues to bind the probe. In order to characterize this subset of loops, we prepared polyclonal antibodies against DNA-binding proteins initially identified by "Southwestern" analysis. We show by an in situ double labeling experiment that a polyclonal serum raised against gel-eluted histone H1 recognizes the same lateral loops that bind DNA in 1.0 x SSC. Journal Article Dimond, M.T. 1985 Some effects of temperature on turtle egg incubation Recent Advances in Developmental Biology of Animals 35-39 Journal Article Dinerstein, E.;Zug, G. R.;Mitchell, J. C. 1988 Notes on the biology of Melanochelys (Reptilia, Testudines, Emydidae) in the Terai of Nepal Journal Bombay Nat. Hist. Society 84 3 687-688 reptiles, abundance, reproduction Journal Article Disi, Ahmad M.;Amr, Zuhair S.;Defosse, Dana 1988 Contribution to the herpetofauna of Jordan III. Snakes of Jordan Snake 20 40-51 Journal Article Dixon, J. R.;Thomas, R. A 1985 A new species of South American water snake (Genus Liophis) from southeastern Brazil Herpetologica 41 3 259-262 reptiles, species description, morphology, systmatics, atraventer, distribution Journal Article Dixon, J. R. 1985 Taxonomic revision of the common water snakes of South America American Philosophical Society Grantees' Reports 1985 34-35 reptiles, taxonomy Journal Article Dixon, James R. 1985 A new species of the colubrid snake genus Liophis from Brazil Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 98 2 295-302 Journal Article Dixon, James R.;Thomas, Robert A. 1985 A new species of South American water snake (genus Liophis) from southeastern Brazil Herpetologica 41 3 259-262 Journal Article Dixon, James R. 1985 A review of Liophis anomalus and Liophis elegantissimus, and the description of a new species (Serpentes: Colubridae) Copeia 1985 3 565-573 Journal Article Dixon, James R.;Rivero-Blanco, Carlos 1985 A new dendrobatid frog (Colostethus) from Venezuela with notes on its natural history and that of related species Journal of Herpetology 19 2 177-184 Journal Article Dixon, J. R.;Rivero-Blanco., C. 1985 A new dendrobatid frog (Colostethus) from Venezuela with notes on its natural history and that of related species Journal of Herpetology 19 177-184 Journal Article Dixon, J. R.;Dean, R. H. 1986 Status of the southern populations of the night snake (Hipsiglena: Colubridae) exclusive of California and Baja California Southwestern Naturalist 31 3 307-318 reptiles, geographic variation, Mexico, relationships, taxonomy, morphology Book Dixon, James R.;Soini, Pekka 1986 The Reptiles of the Upper Amazon Basin, Iquitos Region, Peru Milwaukee, WI Milwaukee Public Museum viii + 154 Journal Article Dixon, James R.;Dean, Robert H. 1986 Status of the southern populations of the night snake (Hypsiglena: Colubridae) exclusive of California and Baja California Southwestern Naturalist 31 3 307-318 Journal Article Dixon, James R. 1987 Taxonomy and geographic variation of Liophis typhlus and related "green" species of South America (Serpentes: Colubridae) Annals of Carnegie Museum 56 8 173-191 Liophis typhlus; South Amercia; Taxonomy; Geographic variation; Distribution; Liophis guentheri; Liophis viridis; Liophis jaegeri; Liophis maryellenae; Liophis atriventer Book Dixon, James R. 1987 Amphibians and Reptiles of Texas: with keys, taxonomic synopsis, bibliography, and distribution maps College Station Texas A&M University xii, 434 Journal Article Dixon, James R. 1989 A key and checklist to the neotropical snake genus Liophis with country lists and maps Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service 1989 79 1-40 Liophis; Key; Distribution Journal Article Dobie, James L.;Womochel, Daniel R.;Bell, Gorden L., Jr. 1986 A unique sacroiliac contact in in Mosasaurs (Sauria, Varanoidea, Mosasauridae) Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 6 2 197-199 Journal Article Dobkin, David S.;Gettinger, Ronald D. 1985 Thermal aspects of anuran foam nests Journal of Herpetology 19 2 271-275 Anura, Leptodactylidae, Physalaemus pustulosus, foam nests, temperature variation, Carribean, Trinidad, 177 Journal Article Dodd, C. Kenneth, Jr 1985 Some thoughts on conservation Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1985 15-17 Journal Article Dodd, C. Kenneth, Jr 1985 Sphaerodactylus micropithecus Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 363 1-2 Journal Article Dodd, C.K.Jr. 1985 Conserving sea turtles: constructive criticism is still needed Herpetologica 41 1 103-111 turtles; conservation Journal Article Dodd, C. Kenneth, Jr 1986 Importation of live snakes and snake products into the United States, 1977-1983 Herpetological Review 17 4 76-79 trade Book Section Dodd, C. Kenneth, Jr 1987 Status, conservation, and management Seigel, Richard A.;Collins, Joseph T. and Novak, Susan S. Snakes: Ecology and Evolutionary Biology New York MacMillan 478-513 Journal Article Dodd, C. K. 1988 Disease and population decline in the Flattened musk turtle Sternotherus depressus Amer. Midl. Nat. 1988 394 394-401 vet,testu,oeko,namerika PF x Journal Article Dodd, C. Kenneth, Jr 1988 Synopsis of the Biological Data on the Loggerhead Sea Turtle Caretta caretta (Linnaeus 1758) USFWS Biological Report 88 14 viii, 1-110 Edited Book Dodd, C. K.;Jr. 1988 Gopher tortoise habitat management: strategies and options 6, Solon Dixie For. Cent. of Auburn Univ. Dixie, Ala. 58 Journal Article Dodd, C. K.;Jr. 1988 Desert and gopher tortoises: perspectives on conservation approaches Proc. Annu. Meet. Gopher Tortoise Counc. 5 54-72 Journal Article Dodd, C. K. Jr. 1988 Synopsis of the Biological Data on the Loggerhead Sea Turtle Caretta caretta (Linnaeus 1758). 88 14 110 Journal Article Dodd, C.Kenneth, Jr. 1989 Durantion of immobility in salamanders, genus Plethodon (Caudata: Plethodontidae) Herpetologica 45 467-473 Immobility in salamander, Plethodontidae, Plethodon Journal Article Dodd, C. Kenneth;Enge, Kevin M.;Stuart, James N. 1989 Reptiles on highways in North-central Alabama, USA Journal of Herpetology 23 2 197-200 Lampropeltis getula getulus Journal Article Dodd, C. Kenneth, Jr 1989 Population structure and biomass of Sternotherus odoratus (Testudines: Kinosternidae) in a northern Alabama lake Brimleyana 15 47-56 Journal Article Dolce, Sergio;Stoch, Fabio 1985 Distribuzione e stazioni di reproduzione di Salamandra salamandra salamandra (L., 1758) Nella Provincia di Trieste (Italia Nordorientale) Atti Mus. civ. Stor. nat. Trieste 37 2 183-188 Journal Article Domergue, Charles A.;Bour, Roger 1988 Brygophis nom nouveau pour Perinetia Domergue, 1988, Préemployé (Reptilia, Colubridae) Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., Paris, 4 Sèr 10 Section A, no. 4 805-806 coulangesi Journal Article Domergue, Charles A. 1988 Notes sur les serpents de la région Malgache VIII. Colubridae Nouveaux Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., Paris, 4 Sèr 10 Section A, no. 1 135-146 perinetia coulangesi geodipsas vinckei ithycyphus blanci langaha pseudoalluaudi liophidium Journal Article Dominguez, J. e.a. 1986 Surgical excision of a keratinizing epidermal papilloma from the tail of a snapping turtle J. Zoo Anim. Med. 17 3 105-109 Reptilia, testudines, snapping turtle, pathology, papilloma, tail, therapy, surgery 090590 MDL DGB Journal Article Dominguez J. e.a. 1986 Surgical excision of a keratinizing epidermal papilloma from the tail of a snapping turtle J.Zoo An.Med. 17 no 3 105-109 090590 MDL DGB Journal Article Donadio, O. E. 1985 Inventario biológico: un proyecto ambicioso pero muy necesario Boletín de la Asociación Herpetológica Argentina 2 1-3 19 Journal Article Donadio, O. E. 1985 Guía de algunos vertebrados del Parque Nacional Ybycui Boletín de la Asociación Herpetológica Argentina 2 1-3 19-20 Journal Article Donald, J. A.;Lillywhite, H. B. 1988 Adrenergic innervation of the large arteries and veins of the semiarboreal rat snake Elaphe obsoleta J Morphol 198 1 25-31 Animal; Arteries/*innervation; Coronary Circulation; Histocytochemistry; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Pulmonary Circulation; Snakes/*anatomy & histology; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Sympathetic Nervous System/*anatomy & histology; Veins/*innervation Fluorescence histochemistry was used to study the adrenergic innervation of the large arteries and veins at six points along the body of the semiarboreal rat snake Elaphe obsoleta. Apart from the vessels adjacent to the heart, there was a marked contrast in the density of adrenergic innervation of anterior and posterior systemic arteries and veins. The anterior arteries and veins have little adrenergic innervation in contrast to the extremely dense innervation of the arteries and veins posterior to the heart. The innervation pattern is consistent with known physiological adjustments to gravity and suggests a mechanism for regulating dependent blood flow via sympathetic nerves. In comparison to the posterior systemic arteries, parallel segments of pulmonary artery taken from the same body position of Elaphe contained a much sparser innervation by adrenergic nerves. The sparser innervation can be correlated with less gravitational disturbance in the pulmonary artery, which is relatively short in this and in other arboreal snakes. Journal Article Dong, C. J.;McReynolds, J. S. 1989 APB increases apparent coupling between horizontal cells in mudpuppy retina Vision Res 29 5 541-4 Aminobutyric Acids/*pharmacology; Animal; Cell Communication/drug effects; In Vitro; Light; Membrane Potentials/physiology; Necturus maculosus; Photic Stimulation; Retina/cytology/*physiology; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. 2-Amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (APB), an agonist at a unique type of glutamate receptor on depolarizing bipolar cells, caused an apparent increase in coupling between horizontal cells as evidenced by a decrease in amplitude of responses to illumination of the receptive field center and an increase in responses to illumination of the peripheral part of the receptive field. APB also caused a hyperpolarization of horizontal cells in darkness and increased the amplitude of responses to full-field illumination, which cannot be explained by an increase in electrical coupling between horizontal cells. Possible mechanisms for these actions are discussed. Journal Article Donnellan, S. C.;Adams, M.;Aplin, K. P. 1989 A biochemical and morphological study of Rana (Anura: Ranidae) from the Chimbu province, Papua New Guinea Herpetologica 45 336-343 Amphibia, Anura, Rana, electrophoresis, morphology, Papua New Guinea Journal Article Donnelly, Maureen A.;Guyer, Craig;Krempels, Dana M.;Braker, H. Elizabeth 1987 The tadpole of Agalychnis calcarifer (Anura: Hylidae) Copeia 1987 247-250 Amphibia, Anura, Agalychnis calcarifer, development, tadpole, Costa Rica Journal Article Donnelly, M. A.;C. Guyer, D. M. Krempels;Braker., H. E. 1987 The tadpole of Agalychnis calcarifer (Anura: Hylidae) Copeia 1987 247-250 Journal Article Donnelly, Maureen A. 1989 Demographic effects of reproductive resource supplementation in a territorial frog, Dendrobates pumilio Ecological Monographs 59 3 207-221 Thesis Doonan, T.J. 1986 A demographic study of an isolated population of the gopher tortoise, Gopherus polyphemus; and an assessment of a relocation procedure for tortoises 93 Journal Article Dores, R. M.;Schenk, L. M.;Rothenberg, M. E. 1987 Isolation of alpha-melanotropin from the pars intermedia of the larval amphibian, Ambystoma tigrinum Gen Comp Endocrinol 68 2 322-30 *Adaptation, Physiological; Ambystoma/*metabolism; Animal; *Brain Chemistry; Chromatography, Gel; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Chromatography, Ion Exchange; Larva; Light; MSH/*isolation & purification; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. The effect of background adaptation on the steady-state levels of alpha- melanotropin in the pars intermedia of the larval amphibian. Ambystoma tigrinum, was investigated. Acid extracts of pars intermedia obtained from light-adapted and dark-adapted animals were analyzed by radioimmunoassay following Sephadex gel filtration chromatography, reverse-phase HPLC, and Sulfopropyl Sephadex cation-ion-exchange chromatography. For both background adaptation conditions similar results were obtained. The major form of alpha-melanotropin present in the pars intermedia has the following properties: (1) an apparent molecular mass of 1.5 kDa; (2) a net charge at pH 3.5 of +4; and (3) a retention time following reverse-phase HPLC similar to that of synthetic ACTH(1-13)amide. In dark-adapted animals a minor form of alpha-melanotropin which has a net charge of +3 at pH 3.5 was also detected. The latter form represented approximately 10% of the total alpha-melanotropin immunoreactivity in the pars intermedia of dark- adapted animals. These results strongly suggest that the predominant form of alpha-melanotropin in the pars intermedia of larval A. tigrinum is a nonacetylated ACTH(1-13)amide-like polypeptide. Journal Article Dores, R. M.;Meza, J. C.;Schenk, L. M.;Carr, J. A.;Norris, D. O. 1989 Detection of adrenocorticotropin-related and alpha-melanocyte- stimulating hormone-related substances in the anterior pituitary of larval and adult Ambystoma tigrinum (class: Amphibia) Endocrinology 124 2 1007-16 alpha-MSH/*analysis; Aging; Ambystoma/*growth & development; Animal; Brain/growth & development; Chromatography, Gel; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Chromatography, Ion Exchange; Corticotropin/*analysis; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Larva; Pituitary Gland, Anterior/*growth & development; Radioimmunoassay; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed the colocalization of ACTH- related immunoreactive forms and alpha-MSH-related immunoreactive forms in corticotropic cells of the anterior pituitary of larval Ambystoma tigrinum. Subsequent analysis of acid extracts of anterior pituitaries obtained from larval, neotene, and postmetamorphic adults indicated that the molar ratio of ACTH(1-39) to alpha-MSH was, respectively, 2.5:1, 1:1.5, and 1:1.3. However, in sexually mature adults the molar ratio of ACTH(1-39) to alpha-MSH was 8:1. These results indicate that before and immediately after metamorphosis, both ACTH(1-39) and alpha- MSH are major end products of corticotropic cells in this species. As postmetamorphic animals reach sexual maturity, ACTH(1-39) is a major end product of corticotropic cells and only trace amounts of alpha-MSH are produced. Thus in A. tigrinum the proteolytic processing of ACTH in corticotropic cells is developmentally regulated. The alpha-MSH-related peptide produced by the corticotropic cells appears to be an ACTH(1- 13)amide-like form. Journal Article Douglass, John F. 1986 Patterns of mate-seeking and aggression in a southern Florida population of the gopher tortoise, Gopherus polyphemus Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1986 155-199 courtship mating breeding combat Journal Article Dournon, C.;Houillon, C. 1985 Thermosensibilité de la différenciation sexuelle chez l'amphibien urodèle, Pleurodeles waltlii Michah. Conditions pour obtenir l'inversion du phénotype sexuel de toutes les femelles génétiques sous l'action de la température d'élevage Reprod. Nutr. Dév. 25 671-688 Journal Article Douse, M.A.;Powell, F.L.;Milson, W.K.;Mitchell, G.S. 1989 Temperature effects on pulmonary receptor responses to airway pressure and CO2 in Alligator mississippiensis Respir. Physiol. 78 3 331-344 AM, temperature, metabolism, physiology, respiration, The effects of body temperature (Tb) on pulmonary stretch receptor (PSR) and CO2-sensitive intrapulmonary chemoreceptor (IPC) response characteristics may have important effects on ventilatory control in reptiles. In this study, three questions were addressed: (1) what are the effects of Tb on PSR and IPC responses to airway pressure (Paw) and lung CO2 (PCO2); (2) what are the effects of acute (less than 12 h) vs chronic (greater than 1 week) changes in Tb on both receptor groups; and (3) can predicted changes in the fractional dissociation of imidazole (alpha im), calculated via independent changes in Tb and PCO2, explain the CO2-sensitivity of either IPC or PSR? Single fiber PSR and IPC responses to Paw, PCO2 and Tb were determined in 11 anesthetized Alligator mississippiensis (pentobarbital; 30 mg/kg), acclimated at 20 degrees C (N = 5) or at 30 degrees C (N = 6). PSR activity increased as Paw increased at both Tb, but PSR activity and sensitivity to Paw were lower at 20 degrees C. The average Q10 was 2.1. Increasing inhaled CO2 from 1 to 7% decreased PSR activity by 27 +/- 6% at 20 degrees C and 18 +/- 5% at 30 degrees C. IPC activity decreased as PCO2 increased at both Tb, but IPC activity and sensitivity were reduced at 20 degrees C. The average Q10 was 3.2. Increasing Paw from 2 to 10 cm H2O had inconsistent effects on IPC activity. There were no differences between the effects of acute or chronic changes in Tb on either PSR or IPC responses. Predicted changes in alpha im could not explain the CO2-sensitivity of either IPC or PSR. We conclude that PSR and IPC adapt rapidly to Tb changes. The larger Q10 of IPC suggests that the relative role of IPC vs PSR in ventilatory control may be greater at elevated body temperatures. Journal Article Dowdey, Tanya G.;Brodie, Edmund D., Jr. 1989 Antipredator strategies of salamanders: individual and geographical variation in responses of Eurycea bislineata to snakes Animal Behaviour 38 707-711 defense thamnophis ordinoides Journal Article Dowling, Herndon G.;Fries, Isabelle 1987 A taxonomic study of the ratsnakes. VIII. A proposed new genus for Elaphe triaspis (Cope) Herpetologica 43 2 200-207 Senticolis triaspis new genus Journal Article Dowling, Herdon G.;Jenner, Janann V. 1987 Taxonomy of American Xenodontine Snakes. II. The status and relationships of Pseudoleptodeira Herpetolgica 43 2 190-200 Journal Article Dowling, H. G.;Jenner, J. V. 1988 Snakes of Burma: Checklist of reported species and bibliography Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service 76 1-19 reptiles, Journal Article Dowling, Herndon G.;Jenner, Janann V. 1988 Snakes of Burma: Checklist of reported species & bibliography Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service 1988 76 1-19 classification systematics Journal Article Dowling, Herndon G.;Price, Robert M. 1988 A proposed new genus for Elaphe subocularis and Elaphe rosaliae Snake 20 52-63 bogertophis arizona pituophis systematics morphology taxonomy microdermatoglyphics Journal Article Downie, J.R. 1988 Functions of the foam in the foam-nesting leptodactylid Physalaemus pustulosus Herpetological Journal 1 302-307 Anuran, Leptodactilidae, Physalaemus pustulosus, foam nests, foam functions, Trinidad, Carribean Journal Article Downie, J. R. 1988 Functions of the foam in the foam-nesting Leptodactylid Physalaemus pustulosus Herpetological Journal 1 302-307 Foam nesting; Leptodactylidae; Physalaemus oustulosus Journal Article Downie, J. R. 1989 Observations on foam-making by Leptodactylus fuscus tadpoles Herpetological Journal 1 351-355 Foam nesting; Leptodactylidae; Leptodactylus fuscus Journal Article Dravadamani, S. 1989 A statistical report on the Irula Snake Catcher's co-operative society Hamadryad 14 1 20-22 Journal Article Dravadamani, S. 1989 Snakebite case record Hamadryad 14 1 22-23 Snakebite Journal Article Dressler, G. R.;Grusse., P. 1988 Do multigene families regulate vertebrate development? Trends Genet. 4 214-219 Journal Article Drewes, Robert, C. 1985 A case of paraphyly in the genus Kassina Girard, 1853 (Anura: Hyperoliidae) South African Jounal of Science 81 186-191 amphibia, systematics, phylogeny, characters Journal Article Drewes, R. C.;Altig, R.;Howell., K. M. 1989 Tadpoles of three frog species endemic to the forest of the Eastern Arc Mountains, Tanzania Amphibia-Reptilia 10 435-443 Journal Article Droin, Anne 1988 Abnormal joints (abj), une nouvelle mutation affectant les membres des têtards de Xenopus laevis. [Abnormal joints (abj), a new mutation affecting the limbs of Xenopus laevis tadpoles] Alytes 7 2 45-51 genetics Journal Article Drummond, P. C. 1989 First nestings of Kemp's ridley in Florida Gainesville Herpetol. Soc. Newsl. 6 1 7 Journal Article Dubois, Alain 1985 Miscellanea nomenclatorica batrachologica (VII) Alytes 4 2 61-78 triturus caecilia Journal Article Dubois, Alain 1985 Miscellanea nomenclatorica batrachologica (X) Alytes 4 4 153-154 rana bilineata erythraea hylarana albolineata Journal Article Dubois, Alain 1985 Notes sur le grenouilles brunes (groupe de Rana temproaria Linné, 1758). IV. Note préliminaire sur Rana graeca Boulenger, 1891. [Notes on the brown frogs (Rana temporaria Linne, 1758 group). IV. Preliminary note on Rana graeca Boulenger, 1891] Alytes 4 4 135-138 new subspecies italica Journal Article Dubois, Alain 1985 Miscellanea nomenclatorica batrachologica (XI) Alytes 4 4 155-156 Journal Article Dubois, Alain 1985 Miscellanea nomenclatorica batrachologica (VIII) Alytes 4 3 94-96 allophryne Journal Article Dubois, Alain 1985 Miscellanea nomenclatorica batrachologica (IX) Alytes 4 3 97-100 afrixalus septentrionalis pygmaeus Journal Article Dubois, Alain 1985 Neoteny and associated terms Alytes 4 4 122-130 paedomorphism paedogenesis neosystelly progenesis Journal Article Dubois, Alain 1985 Diagnose préliminaire d'un nouveau genre de Ranoidea (Amphibiens, Anoures) du sud de l'Inde. [Preliminary diagnosis of a new genus of Ranoidea (Amphibia, Anura) from southern India] Alytes 4 3 113-118 new species new genus ranixalus gundia Journal Article Dubois, Alain 1986 Miscellanea nomenclatorica batrachologica (XIV) Alytes 5 4 173-174 oreolalaxinae oreolalaginae leptobrachiinae leptobrachium leptolalax scutiger oreolalax aeluolalax leptobrachella Journal Article Dubois, Alain 1986 Miscellanea nomenclatorica batrachologica (XV) Alytes 5 4 175-176 ranixalus indrirana nyctibatrachus nannophrys Journal Article Dubois, Alain 1986 Miscellanea nomenclatorica batrachologica (XIII) Alytes 5 3 150 rana muta paa liui Journal Article Dubois, Alain 1986 Miscellanea taxinomica batrachologica (I) Alytes 5 1-2 7-95 pleurodeles discoglossidae alytes pelobatidae leptolalax new species scutiger eleutherodactylini leptodactylidae new genus bufonidae gastrotheca hylidae ranidae rhacophoridae dringi key ladailadne spinophrynoides altiphrynoides nimbaphrynoides stephopaedini duellmaniarana paa pourreti sichuanensis amietia ptychadeninitomopternini dicroglossini bourretia taylorana ingerana liurana ranixalini gorhixalus kirtixalus rhacophorini rhacophorus leucomystax teraiensis zed Journal Article Dubois, Alain 1986 Living amphibians of the world: a first step towards a comprehensive checklist Alytes 5 3 99-149 amphibia Journal Article Dubois, Alain 1986 Miscellanea nomenclatorica batrachologica (XII) Alytes 5 3 97-98 glandula bombina grobina Journal Article Dubois, Alain 1987 Again on the nomenclature of frogs Alytes 6 1-2 27-55 Journal Article Dubois, Alain 1987 Elachistocleis Parker, 1927 (Amphibia, Anura): proposed conservation Alytes 6 1-2 75-84 engystoma Journal Article Dubois, Alain 1987 Strongylopus TSchudi, 1838 (Amphibia, Anura): request for the designation under the plenary powers of a type-species in agreement with current usage Alytes 6 1-2 69-74 Journal Article Dubois, Alain 1987 Miscellanea taxinomica batrachologica (II) Alytes 6 1-2 1-9 microhyla new genus inornata micryletta Journal Article Dubois, Alain 1987 ElachistocleisParker, 1927 (Amphibia, Anura): proposed conservation Alytes 6 1-2 75-84 engystoma Journal Article Dubois, Alain 1987 Discoglossidae Günther, 1858 (Amphibia, Anura): prosposed conservation Alytes 6 1-2 56-68 Journal Article Dubois, Alain 1988 Leptobrachium parvum Boulenger, 1893 (Amphibia, Anura): proposed conservation Alytes 7 3 97-100 megophrys parva monticola Journal Article Dubois, Alain 1988 Miscellanea nomenclatorica batrachologica (XII) Alytes 7 1 1-5 phrynomantis brachymerus bifasciatus phrynomerus callupos Journal Article Dubois, Alain 1988 Hyla reinwardtii Schlegel, 1840(?) (Amphibia, Anura): proposed conservation Alytes 7 3 101-104 rhacophorus moschatus Journal Article Ducos, de Lahitte J.;and, C.;Brard 1985 Traitement d'un paraphimosis chez Kinosternon sonoriense (Reptilia, Chelonia) Bull. Soc. Herp. Fr. 1985 29 29-30 testu,vet PF x Journal Article Duellman, W. E. 1985 Reproductive modes in anuran amphibians: phylogenetic significance of adaptive strategies South African Journal of Science 81 174-178 reproduction, phylogeny, Journal Article Duellman, W. E. 1985 Systematic zoology: slicing the Gordian Knot with Ockhams Razor American Zoologist 25 751-762 phylogeny, biogeography, vicariance, method, relationships Journal Article Duellman, William E. 1985 Reproductive modes in anuran amphibians: phylogeneitc significance of adaptive strategies South African Journal of Science 81 174-178 Amphibia, anura, behavior, reproduction, tadpoles, Leiopelmatidae, Discoglossidae, Rhinophrynidae, Pipidae, Pelobatidae, Pelodytidae, Sooglossidae, Myobatrachidae, Leptodactylidae, Bufonidae, Brachycephalidae, Rhinodermatidae, Dendrobatidae, Pseudidae, Hylidae, Centrolenidae, Microhylidae, Ranidae, Hyperoliidae, Rhacophoridae,ovoviviparity, viviparity, direct developement, foam nest, Journal Article Duellman, W. E. 1986 Diversidad y evolucion adaptativa de los hilidos neotropicales (Amphibia: Anura: Hylidae) An. Mus. Hist. Nat. Valparaiso 17 143-150 amphibians, diversity, adaptation, evolution Book Section Duellman, W. E. 1986 Plate tectonic, phylogenetic systematics and vicariance biogeography of anurans: methodology for unresolved problems Rocek, Z. Studies in Herpetology Prague 59-62 amphibians, relationships, systematics, distribution, Journal Article Duellman, W. E. 1986 Two new species of Ololygon (Anura: Hylidae) from the Venezuelan Guyana Copeia 1986 4 864-870 amphibians, species description, morphology, distribution, color, calls, Book Duellman, William E.;Trueb, Linda 1986 Biology of Amphibians New York McGraw-Hill xx, 670 Journal Article Duellman, William E.;Burrowes, Patricia A. 1986 A new species of Marsupial frog (Hylidae: Gastrotheca) from the Andes of Southern Colombia Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 120 1-11 Gastrotheca ruizi sp. nov.; New species; Colombia BiblioBid Bulk Duellman, William E.;Trueb, Linda 1986 Biology of the Amphibians 670 Book Section Duellman, William E. 1986 Plate tectonics, phylogenetic systematics and vicariance biogeography of anurans: Methodology for unresolved problems Rocek, Zbynek Studies in Herpetology Prague Charles University 59-62 amphibian, anura, continental drift, phylogeny, Journal Article Duellman, William E.;Ruiz-C., Pedro M. 1986 Ontogenetic polychromatism in marsupial frogs (Anura: Hylidae) Caldasia 15 617-627 Amphibia, Anura, Amphignathodon guentheri, Gastrotheca aureomaculata, Gastrotheca griswoldi, Gastrotheca helenae, color, morphology, polymorphism, development, ontogenetics, Colombia Journal Article Duellman, William E.;Burrowes, Patricia A. 1986 A new species of marsupial frog (Hylidae: Gastrotheca) from the Andes of southern Colombia Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History the University of Kansas Lawrence, Kansas 120 1-11 Amphibia, Anura, Gastrotheca ruizi, Gastrotheca argenteovirens, Gastrotheca riovambae, tadpole, Colombia repeat Journal Article Duellman, W. E. 1987 Lizards in an Amazonian rain forest community: Resource utilization and abundance National Geographic Society Resarch Reports 3 489-500 reptiles, food, Peru, Amazon, habitat, distribution, microhabitat Journal Article Duellman, W. E. 1987 Book review: The encyclopedia of reptiles and amphibians Herp Review 18 3 59-60 Journal Article Duellman, W. E. 1987 The taxonomic status of populations of hylid marsupial frogs referred to Gastrotheca argenteovirens (Boettger) Journal of Herpetology 21 1 38-47 amphibians, relationships, review, distribution, biogeography, morphology, descriptions, color Journal Article Duellman, W. E. 1987 Two new species of marsupial frog (Anura: Hylidae) from Peru Copeia 1987 4 903-909 amphibians, species description, morphology, distribution, variation Journal Article Duellman, William, E. 1987 The taxonomic status of populations of hylid marsupial frogs referred to Gastrotheca argenteovirens (Boettger) Journal of Herpetology 21 38-47 Amphibia, anura, hylid, Colombia, Gastrotheca argenteovirens, Gastrotheca trachyceps, Gastrotheca argenteovirens dunni, Gastrotheca marsupiata, Gastrotheca reibambae, Gastrotheca monticola, Gastrotheca dunni Journal Article Duellman, William E. 1987 Two new species of marsupial frogs (Anura: Hylidae) from Peru Copeia 1987 903-909 Amphibia, Anura, Gastrotheca marsupiata, Gastrotheca excubitor, Gastrotheca griswoldi, Gastrotheca obdita, Gastrotheca pacchamama, Gastrotheca peruana, Gastrotheca galeata, Gastrotheca ochoai, Gastrotheca plumbea, Gastrotheca orophylax, direct development, Peru Journal Article Duellman, William E.;Hillis, David M. 1987 Marsupial frogs (Anura: Hylidae: Gastrotheca) of the Ecuadorian Andes: Resolution of taxonomic problems and phylogenetic relationships Herpetologica 43 141-173 Amphibia, Anura, Gastrotheca riobambae, Gastrotheca espeletia, Gastrotheca litonedis, Gastrotheca marsupiata lojana, Gastrotheca monticola, Gastrotheca cavia, Gastrotheca pseustes, Gastrotheca griswoldi, Gastrotheca orophylax, Gastrotheca plumbea, Gastrotheca psychrophila, Gastrotheca ruizi, electrophoresis, allozyme, systematics, phylogenetics, Andes, Ecuador, Colombia Journal Article Duellman, W. E.;Hillis., D. M. 1987 Marsupial frogs (Anura: Hylidae: Gastrotheca) of the Ecuadorian Andes: resolution of taxonomic problems and phylogenetic relationships Herpetologica 43 141-173 Journal Article Duellman, W. E.;Lynch, J. D. 1988 Anuran amphibians from the Cordillera de Cutucu, Ecuador Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 140 2 125-142 amphibia, anura, new species, Colostethus exasperatus, Eleutherodactylus ganonotus, pecki, biogeography, cloud forest Book Section Duellman, W. E. 1988 Tropical herpetofaunal communities: Patterns of community structure in neotropical rainforests Harmelin-Vivien, M. L. and Bourliere, F. Ecological studies: vertebrates in complex tropical systems New York Springer-Verlag 69 61-87 amphibians, reptiles, diversity, Book Section Duellman, W. E. 1988 Utilization of tropical wetlands by anuran amphibians Dalrymple, G. H. and al., et Wildlife in the everglades and Latin American wetlands Miami, FL Florida International University 15-16 Journal Article Duellman, W. E. 1988 Patterns of species diversity in anuran amphibians in the American tropics Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75 79-104 diversity, species richness Journal Article Duellman, W. E.;Trueb, L. 1988 Cryptic species of hylid marsupial frogs in Peru Journal of Herpetology 22 2 159-179 amphibians, species description, morphology, distribution, variation Journal Article Duellman, W. E.;Maxson, L. R.;Jesiolowski, C. A. 1988 Evolution of marsupial frogs (Hylidae: Hemiphactinae): Immunological evidence Copeia 1988 3 527-545 amphibians, albumin, relationships, systematics Journal Article Duellman, W. E.;Channing, A. 1988 Book review: Frogs of South Africa Copeia 1988 1 271-272 Journal Article Duellman, William E.;Cadle, John E.;Cannatella, David C. 1988 A new species of terrestrial Phyllomedusa (Anura: Hylidae) from southern Peru Herpetologica 44 1 91-95 Book Section Duellman, W. E. 1988 Evolutionary relationships of the Amphibia Fritzsch, B. The evolution of the amphibian auditory system John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1988 13-34 amphibians, hearing Journal Article Duellman, W. E.;Simmons, J. E. 1988 Two new species of dendrobatid frogs, genus Colostethus, from the Cordillera del Condor, Ecuador Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of Philadelphia 140 2 115-124 amphibians, species description, morphology, distribution, variation Journal Article Duellman, William E.;Sa, R. O. de 1988 A new genus and species of South American hylid frog with a highly modified tadpole Tropical Zoology 1 117-136 Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae, Scarthyla ostinodactyla, morphology, Peru Journal Article Duellman, W. E.;Sá., R. O. De 1988 A new genus and species of South American hylid frog with a highly modified tadpole Tropical Zoology 1 117-136 Journal Article Duellman, William E.;de Sá, Rafael O. 1988 A new genus and species of South American hylid frog with a highly modified tadpole Tropical Zoology 1 117-136 Scarthyla ostinodactyla n. sp. Journal Article Duellman, W. E.;Trueb, L. 1989 Two new treefrogs of the Hyla parviceps group from the Amazon basin in southern Peru Herpetologica 45 1 1-10 amphibians, species description, morphology, distribution, variation Journal Article Duellman, W. E.;Burrowes, P. A. 1989 New species of frogs, Centrolenella, from the Pacific versant of Ecuador and southern Columbia Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 132 1-14 Anura, Centrolenidae, Centrolenella, frogs, taxonomy, systematics, distribution, S. America, Pacific Versant, Ecuador, Columbia Journal Article Duellman, William E.;Burrowes, Patricia A. 1989 New species of frogs, Centrolenella, from the Pacific Versant of Ecuador and Southern Colombia Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 132 1-14 Centrolenella ballux sp. nov.; New species; Centrolenella orejuela sp. nov.; Centrolenella scirtetes sp. nov.; Ecuador; Colombia Journal Article Duellman, William E. 1989 New species of hylid frogs from the Andes of Columbia and Venezuela Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 131 1-12 Hyla callipeza sp. nov.; New species; Hyla simmonsi sp. nov.; Hyla pelidna sp. nov.; Colombia; Venezuela Journal Article Duellman, William E. 1989 Lista anotada y clave de los sapos marsupiales (Anura: Hylidae: Gastrotheca) de Colombia Caldasia 16 105-111 Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae, marsupial frogs, Gastrotheca, biogeography, Colombia Book Section Duellman, William E. 1989 Alternative life-history styles in anuran amphibians: Evolutionary and ecological implications Bruton, M. N. Alternative life-history styles of animals Dordrecht Kluwer 101-126 amphibians, reproduction, life history strategies, direct development, metamorphosis Book Section Duellman, W. E. 1989 Tropical herpetofaunal communities: patterns of community structure in Netropical rainforests Vivien, M. L. Harmelin and Bourliere, F. Vertebrates in Complex Tropical Systems New York Springer-Verlag 61-88 Reptilia, Amphibia, survey, ecology Journal Article Duellman, W. E.;Trueb., L. 1989 Two new treefrogs of the Hyla parviceps group from the Amazon Basin in southern Peru Herpetologica 45 1-10 Journal Article Duhon, S. 1988 The I.U. axoloth colony's short guide to the care and feeding of axoloths. An overview of the methods used at the Indiana University Axolotl Colony. Ilar.News. 30 3 18-20 Amphibia, axolotl, husbandry, nutrition, housing, environment, temperature, water Journal Article Dunbrack, R. L.;Ramsay, M. A. 1989 The evolution of viviparity in amniote vertebrates: egg retention versus egg size reduction American Naturalist 133 1 138-148 87, viviparity, reptile, egg retention, egg size, amniote, birds, mammals Book Section Duncker, H.-R. 1989 Structural and functional integration across the reptile-bird transition: locomotor and respiratory systems Wake, D.B. and Roth, G. Complex organismal functions: Integration and Evolution in Vertebrates. J. Wiley 147-169 Journal Article Dundee, H. A. 1985 A geographic dilemma in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico Assn. Syst. Coll. Newsletter 13 6 Journal Article Dundee, H. A.;Liner, E. A. 1985 Phrynohyas venulosa: food: reproduction and size Herp Review 16 4 109 Journal Article Dundee, Harold A.;White, David A.;Rico-Gray, Victor 1986 Observations on the distribution and biology of some Yucatan Peninsula amphibians and reptiles Bulletin of the Maryland Herpetological Society 22 2 37-50 Journal Article Dundee, H. A. 1987 Bufo valliceps valliceps (Gulf Coast Toad) Herp Review 18 2 37 aphibians, range extension, distribution Journal Article Dundee, H. A. 1988 Hyla versicolor Herp Review 19 3 59 Journal Article Dundee, H. A. 1988 Ambystoma tigrinum Locality records-be wary Herp Review 19 3 53 amphibians Journal Article Dundee, H. A.;Smith, H. M. 1989 Nomenclatural eponym endings revisited Systematic Zoology 38 3 279-283 scientific names, Journal Article Dundee, H. A. 1989 Inconsistencies, inaccuracies, and inadequacies in herpetological methodology and terminology, with suggestions for conformity Herp Review 20 3 62-64 reptiles, turtles, morphology, Journal Article Dundee, H. A. 1989 Higher category name usage for amphibians and reptiles Systematic Zoology 38 4 398-406 nomenclature Journal Article Dundee, Harold A. 1989 Comments on the name Amphiuma tridactylum Cuvier (Amhibia: Caudata) and a caution to systematists Bulletin of the Maryland Herpetological Society 25 3 80-84 Book Dundee, Harold A.;Rossman, Douglas A. 1989 The Amphibians and Reptiles of Louisiana Baton Rouge Louisiana State Univeristy Press 300 State Guide; Louisiana BiblioBid Bulk Dundee, Harold, A.;Rossman, Douglas A. 1989 The Amphibians and Reptiles of Louisiana 300 Book Dundee, Harold A.;Rossman, Douglas A. 1989 The Amphibians and Reptiles of Louisiana Baton Rouge Louisiana State Univeristy Press xii, 300 p. Journal Article Dunham, A. E.;Miles, D. B. 1985 Patterns of covariation in life history traits of squamate reptiles: The effects of size and phylogeny reconsidered American Naturalist 126 2 231-257 reptiles, lizards, evolution, comparative, clutch, maturity, reproduction Journal Article Dunlap, D. G.;Satterfield., C. K. 1985 Habitat selection in larval anurans: early experience and substrate pattern selection in Rana pipiens Develop. Psychobiol. 18 37-58 Journal Article Dunson, W. A.;Freda, J. 1985 Water permeability of the skin of the amphibious snake, Agkistrodon piscivorus Journal of Herpetology 19 1 93-98 Reptiles, snakes, South Carolina, water, thermoregulation, lipid, permeability Journal Article Dunson, W. A. 1985 Effect of water salinity and food salt content on growth and sodium efflux of hatchling diamondback terrapins (Malaclemys) Physiol. Zool. 58 736-747 Journal Article Dunson, William A. 1986 Estuarine populations of the snapping turtle (Chelydra) as a model for the evolution of marine adaptations in reptiles Copeia 1986 3 741-756 growth malaclemys terrapin Journal Article Dunson, William A.;Heatwole, Harold 1986 Effect of relative shell size in turtles on water and electrolyte composition American Journal of Physiology 250 Regulatory Integrative Comp. Physiol. 19 R1133-R1137 elseya latisternum trionyx muticus apalone chelydra serpentina kinosternon subrubrum sternotherus odoratus chrysemys picta Journal Article Dunson, W. A.;Seidel, M. E. 1986 Salinity tolerance of estuarine and insular emydid turtles (Pseudemys nelsoni and Trachemys decussata) J. Herpetol. 20 237-245 Journal Article Dunson, W. A.;Mazzotti, F. J. 1989 Salinity as a limiting factor in the distribution of reptiles in Florida Bay: a theory for the estuarine origin of marine snakes and turtles Bull. Mar. Sci. 44 229-244 Journal Article Dupre, R. K.;Petranka, J. W. 1985 Ontogeny of temperature selection in larval amphibians Copeia 1985 2 462-467 larval amphibians, Hylidae, Ranidae, Bufonidae, Ambystomatidae, ontogeny, temperature selection, developmental rates, class size segregation, 41 Journal Article Dupré, R. K.;Petranka., J. W. 1985 Ontogeny of temperature selection in larval amphibians Copeia 1985 462-467 Journal Article Dupré, R. K.;J. J. Just, E. C. Crawford, Jr.;Powell., T. L. 1986 Temperature preference and responses of cutaneous temperature-sensitive neurons during bullfrog development Physiological Zoology 59 254-262 Journal Article Dupré, R. K.;Wood., S. C. 1988 Behavioral temperature regulation by aquatic ectotherms during hypoxia Canadian Journal of Zoology 66 2649-2652 Journal Article Duron-Dufrenne, M. 1987 Premier suivi par satellite en Atlantique d'une tortue Luth Dermochelys coriacea C.R. Acad. Sc. Paris 304 399-402 leatherback Book Section Durrell, L.;B. Groombridge, S. Tonge, Q. Bloxam 1989 Acinixys planicauda I.R. Swingland, M.W. Klemens The conservation biology of tortoises IUCN 94-95 Book Section Durrell, L.;B. Groombridge, S. Tonge, Q. Bloxam 1989 Geochelone radiata I.R. Swingland, M.W. Klemens The conservation biology of tortoises IUCN 96-98 Book Section Durrell, L.;B. Groombridge, S. Tonge, Q. Bloxam 1989 Geochelone yniphora The conservation biology of tortoises IUCN 99-102 Book Section Durrell, L.;B. Groombridge, S. Tonge, Q. Bloxam 1989 Pyxis arachnoides I.R. Swingland, M.W. Klemens The conservation biology of tortoises IUCN 103-104 Journal Article Dutta, S. K. 1989 On the mass killing of the dog-faced water snake (Cerberus rhynchops) in the Chilka Lake, Orissa Hamadryad 14 2 27-28 Cerberus rhynchops Journal Article Dutta, S. K.;Ahmed, J. 1989 Report on a herpetological trip to Barbara Puri District, Orissa Hamadryad 14 2 36-37 Journal Article Dutton, P.H.;Whitmore, C.P.;Mrosovsky, N. 1985 Masculinisation of leatherback turtle Dermochelys coriacea hatchlings from eggs incubated in styrofoam boxes Biological Conservation 31 249-264 leatherback; sex ratio; conservation Journal Article Duvall, D.;King, M. B.;Gutzwiller, K. J. 1985 Behavioral ecology and ethology of the prairie rattlesnake National Geographic Research 1985 80-111 rattlesnakes, Crotalus viridis Journal Article Dyer, W. G. 1988 Falcaustra catesbeianae Walton, 1929 (Nematoda: Kathlaniidae) in the smallmouth salamander, Ambystoma texanum (Matthes, 1855) (Caudata: Ambystomatidae) from Illinois Transactions Of The Illinois State Academy Of Science 81 3-4 267-269 Journal Article Dyson, Mirands L.;Passmore, Neville I. 1988 Two-choice phonotaxis in Hyperolius marmoratus (Anura: Hyperoliidae): the effect of temporal variation in presented stimuli Animal Behaviour 36 648-652 Journal Article Dyson, M. L.;Passmore, N. I. 1988 The combined effect of intensity and the temporal relationship of stimuli on phonotaxis in female painted reed frogs Hyperolius marmoratus Animal Behaviour 36 1555-1556 acoustic communication, Amphibia, Anura, Hyperolius marmoratus, phonotaxis, calls-timing, Journal Article Dzukic, Georg 1987 Taxonomic and biogeographic characteristics of the slow worm (Anguis fragilis Linnaeus 1758) in Yugoslavia and on the Balcan Peninsula Scopolia 12 1-47 Journal Article Dzukic, Georg;Kalezic, Milos L. 1988 [Significance and some characteristics of the Lovcen population of the crested newt, Triturus cristatus (Laurenti) 1768 (Yugoslavia, Montenegro) [Znacj i neke odlike lovcenske populacije velikog mrmoljaka, Triturus cristatus (Laurenti) 1768 (Jugoslavija, Crna Gora) Glasnik Republickog zavoda zastitu prirode i Prirodnjackog muzeja u Titogradu 21 81-95 In Serbian with English Abstract Journal Article Dzukic, Georg;Purger, J. 1988 Significance of adder, Vipera berus (Linnaeus, 1758) presence in Vojvodina Arhiv Bioloskih Nauka - Archives des Sciences Biologiques 40 1/4 13P-14P Journal Article Dzukic, Georg;Grubac, B. 1988 New findings of the Turkish Sand Boa, Eryx jaculuc turcicus (Oliver 1801) in Yugoslavia (Serpentes, Boidae) Arhiv Bioloskih Nauka - Archives des Sciences Biologiques 40 1/4 11P-12P Journal Article Dzukic, Georg 1989 Remarks on distribution and protection problems of the Mosor Rock Lizard, Lacerta mosorensis Kolombatovic 1886 (Reptilia, Lacertidae) Biologia Gallo-Hellenica 15 185-190 Journal Article Easteal, Simon 1986 Bufo marinus Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 395 1-4 Book Easterla, David A. 1989 Amphibians and Reptiles Checklist: Big Bend National Park, Rio Grande Wild and Scenic River Pamphlet Big Bend Natural History Associeation 2 Journal Article Ebbesson, S. O.;Bazer, G. T. 1987 Double labeling of neural circuits using horseradish peroxidase and cobalt J Neurosci Methods 20 1 1-5 Ambystoma; Animal; Brain/*anatomy & histology; Cobalt; Comparative Study; Horseradish Peroxidase; Neuroanatomy/*methods; Salmonidae; Staining/*methods; Visual Pathways/anatomy & histology; Xenopus laevis This describes for the first time a non-fluorescent method for studying the connectional interrelationship of two neuronal systems in the same histological sections in which the systems are stained in two different colors (blue and brown). Since HRP and cobaltous-lysine are transported in both anterograde and retrograde directions, it is possible to manipulate the experiments to determine, for example, how the terminal fields of two systems overlap in a given neuropil, or cell aggregate, or how the projections of one system relate to retrogradely stained neurons of another system. The simple staining of HRP and cobalt is accomplished on cryostat sections and involves the combined technology of two previously published methods. The results described here are limited to a comparison of the overlap or lack of overlap of inputs to the thalamus from the two eyes in Xenopus, but the method has also proven useful in similar studies on Ambystoma tigrinum and Esox niger. Journal Article Ebenman, B. 1988 Competition between age classes and population dynamics J. Theor. Biol. 131 389-400 Journal Article Echeverría, D. D.;Fiorito de Lopez, L. E.;Vaccaro, O. B.;Filipello, A. M. 1987 Consideraciones acerca de las fórmulas dentarias de las larvas de Bufo arenarum Hensel (Anura: Bufonidae) Cuadernos de Herpetología 3 3 33-39 Bufo arenarum Journal Article Echeverría, D. D.;L. E. Fiorito de Lopez, O. B. Vaccaro;Filipello., A. M. 1987 Consideraciones acerca de la formulas dentarias de las larvas de Bufo arenarum Hensel (Anura: Bufonidae) Cuadernos de Herpetología 3 33-39 Journal Article Echeverría, D. D. 1988 Oogenesis en las hembras juveniles de Bufo arenarum (Anura, Bufonidae) Rev. Mus. Argentina Cienc. Nat. 'Bernardino Rivadavia' Inst. Nac. Invest. Cienc. Nat., Zool. 15 57-75 Journal Article Eckert, K.L. 1987 Tag loss and the estimation of sea turtle abundance ASB Bull. 34 2 120 Journal Article Eckert, K. L. 1987 Environmental unpredictability and leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys coriacea) nest loss Herpetologica 43 3 315-323 leatherback; conservation Book Eckert, S.A.;K.L. Eckert, T.H. Richardson (compilers) 1989 Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Workshop on Sea Turtle Conservation and Biology NOAA Journal Article Eckert, S.A.;Martins, H.R. 1989 Transatlantic travel by juvenile loggerhead turtle Mar. Turtle Newsl. 45 15 Journal Article Eckert, S. A.;Eckert, K. L.;Ponganis, P.;Kooyman, G.L. 1989 Diving and foraging behavior of leatherback sea turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) Canadian Journal of Zoology 67 2834-2840 leatherback Journal Article Edwards, M. W.;Daly, J. W.;Myers, C. W. 1988 Alkaloids from a Panamanian poison frog, Dendrobates speciosus: Identification of pumiliotoxin-A and allopumiliotoxin class alkaloids, 3, 5-disubstituted indolizidines, 5-substituted 8-methylindolizidines, and a 2-methyl-6-nonyl-4-hydroxypiperidine Journal of Natural Products 51 6 1188-1197 Dendrobatidae, toxins, Amphibia, Anura Journal Article Edwards, M. W.;Daly, J. W. 1988 Alkaloids from a Panamanian poison frog, Dendrobates speciosus: Identification of pumiliotoxin-A and allopumiliotoxin class alkaloids, 3,5-disustituted indolizidines, 5-substituted 8-methylindolizidines, and a -methyl-6-nonyl-4-hydroxypiperidine Journal of Natural Products 51 6 1188-1197 Amphibians, frogs, Dendrobatids, toxins, skin secretions, Panama, alkaloids Book Edwards, Hugh 1988 Crocodile Attack New York Harper & Row xvi, 240, 16 plates Book Edwards, Hugh 1988 Crocodile Attack in Australia Sydney Swan Publishing 192 Journal Article Edwards, M. W.;Daly, John W. 1988 Alkaloids from a Panamanian poison frog, Dendrobates speciosus: identification of Pumilotoxin-A and allopumiliotoxin class alkaloids, 3, 5-disubstituted inolizidines, 5-substituted 8-methylinolizidines, and a 2-methyl-6-nonyl-4-hydroxypiperidine Journal of Natural Products 51 6 1188-1197 Journal Article Edwards, Thomas 1989 The Wildlife Society and the Society for Conservation Biology: Strange but unwilling bedfellows Wildlife Society Bulletin 17 340-343 filed under Capen, David E. Book Section Eggermont, Jos J. 1988 Mechanisms of sound localization in anurans Fritzsch, Bernd;Ryan, Michael J.;Wilczynski, Walter;Hetherington, Thomas E. and Walkowiak, Wolfgang The Evolution of the Amphibian Auditory System New York Wiley 307-336 Book Section Ehmann, H.;Cogger, H. 1985 Australia's endangered herpetofauna: A review of criteria and policies Grigg, G. and Shine, R. and Ehmann, H. Biology of the Australian Frogs and Reptiles New South Wales Surrey Beatty and Sons 435-447 reptiles, snakes, australia, conservation, review Book Section Ehmann, Harry;Cogger, Harold 1985 Australia's endangered herpetofauna: a review of criteria and policies Grigg, G.;Shine, R. and Ehmann, H. Biology of Australasian Frogs and Reptiles Chipping Norton, Australia Surrey Beatty & Sons Pty Ltd 435-447 collecting road kill Journal Article Ehmann, H. 1987 Book Review: The Turtles of Venezuela Herpetofauna 17 1-2 10-11 Book Review Journal Article Ehmann, H. 1987 Book Review: Ecology and Natural History of Desert Lizards Herpetofauna 17 1-2 9-10 Book Review Journal Article Ehmann, H.;Swan, G. 1987 An indirect indicator of mating in snakes Herpetofauna 17 1-2 13 Journal Article Ehmann, H. 1987 The habitat, microhabitat and feeding behaviour of the rainforest skink Coeranoscincus reticulataus Herpetofauna 17 1-2 14-15 Coeranoscincus reticulatus Journal Article Ehmann, H.;Swan, G. 1987 Microsympatry, limb characteristics and tail colour in burrowing skinks of the genus Anomalopus Herpetofauna 17 1-2 25-27 Anomalopus Journal Article Ehmann, H. 1988 Post-oviposition egg care in three Australian skink lizards Herpetofauna 18 1 26-29 lampropholis mustelina; Leiolopisma zia; Calyptotis scutirostrum; Maturnal care Journal Article Ehrhart, L. M. 1985 Characterization of loggerhead and green turtle populations in the Indian River Lagoon system, Florida, with comments on use of the terms, "juvenile" and "subadult" Am. Zool. 25 106A Journal Article Ehrhart, L.M.;Witherington, B.E. 1986 The role of juveniles and subadults in the ecologic geography of Florida loggerheads and green turtles: evidence from the central region of Indian River Florida Sci. 49 Suppl. 1 38 Book Section Ehrhart, L.M.;Raymond, P. W. 1987 Loggerhead turtle, Caretta caretta, and green turtle, Chelonia mydas, nesting densities in south Brevard County, Florida, 1981-84 Witzell, W.N. Ecology of East Florida Sea Turtles 21-25 Book Section Ehrhart, L.M. 1987 Marine turtle mortality in the vicinity of Port Canaveral, Florida, 1977-84 Witzell, W.N. Ecology of East Florida Sea Turtles 1-20 Journal Article Ekblom, P. 1989 Developmentally regulated conversion of mesenchyme to epithelium FASEB J. 3 2141-2150 Journal Article Ekenback, K.;Hulting, J.;Persson, H.;Wernell, I. 1985 Unusual neurological symptoms in a case of severe crotalid envenomation J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 23 4-6 357-64 In Sweden bites by non-European venomous snakes are reported to the Poison Information Centre 5-10 times annually. These incidents generally take place in private homes and may result in severe poisoning. We report a recent case of envenomation from a bite by Crotalus durissus terrificus with a prolonged, atypical course. The patient, a 24-year old man, was admitted to hospital approximately eight hours after the snakebite. On admission we noted coma, circulatory failure, hypofibrinogenaemia with bleeding from fang marks on his right arm, melaena and haematemesis. Antishock therapy including intravenous fluids, steroids and epinephrine was instituted immediately and within six hours infusion of polyvalent antivenom was started. Next day, when the initial disturbances were corrected, peripheral neurological features were noted and the patient gradually became comatose. Antivenin therapy was reinstituted. The coma lasted for one week and recovery extended over several months with persisting neurological symptoms. Six months after the bite there were still pathological findings in the electromyogram. Journal Article Elepfandt, A. 1988 Central organization of wave localization in the clawed frog, Xenopus laevis. II. Midbrain topology for wave directions. Brain Behav. Evol. 31 358-368 Journal Article Elepfandt, A. 1988 Central organization of wave localization in the clawed frog, Xenopus laevis. I. Involvement and bilateral organization of the midbrain. Brain Behav. Evol. 31 349-357 Journal Article Elgar, M. A.;Heaphy, L. J. 1989 Covariation between clutch size, egg weight and egg shape: Comparative evidence for chelonians Journal of Zoology, London 219 137-152 Reptiles, turtles, eggs, clutch size, egg size, body size, ecology, reproduction, comparative, evolution Journal Article Elgert, K. L.;Zalik, S. E. 1989 Fibronectin distribution during cell type conversion in newt lens regeneration Anat Embryol 180 2 131-42 Animal; Blotting, Western/methods; Fibronectins/*metabolism; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Immune Sera; Iris/*physiology/ultrastructure; Lens, Crystalline/*physiology/ultrastructure; Notophthalmus viridescens/*physiology; Regeneration; Salamandridae/*physiology; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't The distribution of fibronectin during the cell type conversion from iris into lens that occurs in newt lens regeneration was studied by immunofluorescence. Newts were lentectomized and irises at different stages of dedifferentiation and redifferentiation were examined using as a probe a rabbit antiserum prepared to Xenopus plasma fibronectin. In the normal iris, fibronectin is predominantly located at the basal surface of the pigmented iris epithelial cells. During activation and early dedifferentiation fibronectin staining is progressively displayed at the basolateral and apical surface of the depigmenting cell, to eventually surround the surface of the dedifferentiated cells. As cells redifferentiate into lens fibers, staining for cell surface fibronectin decreases and is displayed mainly in the nascent lens capsule. Fibronectin deposition may be associated with the formation of intercellular spaces during dedifferentiation. The fibronectin-rich extracellular matrix could be important in cell reprogramming. Journal Article Elinson, R. P.;Pino, E. M. del 1985 Cleavage and gastrulation in the egg-brooding, marsupial frog, Gastrotheca riobambae Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology 90 223-232 Anura, Hylidae, Gastrotheca riobambae, reproductive adaptations, marsupial frog, embryology, cleavage, gastrulation, S. America, Ecuador, 247 Journal Article Elinson, R. P.;Pino., E. M. Del 1985 Cleavage and gastrulation in the egg-brooding, marsupial frog, Gastrotheca riobambae Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology 90 223-232 Journal Article Elinson, R. P. 1987 Fertilization and aqueous development of the Puerto Rican terrestrial-breeding frog, Eleutherodactylus coqui Journal of Morphology 193 217-224 Thesis Ellner, L.R. 1989 Thermoregulatory adaptation by ornate box turtles: Test of an optimization model Journal Article Else, P. L.;Hulbert, A. J. 1985 An allometric comparison of the mitochondria of mammalian and reptilian tissues: the implications for the evolution of endothermy J Comp Physiol [b] 156 1 3-11 Alligators and Crocodiles/anatomy & histology; Animal; Body Weight; Comparative Study; Echidna/anatomy & histology; Evolution; Intracellular Membranes/ultrastructure; Lizards/anatomy & histology; Mammals/*anatomy & histology; Marsupialia/anatomy & histology; Mice/anatomy & histology; Mitochondria/*ultrastructure; Organ Weight; Oxygen Consumption; Rabbits/anatomy & histology; Rats/anatomy & histology; Reptiles/*anatomy & histology; Species Specificity; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Turtles/anatomy & histology The effects of body size and phylogeny on metabolic capacities were examined by comparing the mitochondrial capacities of 6 mammalian and 4 reptilian species representing 100-fold body weight ranges. The mammals examined included 3 eutherian, 2 marsupial and a monotreme species and the reptiles 2 saurian, 1 crocodilian and 1 testudine species. The tissues examined were liver, kidney, brain, heart, lung and skeletal muscle. Allometric equations were derived for tissue weights, mitochondrial volume densities, internal mitochondrial membrane surface area densities, tissue mitochondrial membrane surface areas both per gram and per total tissue and summated tissue mitochondrial membrane surface areas. For the mammals and reptiles studied a 100% increase in body size resulted in average increases of 68% in internal organ size and 107% in skeletal muscle mass. Similarly, total organ mitochondrial membrane surface areas increase in mammals and reptiles by an average 54% and for skeletal muscle by an average 96%. These values are similar to increases in standard (54 and 71%) and maximum (73 and 77%) organismal metabolism values found by other authors for mammals and reptiles respectively. Although the allometric exponents (or rates of change with increasing body size) of the mitochondrial parameters in mammals and reptiles are statistically the same, in general the total amount of mitochondrial membrane surface area in the mammalian tissues are four times greater than found in the reptilian tissues.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Journal Article Else, P. L.;Bennett, A. F. 1987 The thermal dependence of locomotor performance and muscle contractile function in the salamander Ambystoma tigrinum nebulosum J Exp Biol 128 219-33 Acclimatization; Ambystoma/*physiology; Animal; Isometric Contraction; *Motor Activity; *Muscle Contraction; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Temperature The thermal dependence of locomotor performance and in vitro muscle mechanical properties were studied after acclimation at 10 degrees and 20 degrees C in the salamander Ambystoma tigrinum nebulosum Hallowell. Performance measurements included burst and endurance capacities on land and in water. No significant differences in locomotor performance or muscle contractile properties were found between acclimation groups. Locomotor performance had only a slight thermal dependence, with Q10 values of 0.99-1.36 for running and swimming burst capacities (i.e. maximum speed and leg/tail cycling frequency). Running and swimming endurance capacities had thermal ratios of 1.58-1.66. Thermal dependence of muscle contractile rates was higher than that of locomotor performance: rates of force development for both isometric twitch and tetanus and maximal shortening velocity had Q10 values of 1.89-2.01. Maximal power output was also thermally dependent (Q10 = 2.33) and occurred at 38% of maximal (tetanic) force output. Force- generating capacities in isometric twitch and tetanus were relatively temperature-independent. Journal Article Elsey, Ruth M.;Wink, Carole S. 1986 The effects of Estradiol on plasma calcium and femoral bone structure in alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 84A 107-110 Journal Article Elsey, R. M.;Wink, C. S. 1986 The effects of estradiol on plasma calcium and femoral bone structure in alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) Comp Biochem Physiol A 84 1 107-10 Alligators and Crocodiles/*physiology; Animal; Body Weight/drug effects; Calcium/*blood; Estradiol/*pharmacology; Female; Femur/*anatomy & histology/drug effects; Liver/anatomy & histology; Male; Organ Weight/drug effects; Oviducts/anatomy & histology; Penis/anatomy & histology; Reptiles/*physiology; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't The effects of exogenous estradiol on plasma calcium and femoral bone structure were studied in young male and female alligators. Males and females responded in the same manner to estrogen treatment. Eight days after the initial injection, plasma calcium was significantly greater in experimentals than in controls. No changes in femoral bone structure were observed. Journal Article Eltinge, E. M.;Cragoe, E. J., Jr.;Vanable, J. W., Jr. 1986 Effects of amiloride analogues on adult Notophthalmus viridescens limb stump currents Comp Biochem Physiol A 84 1 39-44 Amiloride/*analogs & derivatives/*pharmacology; Animal; Calcium/pharmacology; Comparative Study; Forelimb/*physiology; Salamandridae; Skin/drug effects/physiology; Skin Physiology; Structure-Activity Relationship; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. We have previously investigated the relevance to limb regeneration of epidermally driven, Na+-dependent limb stump currents by blocking epidermal Na+ channels with amiloride, 3,5-diamino-6-chloro-N- (diaminomethylene)pyrazinecarboxamide. In order to reduce Notophthalmus viridescens stump currents more effectively than with amiloride, we have examined six amiloride analogues. Of these, only benzamil, 3,5- diamino-6-chloro-N-[(benzylamino)aminomethylene]pyrazinecarboxamide, was more effective than amiloride. The concentration of benzamil that reduced stump currents to half their initial value was 0.034 microM, while this concentration for amiloride was 0.42 microM. We also found a contribution of calcium ions to these currents. When immersed in water whose Ca2+ concentration decreased stepwise from 1 to 0 mM, stump currents decreased significantly, although to a variable extent, depending on the batch of newts. With 30 microM benzamil and 0.5 mM calcium (in water that also contained 1.5 mM NaCl and 0.06 mM KCl) stump currents could be reduced to very low levels and, in many cases, changed to incurrents. Journal Article Elvira, B.;Vigal, C. R. 1985 Further data on the reproduction of Lacerta monticola cyreni (Sauria, Lacertidae) in central Spain Amphibia-Reptilia 6 173-179 reptiles, lizards, cycles, eggs, clutch size, the rain in Spain falls mostly on...FIRE. Journal Article Emerson, Sharon B. 1985 Skull shape in frogs-Correlations with diet Herpetologica 41 2 177-188 Journal Article Emerson, S. B. 1986 Heterochrony and frogs: the relationship of a life history trait to morphological form American Naturalist 127 167-183 Journal Article Emerson, S. B. 1988 The giant tadpole of Pseudis paradoxa Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 34 93-104 shape, morphology, development, prolactin, Amphibia, Anura, metamorphosis, size Journal Article Emerson, Sharon B. 1988 Testing for historical patterns of change: A case study with frog pectoral girdles Paleobiology 14 2 174-186 Journal Article Emerson, Sharon B. 1988 Convergence and morphological constraint in frogs: Variation in postcranial morphology Fieldiana Zoology 43 i-iii, 1-19 Hylidae, Leptodactylidae, Ranidae Journal Article Emerson, Sharon B.;Travis, Joseph;Blouin, Michael 1988 Evaluating a hypothesis about heterochrony: larval life-history traits and juvenile hind-limb morphology in Hyla crucifer Evolution 42 68-78 Amphibia, Anura, Hyla crucifer, evolution, morphology, heterochrony, larvae, systematics, phylogenetics, life-history Journal Article Emerson, Sharon B. 1988 Convergence and morphological constraint in frogs: variation in postcranial morphology Fieldiana: Zoology 43 1-19 Amphibia, Anura, evolution, morphology, morphological variation, systematics, phylogenetics Journal Article Emerson, S. B.;Travis, J.;Blouin., M. 1988 Evaluating a hypothesis about heterochrony: larval life-history traits and juvenile hind-limb morphology in Hyla crucifer Evolution 42 68-78 Journal Article Endler, J. A. 1988 Frequency-dependent predation, crypsis and aposematic coloration Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 319 505-523 coloration, crypsis, predation Journal Article Enge, Kevin N.;Dodd, C. Kenneth, Jr 1986 A bibliography of the herpetofauna of Florida Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service 1986 72 1-68 Journal Article Enge, K. M.;Marion, W. R. 1986 Effects of clearcutting and site preparation on herpetofauna of a north Florida flatwoods Forest Ecology and Management 14 14 177-192 deforestation, ecology, management Journal Article Enge, K. M.;Marion, W. R. 1986 Effects of clearcutting and site preparation on herpetofauna of a North Florida flatwoods Forest of clearcutting and site preparation on herpetofauna of a North Florida flatwoods 14 177-192 forest management, clear-cut, amphibians, reptiles Journal Article Enge, K. M.;Foster, D. R. 1986 Life history notes: Sternotherus minor minor (loggerhead musk turtle) Herpetol. Rev. 17 1 25 Book Englemann, Wolf-Eberhard;Fritzsche, Jürgen;Günther, Rainer;Obst, Fritz Jürgen 1985 Lurche und Kriechtiere Europas Leipzig Neumann Verlag 420 Journal Article ENZENROTH, R 1985 Sarcocystis crotali sp. N. with the Mojave rattlesnake (Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus) mouse (Mus musculus) cycle Arch. Protistenkd. 129 19-24 Reptilia, serpentes, Mojave rattlesnake, Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus, infection, protozoa, apicomplexa,Sarcocystis crotali, cycle, mouse (Mus musculus) cycle. Journal Article Epstein, L. M.;Mahon, K. A.;Gall, J. G. 1986 Transcription of a satellite DNA in the newt J Cell Biol 103 4 1137-44 Animal; Base Sequence; DNA, Satellite/*metabolism; Female; Oocytes/analysis; RNA, Messenger/analysis; Salamandridae/*genetics/metabolism; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; *Transcription, Genetic Satellite 2 is an abundant, 330-bp tandemly repeated sequence in the genome of the newt, Notophthalmus viridescens. This sequence is distributed throughout the genome on each of the 11 chromosomes. Both strands of satellite 2 are transcribed on the lampbrush chromosomes during oogenesis, probably as a result of readthrough from upstream structural gene promoters. In addition to these heterogeneous nuclear transcripts, satellite 2 is homologous to stable, strand-specific cytoplasmic transcripts in a variety of different tissues. The majority of these transcripts correspond in size to the entire satellite 2 repeat unit, or to whole multiples of the repeat. The transcripts present in the ovary have been sequenced by primer extension and were found to be more homogeneous than eight independently cloned satellite 2 DNA repeats. We propose that the stable cytoplasmic transcripts are encoded by a small subset of genomic satellite 2 sequences. Journal Article Epstein, L. M.;Gall, J. G. 1987 Self-cleaving transcripts of satellite DNA from the newt Cell 48 3 535-43 Animal; DNA, Satellite/*genetics; Female; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Magnesium/pharmacology; Notophthalmus viridescens/*genetics; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid; RNA/genetics/*metabolism; Salamandridae/*genetics; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; *Transcription, Genetic Satellite 2 of the newt, Notophthalmus viridescens, is a 330 bp tandemly repeated sequence scattered throughout the genome. Cytoplasmic transcripts homologous to satellite 2 are found in a variety of tissues. Most of the transcripts correspond precisely in length to the DNA repeat unit or to whole multiples of that repeat. We show here that dimer-sized satellite 2 transcripts, synthesized with SP6 RNA polymerase from a plasmid clone, undergo site-specific, self-catalyzed cleavage in vitro. The reaction proceeds at neutral pH and requires Mg++ but no other cofactor or energy source. The cleavage products have 5'-hydroxyl and 3'-phosphate groups, at least some of which are in the form of 2',3'-cyclic phosphates. In this respect the reaction resembles the self-cleavage of certain small, infectious RNAs found in plants. Furthermore, the in vitro cleavage of satellite 2 transcripts occurs within a sequence that is homologous to the conserved cleavage site of the infectious RNAs. The existence of monomer and multimer transcripts in the cell suggests that the monomer may arise by site-specific cleavage of long primary transcripts. However, the 5' end of the cellular monomer is 46 or 47 bases upstream of the in vitro cleavage site, suggesting that factors in the cell may modify the cleavage reaction. Book Eremchenko, V. K.;Szczerbak, Nikolai N. 1986 The Ablepharus of the fauna of the USSR and of adjacent countries 172 p. Journal Article Ernst, C.H. 1986 Ecology of the Turtle, Sternotherus odoratus, in Southeastern Pennsylvania Journal of Herpetology 20 3 341-352 Journal Article Ernst, Carl H. 1987 Platemys, P. platycephala Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 405 1-4 Journal Article Ernst, Carl H.;Gibbons, J. Whitfield;Novak, Susan S. 1988 Chelydra Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 419 1-4 Journal Article Ernst, Carl H. 1988 Chrysemys Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 438 1-8 Journal Article Ernst, C. H.;J. L. Miller, K. R. Marion;Cox, W. A. 1988 Comparisons of shell morphology among turtles of the Kinosternon minor complex Am. Midl. Nat. 120 282-288 Journal Article Ernst, Carl H. 1988 Cuora mccordi, a new Chinese box turtle from Guangxi Province Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 101 2 466-470 Journal Article Ernst, C. H.;Barbour, R. W. 1989 Snakes of eastern North America Recent Publications in Natural History 7 3-4 2-4 Book Ernst, Carl H.;Barbour, Roger W. 1989 Turtles of the world Wahington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press 313 Journal Article Ernst, C.;H;and, B.;S.;McDonald 1989 Preliminary report on enhanced growth and early maturity in a Maryland population of painted turtles, Chrysemys picta Bull. Md. Herp. Soc. 25 4 135-142 testu,oeko,namerika,physiol,vit,repro PF x Book Ernst, Carl H.;Barbour, Roger W. 1989 Snakes of Eastern North America Fairfax, VA George Mason University Press viii, 282 p., 16 plates Journal Article Ernst, Carl H.;Cox, William A.;Marion, Ken R. 1989 The distribution and status of the Flattened Musk Turtle, Sternotherus depressus (Testudines: kinosternidae) Tulane Studies in Zoology 27 1 1-20 Book Ernst, Carl H.;Barbour, Roger W. 1989 Turtles of the world Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press xii, 313 p., 16 plates Book Ernst, Carl H.;Barbour, Roger W. 1989 Turtles of the world Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press 313 p. Journal Article Espinosa López, Georgiana;Menéndez Alarcón, Alfredo;Berovides Alvarez, Vincente 1987 Relación entre la amplitud del nicho y los patrones electroforéticos de proteínas plasmáticas en tres especies de Anolis Ciencias Biologicas 17 77-84 Journal Article Esque, Todd;Duncan, Russell B. 1985 A population study of the desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) at the Sheep Mountain study plot in Nevada Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1985 47-67 survey mortality predation parasites denningdensity activity weather Journal Article Estes, Richard 1988 Lower vertebrates from the Golden Valley Formation, Early eocene of North Dakota (U.S.A.) [Fauna nizszych kregowców z wezesnego eocenu Golden Valley w Pólnocnej Dakocie (Stany Zjednoczone Ameryki)] Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia 31 20 541-562 fossils Edited Book Estes, Richard;Pregill, Gregory 1988 Phylogenetic relationships of the Lizard Families: Esaays Commemorating Charles L. Camp Stanford, CA Stanford University Press xvi + 632 Journal Article Estrada, Alberto R.;Novo Rodríguez, Julio 1985 Nueva especie de Eleutherodactylus del grupo ricordi (Anura: Leptodactylidae) del occidente de Cuba Poeyana 303 1-10 Journal Article Estrada, Alberto R.;Novo Rodríguez, Julio 1985 Aclaraciones sobre la distributión de Eleutherodactylus pinarensis Dunn (Amphibia: Anura: Leptodactylidae) en el occidente de Cuba Poeyana 302 1-6 Journal Article Estrada, Alberto R.;Novo Rodríguez, Julio;Moreno, Luis V. 1986 Las ranas del grupo symingtoni, género Eleutherodactylus (Anura: Leptodactylidae), de Cuba Poeyana 329 1-14 Journal Article Estrada, Alberto R.;Novo Rodríguez, Julio 1987 Subnicho climático de Anolis bartschi (Sauria: Iguanidae) Poeyana 341 1-19 Journal Article Estrada, Alberto R. 1987 Los nidos terrestres de dos especies de anfibios cubanos del género Eleutherodactylus (Anura: Leptodactylidae) Poeyana 352 1-9 Journal Article Estrada, Alberto R. 1987 Anolis argillaceus (Sauria: Iguanidae): un nuevo caso de puestas comunales en anolis cubanos Poeyana 353 1-9 Journal Article Estrin, T. 1987 The Atlantic green turtle worldwide population trend Gainesville Herpetol. Soc. Newsl. 3 7 6-9 Journal Article Etchberger, C. R.;Ehrhart, L. M. 1987 The reproductive biology of the female loggerhead musk turtle, Sternotherus minor minor, from the southern part of its range in central Florida Herpetologica 43 1 66-73 Journal Article Etheridge, Richard E.;Williams, Ernest E. 1985 Notes on Pristidactylus (Squamata: Iguanidae) Breviora 483 1-18 Journal Article Ethridge, H. C., Jr. 1987 Treatment of poisonous snakebite [letter] J Miss State Med Assoc 28 6 155-6 Journal Article Evans, M. G.;Fuchs, P. A. 1987 Tetrodotoxin-sensitive, voltage-dependent sodium currents in hair cells from the alligator cochlea Biophys J 52 4 649-52 Alligators and Crocodiles/*physiology; Animal; Cochlea/physiology; Hair Cells/drug effects/*physiology; In Vitro; Ion Channels/drug effects/*physiology; Kinetics; Reptiles/*physiology; Sodium/pharmacology; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Tetrodotoxin/*pharmacology We have used whole-cell patch clamp techniques to record from tall hair cells isolated from the apical half of the alligator cochlea. Some of these cells gave action potentials in response to depolarizing current injections. When the same cells were voltage clamped, large transient inward currents followed by smaller outward currents were seen in response to depolarizing steps. We studied the transient inward current after the outward current had been blocked by external tetraethylammonium (20 mM) or by replacing internal potassium with cesium. It was found to be a sodium current because it was abolished by either replacing external sodium with choline or by external application of tetrodotoxin (100 nM). The sodium current showed voltage- dependent activation and inactivation. Most of the spiking hair cells came from the apex of the cochlea, where they would be subject to low- frequency mechanical stimulation in vivo. Journal Article Evrard, Philippe;Morere, Jean-Jacques 1985 Répartition et protection des amphibiens et reptiles: l'exemple de la Wallonie.[ Distribution and protection of amphibians and reptiles: The example of Wallonie] Alytes 4 1 34-38 Book Section Ewert, M.A. 1985 Embryology of turtles C. Gans, F. Billett and Maderson, P.F.A. Biology of the Reptilia, chap. 3 New York John Wiley & Sons 14 (Development A) 76-267 Journal Article Ewert, M.;A;and, J.;M.;Legler 1987 Hormonal induction of oviposition in turtles Herpetologica 1987 314 314-318 zucht,test